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18,461 results for “Forest”
Meteorological data from the Discovery Tree at the Andrews Experimental Forest, 2015 to present
The upper-canopy of forests is known to experience a very different leaf wetness than the rest of the forest: it is often simultaneously brighter, hotter, windier, and drier. The upper canopy also contains most of the leaf area, and because it absorbs most of the solar radiation, it accounts for the great majority of carbon and water exchanges in most forests. Critically, this is also the zone where most climate variations and stress likely manifest. The upper canopy is also the region of the forest that is sampled by satellite imagery. Intensive canopy microclimate monitoring provides connections to satellite-based imagery at varying temporal and spatial scales in order to scale across the Andrews landscape and improves our understanding of forest function and its response to climate change. A 50 meter old growth tree, called the Discovery Tree, was instrumented with various sensors. A thermal infrared camera was installed in March 2014, which collects surface temperatures of the old-growth forest and the adjacent secondary-growth forest. Since then, the scope of information being acquired in real-time has increased to include temperature, leaf wetness, relative humidity, soil temperature, soil moisture, wind direction and speed. This suite of data serves as a glimpse into the canopy and soil processes we are unaware of when our feet are planted firmly on the ground. These measurements complement and leverage ongoing, long-term climate measurements collected in the sub-canopy and at the climate stations located across the Andrews forest, and potentially link with Lidar data on canopy structure and planned soil moisture measurements. Canopy thermal imaging and microclimate measurements have been established for ecophysiological applications such as monitoring the response of forest tree canopies to climate variations, including heat and drought stress.
Precipitation measurements from historic and current standard, storage and recording rain gauges at the Andrews Experimental Forest, 1951 to present
Andrews Forest precipitation has been measured continuously using various rain gage types since 1951. Most of these rain gages are standard (non-recording) gages with 7.5 or 8 inch orifices or large capacity storage gages intended for sites with limited access collected irregularly over longer intervals. Recording rain gages have also been established to collect higher temporal resolutions (e.g., 5 minute or 15 minute) and also used as a means of parsing (“prorating”) these periodic interval measurements from these standard and storage gages into daily totals. This data set includes an inventory of all rain gages that have operated within the Andrews as well as one site in the nearby Wildcat RNA and one in the town of Blue River. The inventory includes information regarding the date range of operation, gage location, type of gage, the rain network within which it was established, general availability of data and descriptive notes. A second table includes all of the raw measurement data for these non-recording gages over every interval where data were taken, and additionally includes the corresponding recording gage and its measurement total used to prorate data into a daily record. A third table includes the prorated daily data for all of these standard and storage gages as well as the true daily totals for two recording rain gages. A fourth table includes high temporal resolution for one early recording gage at Forks and the Mack Creek recording gage. Note that while precipitation data associated with the 6 benchmark stations are included in this rain gage inventory (Entity 1), the daily and high temporal resolution data for these sites were available through a separate meteorological data set, database code MS001, until 2025. In 2025, the benchmark station data was migrated here and will be combined with the Forks and Mack Creek data.
Water stable isotopes for streams and precipitation samples in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest, 2014-2023
Water samples have been collected for analysis of water stable isotopes (O18/16 and H2/H1) at different locations in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest and over different periods since 2014 in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest. The database includes: 1) grab samples collected over the stream network of the Andrews Forest on multiple sampling campaigns during various flow conditions. In each of the campaigns, the samples were collected at approximately 50–100-meter intervals in 1st–5th order streams across the network; 2) water samples collected in the Andrews Forest every 1–3 weeks between 2014 and 2018 in streams (Lookout Creek, Mack Creek, McRae Creek, WS01, WS02, WS07, and WS08) and bulk precipitation from benchmark meteorological stations (PRIMET, MACK, and H15MET) between 2014 and 2023; 3) stream and precipitation samples collected in the Andrews Forest at high temporal resolution during discrete storm events at Mack Creek in 2015; and 4) weekly grab samples from Lookout Creek and selected tributaries.
