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882 results for “Functional diversity”
Examining the diversity, stability and functioning of marine fish communities across a latitudinal gradient
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: As anthropogenic stressors on the biosphere intensify, understanding how communities respond to disturbances is critical. Biodiversity is often thought to promote the stability of communities over time and enhance ecosystem functioning. However, results have been inconsistent, and the multifaceted linkages among diversity, stability, and functioning under acute disturbances remain poorly understood. We experimentally tested the responses of marine fish communities to disturbance (i.e., acute habitat loss) across a diversity gradient spanning 35º degrees of latitude in the western Atlantic Ocean to assess the diversity-stability relationship and the interplay between diversity, stability, and fish biomass recovery (as a proxy for function) in marine fish communities.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Western Atlantic Ocean (Maine, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Florida [USA], Belize, and Panama).</p> <p><strong>Time</strong> <strong>period</strong>: 2016 – 2017</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Small, bottom-dwelling ('cryptobenthic') fishes</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Diversity showed a negative effect on community stability at both the regional (across docks) and local (within docks) scales. Similarly, local diversity was negatively correlated with ecosystem function. These effects are exacerbated by the habitat loss imposed via our experimental treatment.</p> <p><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>: Our results suggest that habitat loss may more intensively re-shuffle diverse, tropical communities, which impacts biomass recovery, our proxy of functioning. Contrary to ecological theory, in small-bodied, benthos-associated vertebrate communities, biodiversity may neither promote stability nor functioning, suggesting that human disturbances may be particularly impactful in tropical, high-diversity ecosystems.</p>
Planktonic functional diversity changes in synchrony with lake ecosystem state
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Managing ecosystems to effectively preserve function and services requires reliable tools that can infer changes in the stability and dynamics of a system. Conceptually, functional diversity (FD) appears a sensitive and viable monitoring metric stemming from suggestions that FD is a universally important measure of biodiversity and has a mechanistic influence on ecological processes. It is however unclear whether changes in FD consistently occur prior to state responses or vice versa, with no current work on the temporal relationship between FD and state to support a transition towards trait-based indicators. There is consequently a knowledge gap regarding when functioning changes relative to biodiversity change and where FD change falls in that sequence. We therefore examine the lagged relationship between planktonic FD and abundance-based metrics of system state (e.g. biomass) across five highly monitored lake communities using both correlation and cutting edge non-linear empirical dynamic modelling approaches. Overall, phytoplankton and zooplankton FD display synchrony with lake state but each lake is idiosyncratic in the strength of relationship. It is therefore unlikely that changes in plankton FD are identifiable before changes in more easily collected abundance metrics. These results highlight the power of empirical dynamic modelling in disentangling time lagged relationships in complex multivariate ecosystems, but suggest that FD cannot be generically viable as an early indicator. Individual lakes therefore require consideration of their specific context and any interpretation of FD across systems requires caution. However, FD still retains value as an alternative state measure or a trait representation of biodiversity when considered at the system level.</p> <p><strong>Dataset</strong></p> <p>The deposited dataset contains scripts used in functional diversity, cross correlation and convergent cross mapping analysis, the generation of figures and the custom functions underpinning the work. Raw plankton data is not provided but links to publicly available data portals and maintainer contact details are provided.</p>
Data from: Functional diversity buffers the effects of a pulse perturbation on the dynamics of tritrophic food webs
<p>Biodiversity decline causes a loss of functional diversity, which threatens ecosystems through a dangerous feedback loop: this loss may hamper ecosystems' ability to buffer environmental changes, leading to further biodiversity losses. In this context, the increasing frequency of human-induced excessive loading of nutrients causes major problems in aquatic systems. Previous studies investigating how functional diversity influences the response of food webs to disturbances have mainly considered systems with at most two functionally diverse trophic levels. We investigated the effects of functional diversity on the robustness, i.e. resistance, resilience and elasticity, using a tritrophic ---and thus more realistic---plankton food web model. We compared a non-adaptive food chain with no diversity within the individual trophic levels to a more diverse food web with three adaptive trophic levels. The species fitness differences were balanced through trade-offs between defense/growth rate for prey and selectivity/half-saturation constant for predators. We showed that the resistance, resilience and elasticity of tritrophic food webs decreased with larger perturbation sizes and depended on the state of the system when the perturbation occurred. Importantly, we found that a more diverse food web was generally more resistant and resilient but its elasticity was context-dependent. Particularly, functional diversity reduced the probability of a regime shift towards a non-desirable alternative state. The basal-intermediate interaction consistently determined the robustness against a nutrient pulse despite the complex influence of the shape and type of the dynamical attractors. This relationship was strongly influenced by the diversity present and the third trophic level. Overall, using a food web model of realistic complexity, this study confirms the destructive potential of the positive feedback loop between biodiversity loss and robustness, by uncovering mechanisms leading to a decrease in resistance, resilience and potentially elasticity as functional diversity declines.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes
FIGURE 4 | Temporal changes in species richness (dashed lines) and functional richness (FRic; continous lines) of the ichthyofauna from Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais, considering two scenarios: "all species", including native and non-native; and "only native species" (left figures). Plotted values expressed as a proportion to the maximum richness. The arrows represent the first records of the introduced piscivorous Cichla kelberi (in 1985) and Pygocentrus nattereri (in 1992) in the system. The upper plots represent the functional space (only two dimensions for simplify visualization), with polygons indicating the proportion filled by the set of species (FRic) in each year. Right figures illustrate the functional space showing the position of each species. Green and blue colors indicate, respectively, the native and introduced species, and crosses indicate native species extirpated from the lake. Codes at the ends of the arrows are the most important ecomorphological traits for each axis of the PCA (for functional trait and species codes, see Tab. 1 and Tab. S2).
