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58 results for “Eyespot”
Data from: Genome editing in butterflies reveals that spalt promotes and Distal-less represses eyespot colour patterns
Butterfly eyespot colour patterns are a key example of how a novel trait can appear in association with the co-option of developmental patterning genes. Little is known, however, about how, or even whether, co-opted genes function in eyespot development. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to determine the roles of two co-opted transcription factors that are expressed during early eyespot determination. We found that deletions in a single gene, spalt, are sufficient to reduce or completely delete eyespot colour patterns, thus demonstrating a positive regulatory role for this gene in eyespot determination. Conversely, and contrary to previous predictions, deletions in Distal-less (Dll) result in an increase in the size and number of eyespots, illustrating a repressive role for this gene in eyespot development. Altogether our results show that the presence, absence and shape of butterfly eyespots can be controlled by the activity of two co-opted transcription factors.
Data from: Size and contrast increase the divertive effect of eyespots
Recent studies have shown that some eyespots of prey divert the strikes of predators, increasing the likelihood of prey escape. However, little is known about what makes eyespots effective divertive (deflective) prey marks. The size of eyespots varies much both between and even within taxa. Yet, whether size is important for the divertive function of eyespots is unknown. Furthermore, eyespots have often been described as highly contrasting, but the effects of contrast on the divertive function of eyespots has never been tested experimentally. Using artificial prey and the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model for predator cognition and behaviour, we tested the importance of size as well as internal contrast for the divertive effect of eyespots. We independently increased the internal contrast and size of eyespots and found that both increased the divertive effect. The effect of size was significant over all four subsequent prey presentations, whereas the effect of contrast decreased after the initial presentations. These results suggest that the size and contrast of divertive marks are probably shaped by selection imposed by predation. We also discuss the involvement of predation in the seasonal and ontogenic plasticity of eyespots found in some taxa.
Data from: The evolution of peafowl and other taxa with ocelli (eyespots): a phylogenomic approach
The most striking feature of peafowl (Pavo) is the males' elaborate train, which exhibits ocelli (ornamental eyespots) that are under sexual selection. Two additional genera within the Phasianidae (Polyplectron and Argusianus) exhibit ocelli, but the appearance and location of these ornamental eyespots exhibit substantial variation among these genera, raising the question of whether ocelli are homologous. Within Polyplectron, ocelli are ancestral, suggesting ocelli may have evolved even earlier, prior to the divergence among genera. However, it remains unclear whether Pavo, Polyplectron and Argusianus form a monophyletic clade in which ocelli evolved once. We estimated the phylogeny of the ocellated species using sequences from 1966 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and three mitochondrial regions. The three ocellated genera did form a strongly supported clade, but each ocellated genus was sister to at least one genus without ocelli. Indeed, Polyplectron and Galloperdix, a genus not previously suggested to be related to any ocellated taxon, were sister genera. The close relationship between taxa with and without ocelli suggests multiple gains or losses. Independent gains, possibly reflecting a pre-existing bias for eye-like structures among females and/or the existence of a simple mutational pathway for the origin of ocelli, appears to be the most likely explanation.
Supplementary material 1 from: Mikitová B, Šemeláková M, Panigaj Ľ (2022) Wing morphology and eyespot pattern of Erebia medusa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) vary along an elevation gradient in the Carpathian Mountains. Nota Lepidopterologica 45: 233-250. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.68624
Supplementary File 1
Supplementary material 3 from: Mikitová B, Šemeláková M, Panigaj Ľ (2022) Wing morphology and eyespot pattern of Erebia medusa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) vary along an elevation gradient in the Carpathian Mountains. Nota Lepidopterologica 45: 233-250. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.68624
Supplementary File 3
Supplementary material 2 from: Mikitová B, Šemeláková M, Panigaj Ľ (2022) Wing morphology and eyespot pattern of Erebia medusa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) vary along an elevation gradient in the Carpathian Mountains. Nota Lepidopterologica 45: 233-250. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.68624
Supplementary File 2
Data from: Predator mimicry, not conspicuousness, explains the efficacy of butterfly eyespots
Large conspicuous eyespots on butterfly wings have been shown to deter predators. This has been traditionally explained by mimicry of vertebrate eyes, but recently the classic eye-mimicry hypothesis has been challenged. It is proposed that the conspicuousness of the eyespot, not mimicry, is what causes aversion due to sensory biases, neophobia or sensory overloads. We conducted an experiment to directly test whether the eye-mimicry or the conspicuousness hypothesis better explain eyespot efficacy. We used great tits (Parus major) as model predator, and tested their reaction towards animated images on a computer display. Birds were tested against images of butterflies without eyespots, with natural-looking eyespots, and manipulated spots with the same contrast but reduced resemblance to an eye, as well as images of predators (owls) with and without eyes. We found that mimetic eyespots were as effective as true eyes of owls and more efficient in eliciting an aversive response than modified, less mimetic but equally contrasting eyespots. We conclude that the eye-mimicry hypothesis explains our results better than the conspicuousness hypothesis and is thus likely to be an important mechanism behind the evolution of butterfly eyespots.
Data from: Distal-less activates butterfly eyespots consistent with a reaction diffusion process
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Data from: Colour pattern homology and evolution in Vanessa butterflies (Nymphalidae: Nymphalini): eyespot characters
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Data from: Resemblance to the enemy's eyes underlies the intimidating effect of eyespots
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Data from: Predator mimicry, not conspicuousness, explains the efficacy of butterfly eyespots
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Data from: The evolution of peafowl and other taxa with ocelli (eyespots): a phylogenomic approach
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Data from: Nymphalid eyespot serial homologs originate as a few individualized modules
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Data from: Size and contrast increase the divertive effect of eyespots
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Data from: Genome editing in butterflies reveals that spalt promotes and Distal-less represses eyespot colour patterns
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FIGURE 2 in A new species of Ophthalmoblysis Scoble, 1995 (Geometridae: Ennominae) from México with 'sleepy' eyespots
FIGURE 2. Ophthalmoblysis ibarrai sp. n. Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal (A) and ventral view (B), Phallus with vesica not everted (C), and (D) valva in lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figs 8–11 in New Palaeontinidae (Cicadomorpha) from the Triassic of Central Asia: the earliest intimidating eyespots in Hemiptera
Figs 8–11. Papiliontina spp., Madygen, Triassic, venation: 8–9 — P. dracomima sp.n.: 8 —forewing; 9 — hind wing; 10 — P. spectans sp.n., forewing; 11 — P. machaon sp.n., forewing. Scale bars: 1 cm. Рис. 8–11. Papiliontina spp., Мадыген, триас, жилкование: 8–9 — P. dracomima sp.n.: 8 — переднее крыло; 9 — Заднее крыло; 10 — P. spectans sp.n., переднее крыло; 11 — P. machaon sp.n., переднее крыло. Длина масШтабных линеек: 1 см.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Ophthalmoblysis Scoble, 1995 (Geometridae: Ennominae) from México with 'sleepy' eyespots
FIGURE 3. Ophthalmoblysis ibarrai sp. n. Female genitalia. Scale bar = 1 mm.
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