Cooperative Alaska Forest Inventory (CAFI): I - Tree Inventory Data 1994-2024
The CAFI is a repeated forest measurement project established in forest stands throughout interior and southcentral Alaska. The CAFI was launched in 1994 and measurements were done at a 5-year interval until 2015. The project was on hiatus between 2016 and 2019 but picked back up again in 2020 and will continue at a 10-year interval. Total of 205 permanent plots have been established and each plot has been measured up to 6 times. The CAFI is the most extensive forest monitoring program, both in spatial and temporal scale, in interior and southcentral Alaska today. This is the tree data of the CAFI. The CAFI is a repeated forest measurement project established in forest stands throughout interior and southcentral Alaska. The CAFI was launched in 1994 and measurements were done at a 5-year interval until 2015. The project was on hiatus between 2016 and 2019 but picked back up again in 2020 and will continue at a 10-year interval. Total of 205 permanent plots have been established and each plot has been measured up to 6 times. The CAFI is the most extensive forest monitoring program, both in spatial and temporal scale, in interior and southcentral Alaska today.
Cooperative Alaska Forest Inventory (CAFI): II - Seedling Inventory Data 1994-2024
The CAFI is a repeated forest measurement project established in forest stands throughout interior and southcentral Alaska. The CAFI was launched in 1994 and measurements were done at a 5-year interval until 2015. The project was on hiatus between 2016 and 2019 but picked back up again in 2020 and will continue at a 10-year interval. Total of 205 permanent plots have been established and each plot has been measured up to 6 times. The CAFI is the most extensive forest monitoring program, both in spatial and temporal scale, in interior and southcentral Alaska today. This is the seedling data of the CAFI. The CAFI is a repeated forest measurement project established in forest stands throughout interior and southcentral Alaska. The CAFI was launched in 1994 and measurements were done at a 5-year interval until 2015. The project was on hiatus between 2016 and 2019 but picked back up again in 2020 and will continue at a 10-year interval. Total of 205 permanent plots have been established and each plot has been measured up to 6 times. The CAFI is the most extensive forest monitoring program, both in spatial and temporal scale, in interior and southcentral Alaska today.
Cooperative Alaska Forest Inventory (CAFI): III - Vegetation Data 1994-2024
The CAFI is a repeated forest measurement project established in forest stands throughout interior and southcentral Alaska. The CAFI was launched in 1994 and measurements were done at a 5-year interval until 2015. The project was on hiatus between 2016 and 2019 but picked back up again in 2020 and will continue at a 10-year interval. Total of 205 permanent plots have been established and each plot has been measured up to 6 times. The CAFI is the most extensive forest monitoring program, both in spatial and temporal scale, in interior and southcentral Alaska today. This is the vegetation data of the CAFI. The protocol has been changed in 2021. The CAFI is a repeated forest measurement project established in forest stands throughout interior and southcentral Alaska. The CAFI was launched in 1994 and measurements were done at a 5-year interval until 2015. The project was on hiatus between 2016 and 2019 but picked back up again in 2020 and will continue at a 10-year interval. Total of 205 permanent plots have been established and each plot has been measured up to 6 times. The CAFI is the most extensive forest monitoring program, both in spatial and temporal scale, in interior and southcentral Alaska today.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Total Daily Precipitation by Watershed, 1956 - present
From 1956 to 2014, watershed precipitation was estimated using the Thiessen Means weighting method. Daily watershed precipitation values were a weighted average of daily precipitation from standard gauges in or near the watershed. The weighting factor for each gauge was the fraction of the watershed area nearest that gauge. Beginning in 2015, a similar system was implemented using the 10 remaining rain gauges, however Inverse Distance Weighting was used to estimate the weighting of each gauge instead of the Theissen polygon approach. These data were gathered at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in Woodstock, NH, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Weekly Snow and Frost Measurements, 1955 - present