FIGURE 3 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes
FIGURE 3 | Compositional change of the ichthyofauna from Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Green and blue squares indicate, respectively, the presence of native and introduced species in each year.
FIGURE 1 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes
FIGURE 1 | The lacustrine system of the Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The green polygon delimits the area of the Rio Doce State Park (PERD) and the white circle indicates the location of Carioca Lake.
FIGURE 2 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes
FIGURE 2 | Morphometric measures taken from digital pictures: CPd – caudal-peduncle minimal depth, CFd – caudal-fin maximum depth, CFs – caudal-fin surface, PFi – distance from pectoral-fin insertion to the bottom of the body, PFb – body depth at the level of the pectoral-fin insertion, PFl – pectoral-fin length, PFs – pectoral-fin surface, Hd – head depth along the vertical axis of the eye, Ed – eye diameter, Eh – distance from the center of the eye to the bottom of the head, Mo – distance from the tip of the upper jaw to the bottom of the head along the head depth axis. Adapted from Leitão et al. (2016).
Unique functional diversity during early Cenozoic mammal radiation of North America
<p>Mammals influence nearly all aspects of energy flow and habitat structure in modern terrestrial ecosystems. However, anthropogenic effects likely have altered mammalian community structure, raising the question of how past perturbations have done so. We use functional diversity to describe how the structure of North American mammal communities changes over the past 66 Ma, an interval spanning the rebound radiation following the K/Pg and several subsequent environmental disruptions including the PETM, the expansion of grassland, and the onset of Pleistocene glaciation. For 264 fossil communities, we examine three aspects of ecological function: functional evenness, functional richness, and functional divergence. Shifts in functional diversity are significantly related to major ecological and environmental transitions. All three measures of functional diversity increase immediately following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, suggesting that high degrees of ecological disturbance can lead to synchronous responses both locally and continentally. Otherwise, the components of functional diversity respond differently to environmental changes and are decoupled for the last ~56 million years.</p>
Data from: Temporal changes in taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity across tree communities in subtropical Atlantic forests
<h2><strong>The study is published in Oikos and available at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10961">https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10961</a></strong></h2> <p>Here we aim to assess temporal taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity of adult and juvenile tree communities across 11 sites in the subtropical Brazilian Atlantic Forest to infer about trends and drivers of biodiversity change. The tree communities were evaluated for temporal changes in: (1) taxonomic and functional alpha diversity, (2) taxonomic and functional composition (beta diversity), and (3) identifying potential abiotic and biotic drivers of these changes, considering three censuses across a period of 10 years.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Files description:</h2> <p><strong>traits-adults.csv</strong> - adult tree species and their functional traits values.</p> <p><strong>traits-juveniles.csv</strong> - juvenile tree species and their functional trait values.</p> <p><strong>abundance-adults_synthesis.csv</strong> - adult tree species abundance over the three time periods of forest surveys (T1, T2, and T3). Raw data on tree individual level is available at ForestPlots.net database (<a href="https://forestplots.net/">https://forestplots.net/</a>) under request.</p> <p><strong>abundance-juveniles_synthesis.csv</strong> - juvenile tree species abundance over the three time periods of forest surveys (T1, T2, and T3). Raw data on tree individual level is available at ForestPlots.net database (<a href="https://forestplots.net/">https://forestplots.net/</a>) under request.</p> <p>Functional traits abbreviations are defined as follows: LA = leaf area; SLA = specific leaf area; WD = wood density; SM = seed mass; range_temp = range of mean annual temperature; range_CWD = range of climatological water deficit; and biomes_distrib = number of Brazilian biomes that the species occur according to Flora and Funga do Brazil.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Acknowledgments</strong></h2> <p>This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brazil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001, through Portal de Periódicos and scholarships granted to JMFK, JK and RCP. The fieldwork was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS grant numbers 2218 – 2551/12-2 and 19/2551-0001698-0), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/FAPERGS/PELD number 441590/2020-9), and the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, supported by MCTIC/CNPq (grant number 465610/2014-5). KMB gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the National Institute of Science and Technology in Low Carbon Emission Agriculture (INCT-ABC) sponsored by Brazil’s National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant no. 406635/2022-6), the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Fapergs, grant no. 22/2551-0000392-3), and the Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA). SCM is supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; grant number 309659/2019-1.</p> <p> </p> <h3><strong>Please find below the data used in the study.</strong></h3>
Figure 5 in Hundred years of Botany at the NWU: contributions towards understanding plant and algae function, diversity and restoration in a changing environment
Figure 5: Mr Sello D. Phalatse, first Botanist at Mahikeng Campus (1983–2008), founder and curator of the University of NorthWest Herbarium (Source: NWU Records, Archives and Museum) (Source: NWU Corporate Relations and Marketing).
