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718 results for “Functional traits”
Figure 9 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 9. Lichen photobiont type in old (oldgrowth), middle (middleaged) and young broadleaved forest stands.
Figure 8 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 8. Lichen reproduction type in old (oldgrowth), middle (middleaged) and young broadleaved forest stands.
Figure 2 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 2. Sample plot. Abbreviations: S – South, N – North. Arrow shows the direction of the sampling in transect. Tree number shows the order of surveyed trees.
Figure 5 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 5. Number of lichen taxa with category of conservation concern in old (oldgrowth), middle (middleaged) and young broadleaved forest stands.
Data from: Measuring leaf and root functional traits uncovers multidimensionality of plant responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
<p>Premise of the study While many studies have measured the aboveground responses of plants to mycorrhizal fungi at a single time point, little is known about how plants respond belowground or across time to mycorrhizal symbiosis. By measuring belowground responses as well as growth over time in many plant species, we create a more complete picture of how mycorrhizal fungi benefit their hosts. Methods We grew 26 prairie plant species with and without mycorrhizal fungi and measured fourteen functional traits measuring above and belowground tissue quality and quantity responses and changes in resource allocation. We used function-value trait (FVT) modeling to characterize changes in species growth rate when colonized. Key results While aboveground biomass responses were positive, the response of traits belowground were much more variable. Changes in aboveground biomass accounted for 60.8% of the variation in mycorrhizal responses, supporting the use of aboveground biomass response as the primary response trait. Responses belowground were not associated with aboveground responses and accounted for 18.3% of the variation. Growth responses over time were highly variable across species. Interestingly, none of the measured responses were phylogenetically conserved. Conclusions Mycorrhizal fungi increase plant growth in most scenarios, but the effects of these fungi belowground and across time are more complicated. This study highlights how differences in plant allocation priorities might affect how they utilize the benefits from mycorrhizal fungi. Identifying and characterizing these differences is a key step to understanding the effects of mycorrhizal mutualisms on whole plant physiology. </p>
Fig. 2. Canonical discriminant functional analyses showing 3 in Life history traits of three cryptic species Asia I, Asia II-1 and Asia II-7 of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) reconfirm their genetic identities
Fig. 2. Canonical discriminant functional analyses showing 3 genetic groups of Bemisia tabaci species complex.
Response of wild bee diversity, abundance and functional traits to vineyard inter-row management intensity and landscape diversity across Europe
<p>Data set used for analyses in the publication "Response of wild bee diversity, abundance and functional traits to vineyard inter-row management intensity and landscape diversity across Europe".</p> <p>First sheet in the Excel-file gives a detailed description of the abbreviations, terms etc. used in the following tables. Please also check the method section in the publication for the detailed description on how data were collected.</p> <p>If you have any questions feel free to contact Sophie Kratschmer via e-mail</p>
Functional traits of tree species in old-growth and selectively logged forest
<b>Description: </b><p>Traits matrix for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Sampled during the BALI project traits campaign</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/55"><b>Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying functional trait distributions across the disturbance gradient</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2.2(385))</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3247631">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This dataset consists of 3 files: Both_tree_functional_traits.xlsx, CSP_protocol_Chlorophyll_and_Carotenoids.pdf, CSP_protocol_Phenols_Tannins_Analysis.pdf</p><p><b>Both_tree_functional_traits.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Tree_functional_traits</b> (described in worksheet Tree_functional_traits)</p><p>Description: Traits matrix for tree species at SAFE and in Danum Valley, Maliau Basin sampled during the BALI project traits campaign</p><p>Number of fields: 84</p><p>Number of data rows: 717</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>location</b>: Location (Field type: Categorical)</li><li><b>forest_type</b>: Forest type: OG: old-growth plots, Maliau and Danum; SL: selectively logged plots at SAFE (Field type: Categorical)</li><li><b>forestplots_name</b>: Plot name coherent with forestplots database (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>plot_name_trait_campaign</b>: Plot name used during the BALI trait campaign (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>sample_code</b>: Sample code referencing: plot-'T'(ree) ID-branch type (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>branch_type</b>: Binary classification of branch sampled depending on their position in the tree crown. BS: sun branch; BSH: shade branch (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>sampling_date</b>: Date of sampling (Field type: Date)</li><li><b>tree_id</b>: Reference for tree tag label (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>species</b>: Tree species (Field type: Taxa)</li><li><b>height.m</b>: Height of tree individual (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_K_mg.g</b>: Foliar potassium content in mg per g dry weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_Ca_mg.g</b>: Foliar calcium content in mg per g dry weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_Mg_mg.g</b>: Foliar magnesium content in mg per g dry weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_P_mg.g</b>: Foliar phosporus content in mg per g dry weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>N_perc</b>: Foliar nitrogen concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>15N_per_mil</b>: Foliar 15N isotope concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>C_perc</b>: Foliar carbon concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>13C_per_mil</b>: Foliar 13C isotope concentration, expressed relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) as δ13C in units of per mil [‰] (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>CN</b>: Foliar carbon nitrogen ratio (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>DR_mean</b>: Mean dark respiration measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>DR_sd</b>: Standard deviation of dark respiration measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>DR_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>Asat_cons_mean</b>: Mean light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch. Data cleaning very conservative: subset of values only with conductance higher 0.04, Ci between 150 - 300, and PS higher than 1, leading to fewer data points. (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Asat_cons_sd</b>: Standard deviation of light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Asat_cons_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>Amax_cons_mean</b>: Mean maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch. Data cleaning very conservative: subset of values only with conductance higher 0.04, Ci between 150 - 300, and PS higher than 1, leading to fewer data points. (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Amax_cons_sd</b>: Standard deviation of maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Amax_cons_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>Asat_mean</b>: Mean light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Asat_sd</b>: Standard deviation of light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Asat_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>Amax_mean</b>: Mean maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Amax_sd</b>: Standard deviation of maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Amax_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>LA_cm2_mean</b>: Mean leaf area (LA) calculated from fresh leaves collected from branches, scanned immediately. (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>LA_cm2_sd</b>: Standard deviation of leaf area (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>LA_cm2_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>leaf_thickness_mm_mean</b>: Mean thickness of leaf (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>fresh_weight_g_mean</b>: Mean leaf fresh weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>dry_weight_g_mean</b>: Mean leaf oven-dried weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>dry_weight_mg_mean</b>: Mean leaf oven-dried weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>LDMC_mg.g_mean</b>: Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC) is the oven-dry mass (mg) of a leaf, divided by its water-saturated fresh mass (g) mg g–1 (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>leaf_thickness_mm_sd</b>: Standard deviation of leaf thickness (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>fresh_weight_g_sd</b>: Standard deviation of fresh leaf weight (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>dry_weight_g_sd</b>: Standard deviation of dry leaf weight (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>dry_weight_mg_sd</b>: Standard deviation of dry leaf weight (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>LDMC_mg.g_sd</b>: Standard deviation of leaf dry matter content (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>leaf_thickness_mm_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>fresh_weight_g_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>dry_weight_g_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>dry_weight_mg_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>LDMC_mg.g_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>branch_height_m</b>: Height from where branch sample was taken (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>chla_mg.g</b>: Foliar chlorophyll a content (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>chlb_mg.g</b>: Foliar chlorophyll b content (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>carot_mg.g</b>: Foliar carotenoids content (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Fp_N_mm_mean</b>: Mean force to punch leaf, dividing the observed force (N) required to puncture the leaf lamina by the circumference of the instrument's rod (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Fp_N_mm_sd</b>: Standard deviation for force to punch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Fp_N_mm_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>specific_Fp_mean</b>: Mean specific force to punch (Fp divided by lamina thickness) (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>specific_Fp_sd</b>: Standard deviation for force to punch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>specific_Fp_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>WD_B</b>: Branch wood density from branch segment with bark (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>WD_NB</b>: Branch wood density from branch segment without bark (bark removed prior measurement) (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>hemicellulose_perc</b>: Foliar hemicellulose concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>cellulose_perc</b>: Foliar cellulose concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>lignin_recalcitrants_perc</b>: Foliar lignin and recalcitrants concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Total_tannin_mg.g</b>: Total foliar tannin concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Total_phenol_mg.g</b>: Total foliar phenol concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>SLA_mm2.mg_mean</b>: Specific leaf area (SLA) determined as the one-sided area of a fresh leaf, divided by its oven-dry mass. (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_K_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar potassium content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_Ca_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar calcium content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_Mg_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar magnesium content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_P_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar phosporus content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>chla_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar chlorophyll a content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>chlb_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar chlorophyll b content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>carot_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar carotenoids content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>tannin_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar tannin content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>phenol_mg_mm2</b>: Foliar phenol content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>N_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar nitrogen content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>C_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar carbon content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>hemicellulose_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar hemicellulose content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>cellulose_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar cellulose content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>lignin_recalcitrants_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar lignin and recalcitrants content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>CSP_protocol_Chlorophyll_and_Carotenoids.pdf</b></p><p>Description: Methodology of chlorophyll and carotenoids analysis, Carnegie Spectranomics protocol: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58dyv8L3FpMdGw0QWtiZElHQzQ/view</p><p><b>CSP_protocol_Phenols_Tannins_Analysis.pdf</b></p><p>Description: Methodology of phenols and tannins analysis, Carnegie Spectranomics protocol: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58dyv8L3FpMcTBHblQwRHdyRE0/view</p><p><b>Date range: </b>2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div>Plantae<br> - Tracheophyta<br> -  - Liliopsida<br> -  -  - Poales<br> -  -  -  - Poaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dinochloa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dinochloa trichogona</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Imperata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Imperata cylindrica</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Paspalum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Paspalum virgatum</i><br> -  -  - Zingiberales<br> -  -  -  - Marantaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Phrynium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phrynium pubinerve</i><br> -  -  -  - Zingiberaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Etlingera</i><br> -  - Magnoliopsida<br> -  -  - Asterales<br> -  -  -  - Asteraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mikania</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mikania micrantha</i><br> -  -  - Celastrales<br> -  -  -  - Celastraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Lophopetalum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lophopetalum