Snow and frost measurements have been collected approximately weekly during the winter season at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest using transects underneath the forest canopy adjacent to the established network of standard rain gages from 1956 to the present. Maximum snow depth, snow water content, frost occurrence, and frost depth data are recorded at points along a transect known as a snow course, which includes 10 points spaced at 2-m intervals within a designated 0.25 ha area. Data from one course are averaged for each collection date. These data were gathered at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in Woodstock, NH, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: 15-minute Precipitation by Watershed, 2017 - present
From 2011 to 2017, ten electronic weighing rain gauges were progressively implemented at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest to measure precipitation at 15-minute intervals. 15-minute resolution watershed precipitation values for nine research watersheds are calculated as a weighted average of precipitation using Inverse Distance Weighting. These data were gathered at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in Woodstock, NH, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
NRCS-USFS Soil Moisture Measurements - Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 2023-2025
This dataset consists of soil moisture (volumetric water content and water potential), temperature, and electrical conductivity measurements at multiple depths within 12 soil pedons distributed across Watersheds 3, 6, and 9 at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest from July 2023 to June 2025. This work is a part of the Forest Soil Moisture Monitoring Network (FSMMN), which is an interagency partnership between the U.S. Forest Service and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to install, monitor and generate long-term soil moisture datasets across multiple forested watersheds in the U.S. Dataset contributors: Hubbard Brook site selection and project planning was conducted by Amanda Pennino (NRCS), Scott Bailey (Virginia Tech) and Mark Green (Case Western). Site visits, data downloading, and logger maintenance was by Lucy Zendzian (NRCS), Paul Gadecki (NRCS), and Jack Ferrara (NRCS). The dataset was curated by Emily Piche (USFS, ORISE) and Amanda Pennino (NRCS). Overall partnership initiation and project management was by Stephanie Connolly (USFS) and Skye Wills (NRCS).
Shaler Meteorological Station at Harvard Forest 1964-2002
Minimum air temperature, maximum air temperature, and 24-hour precipitation amounts were recorded daily at the Shaler Meteorological Station located 30 m southeast of the main headquarters building (Shaler Hall). Precipitation data were published in NOAA's Climatological Data: New England. The Shaler Met Station was replaced by the Fisher Met Station (dataset HF001) and discontinued on 30 June 2002. For a longer climate record that includes data from the Fisher Met Station, please see dataset HF300.
Radiation Measurements at Harvard Forest EMS Tower 1991-2007
Measurements of radiation and soil heat flux at the EMS tower on the Prospect Hill Tract, Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Values are hourly averages.
Net Carbon Exchange of an Old-Growth Hemlock Forest at Harvard Forest HEM Tower since 2000
This project estimates carbon exchange rates of multiple forest types at Harvard Forest (see HF072) and compares them to long-term ongoing carbon exchange measurements at the EMS, which is located in a mesic, 60-90 year old red oak and red maple dominated forest on abandoned farmland (HF004). Measurements in each forest type are used to investigate climatic influences on carbon exchange. This mesic hemlock-dominated forest with most trees 100-200 years old on undisturbed soils stored only about 3 Mg/ha of carbon in 2001, compared to over 4 Mg/ha in the 60-90 year old oak/maple stand. However, both sites stored more carbon in 2001 than was measured in the oak/maple stand in any previous year since 1991 (see HF004). The hemlock forest behaved very differently from the oak-maple stand in that the highest rates of carbon storage occurred in spring, while there was very little carbon storage in mid to late summer. Statistical models of carbon exchange in the hemlock forest showed that carbon storage was positively related to daily minimum air temperature in spring, but negatively correlated with soil temperature in the summer. The first effect was attributable to a positive influence of above-freezing minimum temperatures on photosynthesis by hemlock foliage. The negative relationship of soil temperature to carbon storage by hemlock forest in summer was due to exponentially increasing soil and ecosystem respiration, accompanied by a neutral or negative effect of high air temperature on photosynthesis by hemlock trees (see HF063). These effects indicate that carbon storage in the hemlock forest could be strongly affected by climate warming, but the effects will probably be in opposite directions in spring and summer.