Figure 4 in Hundred years of Botany at the NWU: contributions towards understanding plant and algae function, diversity and restoration in a changing environment
Figure 4. Botanical Garden – Waterfall on Prof. Daan Botha's koppie. (Photo: Chris van Niekerk from NWU Botanical Garden collection).
Figure 3. Prof. A.P in Hundred years of Botany at the NWU: contributions towards understanding plant and algae function, diversity and restoration in a changing environment
Figure 3. Prof. A.P Goossens, first Professor and Head of Department of Botany (Source: NWU Records, Archives and Museum).
Response of wild bee diversity, abundance and functional traits to vineyard inter-row management intensity and landscape diversity across Europe
<p>Data set used for analyses in the publication "Response of wild bee diversity, abundance and functional traits to vineyard inter-row management intensity and landscape diversity across Europe".</p> <p>First sheet in the Excel-file gives a detailed description of the abbreviations, terms etc. used in the following tables. Please also check the method section in the publication for the detailed description on how data were collected.</p> <p>If you have any questions feel free to contact Sophie Kratschmer via e-mail</p>
Figure 1 in Comparative evaluation of taxonomic and functional diversities of leaf-litter ants of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Figure 1. Map of the study area in the state of Bahia (A), Brazil (B), showing the locations of the 65 Atlantic Forest sites (C).
Figure 3 in Comparative evaluation of taxonomic and functional diversities of leaf-litter ants of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Figure 3. Relationship between number of functional groups (classifications A: FC-A and B: FC-B) with ant richness in 65 localities of the Atlantic Forest biome in Bahia state, Brazil. Appendix 1. List of ant species registered in 26 municipalities and 65 localities of Atlantic Forest in Bahia state, Brazil. Municipalities: A–Z; number in parentheses represents the number of locations sampled by municipality.
Figure 2 in Comparative evaluation of taxonomic and functional diversities of leaf-litter ants of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Figure 2. Species accumulation curves based on the number of ant species (observed richness) sampled in different localities of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Filled circle = all data; filled diamond = all data except singletons and doubletons; unfilled circle = singletons and doubletons only.
Fig. 3 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone
Fig. 3. Contribution of taxonomic groups (Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora) to quantitative (Abundance %DI) and qualitative (Species richness %DQ) dominances for each habitat (ALG, algae habitat;BAR, bare rock; BNC, barnacle belt; MUS, mussel beds) in the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil.
Fig. 1 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone
Fig. 1. Substrate characterization of the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil. Intertidal zones (High, Mid and Low) and percent cover (mean) of algae habitat (ALG), bare rock (BAR), barnacle belt (BNC) and mussel beds (MUS).
Fig. 5 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone
Fig. 5. Index of trophic diversity (ITD) calculated (mean ± SE, standard error) for each habitat (ALG, algae habitat; BAR, bare rock; BNC, barnacle belt; MUS, mussel beds) in the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil. Significant differences are indicated with different letters (Tukey's test: p<0.05).
Fig. 2 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone
Fig. 2. Mollusk assemblages: number of individuals (Abundance), number of species (Species richness) and diversity indices (Shannon-Weaver H' and Pielou's evenness J) calculated (mean ± SE) measured for each habitat (ALG, algae habitat; BAR, bare rock; BNC, barnacle belt; MUS, mussel beds) in the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil. Significant differences are indicated with different letters (Tukey's test: p<0.05).
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