Seed Bank in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest 2004-2015
The impending loss of hemlock trees due to hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) infestation prompted the need to identify species of plants able to colonize areas where hemlock has been removed. We investigated species present in the seed bank (in 2004 and 2010), the seedling bank (in 2004 and 2010), and seed rain (from 2005-2015) in the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment. In 2004, Kelley Sullivan and Aaron Ellison determined the distribution of seeds buried in the soil in the six hemlock and two hardwood stands, before canopy treatments were applied (data files hf105-01, hf105-02). In 2010, Elizabeth Farnsworth and Aaron Ellison examined the distribution of plant species present five years after the simulated hemlock removal experiment was performed and six years after the baseline, pre-treatment study of the seedbank (data files hf105-03, hf105-04, hf105-05). In the 2010 study, we hypothesized that the composition of the seed and seedling banks and seed rain would diverge among the two treatments and the controls, based on the differential impacts of harvesting versus adelgid attack on the standing vegetation. We further hypothesized that the older (deeper) strata of the seedbanks of the treatment plots would have been exhausted over time, thus yielding poor germination relative to the top strata that continually receive seed rain. Identical methods of characterizing the composition of the seedbank and the aboveground vegetation at seedbank core locations were applied in both 2004 and 2010. Additional comparisons were made with long-term data collected on overall plant species composition in the Simes plots (datasets HF 106, HF126), and with data on seed rain (data file hf105-05). This study provides a unique temporal documentation of changes in the seedbank, seed rain, and vegetation under conditions of a changing overstory.
Understory Vegetation in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest since 2003
Hemlock decline in New England is caused by direct and indirect effects of invasion of the hemlock woolly adelgid. Direct damage from the insect is causing gradual mortality of hemlock, and widespread harvesting of hemlock in advance of mortality, in contrast, causes immediate mortality and removal of biomass from the site. Although both processes affect thousands of acres of forest annually we have only a limited understanding of their effects on forest ecosystem function and productivity and the nature of the subsequent forest community. We anticipate that harvesting will yield different consequences than gradual mortality from the insect. Therefore we designed an experiment to simulate these contrasting impacts, by logging or girdling hemlock stands. Results from the experimental treatments are compared to the changes observed in forests that are being infested by the adelgid, and can also be included in integrated analyses of a suite of large experiments that form a core component of the Harvard Forest LTER program.
Light Environment in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest since 2003
The impending loss of hemlock trees due to hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) infestation is expected to lead to changes in the light environment of the forest understory. These changes will both drive succession and will themselves be altered by successional processes. The light reaching the forest floor is measured using hemispherical canopy photographs. Photographs were taken in summer of 2003 and in December 2004 and May 2005 (both deciduous-tree leaf-off condition), prior to the application of the logging and girdling treatments, and then in September 2005 (deciduous tree leaf-on condition) after logging and girdling. Subsequent photographic series will be taken annually in spring (leaf-off) and summer/fall (leaf-on).
Air and Soil Temperature in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest since 2004
The impending loss of hemlock trees due to hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) infestation is expected to lead to changes in the temperature regime of the forest understory. These changes will both drive succession and will themselves be altered by successional processes. Air temperature (1 m above forest floor) and soil temperature (at 10 cm depth) are measured at 1-minute intervals (hourly averages, minimum, and maximum are stored) using thermistors connected to Campbell 21-X dataloggers. Temperature measurements began 60-120 days prior to applications of the logging and girdling treatments, and will continue for the duration of the study.
Effects of Prey Availability on Sarracenia Physiology at Harvard Forest 2005
Allometric relationships exist between maximal mass-based net photosynthetic rates, leaf mass per unit area, and foliar Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) content, which hold across a diverse spectrum of over 2500 plant species worldwide. Carnivorous plants depart from this spectrum because they dedicate substantial leaf area to capturing prey, from which they derive N and P under very nutrient-limiting situations. We conducted a manipulative feeding experiment to test whether morphological and physiological allometric relationships of carnivorous plants when nutrients are not limiting are more similar to allometric relationships of non-carnivorous plants. We examined the effects of prey availability on photosynthetic rate (Amass), chlorophyll fluorescence, growth, architecture, and foliar nutrient and chlorophyll content of ten pitcher plant (Sarracenia) species. We tested the hypothesis that increased prey availability would stimulate Amass of one or more leaves, increase photosynthetic N- and P-use efficiencies (PNUEN, PNUEP), increase relative biomass allocation to photosynthetically efficient, non-predatory phyllodes rather than pitchers, increase overall plant biomass, and reduce stress-related chlorophyll fluorescence. This is the first multi-species, controlled feeding experiment using realistic prey treatments, measuring these physiological parameters directly, and elucidating mechanisms of nutrient stoichiometry and allometry in carnivorous plants. Increased prey availability increased chlorophyll content, Amass and photosystem efficiency (the Fv/Fm ratio) across the 10 Sarracenia species. These increases were most evident in younger leaves, as older leaves rapidly translocated nutrients to newer, growing tissues. Better-fed plants produced a significantly higher proportion of phyllodes than controls. Higher prey availability was associated with lower N:P ratios, and a shift from P- to N-limitation. PNUEP was significantly enhanced by supplementary feeding, w
Historical GIS Data for Harvard Forest Properties from 1908 to Present
Since 1908, the Harvard Forest has conducted forest surveys approximately every 10-20 years on its three largest tracts (total 1033 ha). These maps have been digitized along with maps of environmental factors (topography, soils), disturbance (1938 hurricane, historical land-use), and silvicultural treatments. These datalayers will allow researchers to understand the influence of environment factors, disturbances, and silviculture on the structure and composition of modern forest stands as well as assisting in locating and describing research sites. The dataset also includes an elevation grid (NED 30 meter cells), and a shapefile of linear features (trails, stonewalls, etc). Original maps were transcribed to standardized basemaps by various researchers. These basemaps were then scanned and digitized as shapefiles in ArcView GIS 3.2. The shapefiles were then transformed to Massachusetts State Plane Meters NAD83 projection in ArcGIS and rubbersheeted to align better with aerial photographs downloaded from MassGIS. Locations of control points will be permanently archived at the Harvard Forest to facilitate transformation of future datalayers.
Moose Foraging in Temperate Forests of Central Massachusetts 2005
The "re-wilding" of ecosystems with extirpated large mammals has become a focus of recent scientific and conservation initiatives; however, it is unclear how proposed re-introductions will influence systems that are often vastly different from those that occurred before these animals were extirpated. Moose, the northeast’s largest Holocene browser, have recently expanded across southern New England’s temperate forest landscape after an absence of 200 years, realizing a natural re-wilding experiment. Moose have been well-studied throughout the boreal forest biome; however, because they are rare today in temperate forests, almost nothing is known of their ecology, behavior, or potential impacts to these ecosystems. This study investigated patterns of winter moose browse in order to: (1) gain insight into the likely influences of this herbivore on the vegetation patterns of the region; and (2) to identify the most important habitat features influencing moose winter foraging activity at a landscape and site scale. Two large forested watersheds in Central Massachusetts were sampled for moose browse, habitat features, and disturbances including forest harvesting and human activity. Chi-square and t-tests were used to identify browse species preferences of moose, and step-wise multiple regression was used to identify habitat variables that are strong predictors of browse intensity. Hardwoods and hemlock were favored over white pine, and browse intensity was significantly and positively related to forest harvesting, elevation, swamps, and distance to human settlement. The results from this study suggest that in the winter months, moose populations are concentrating in remote, elevated areas that are broken by swamps and have intensive forest harvests. In areas that support high moose densities, selective browsing, particularly in regenerating harvests, could promote less favored species like white pine at the expense of hardwoods and hemlock. The strong association between
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.