beccarianum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lophopetalum glabrum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lophopetalum javanicum</i><br> -  -  - Cornales<br> -  -  -  - Cornaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Alangium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Alangium javanicum</i><br> -  -  -  - Nyssaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mastixia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mastixia trichotoma</i><br> -  -  - Ericales<br> -  -  -  - Ebenaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros andamanica</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros curranii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros daemona</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros dictyoneura</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros macrophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros muricata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros pilosanthera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros toposia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros tuberculata</i><br> -  -  -  - Lecythidaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Barringtonia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Barringtonia lanceolata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Barringtonia macrostachya</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Barringtonia sarcostachys</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Planchonia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Planchonia brevistipitata</i><br> -  -  -  - Pentaphylacaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Adinandra</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Adinandra dumosa</i><br> -  -  -  - Primulaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ardisia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ardisia macrophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Maesa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Maesa macrothyrsa</i><br> -  -  -  - Sapotaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Madhuca</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Madhuca dubardii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Madhuca korthalsii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Palaquium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Palaquium dasyphyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Palaquium obovatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Palaquium sericeum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Payena</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Payena acuminata</i><br> -  -  -  - Symplocaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Symplocos</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Symplocos fasciculata</i><br> -  -  -  - Theaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pyrenaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pyrenaria tawauensis</i><br> -  -  - Fabales<br> -  -  -  - Fabaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Archidendron</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Archidendron clypearia</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Crudia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Crudia reticulata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Crudia tenuipes</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cynometra</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cynometra mirabilis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dialium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dialium indum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dialium kunstleri</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Fordia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Fordia brachybotrys</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Fordia splendidissima</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Sindora</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Spatholobus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Spatholobus macropterus</i><br> -  -  -  - Polygalaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Xanthophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Xanthophyllum flavescens</i><br> -  -  - Fagales<br> -  -  -  - Fagaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Castanopsis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Castanopsis hypophoenicea</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus conocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Quercus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Quercus argentata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Quercus lowii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Quercus merrillii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Trigonobalanus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Trigonobalanus verticillata</i><br> -  -  - Gentianales<br> -  -  -  - Apocynaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Alstonia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Alstonia angustiloba</i><br> -  -  -  - Rubiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ludekia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ludekia borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Nauclea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nauclea officinalis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nauclea subdita</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Neolamarckia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Neonauclea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neonauclea gigantea</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Psydrax</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Psydrax dicoccos</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Uncaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Uncaria cordata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Urophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Urophyllum polyneurum</i><br> -  -  - Lamiales<br> -  -  -  - Lamiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Callicarpa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Callicarpa pentandra</i><br> -  -  -  - Oleaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Chionanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chionanthus macrocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chionanthus pluriflorus</i><br> -  -  - Laurales<br> -  -  -  - Lauraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Actinodaphne</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Beilschmiedia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Beilschmiedia micrantha</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Caryodaphnopsis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cryptocarya</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cryptocarya nigra</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cryptocarya nitens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dehaasia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dehaasia caesia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dehaasia incrassata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Eusideroxylon</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Eusideroxylon zwageri</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Lindera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lindera lucida</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea accedens</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea angulata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea caulocarpa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea cordata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea garciae</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea grandis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea rubiginosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Nothaphoebe</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nothaphoebe umbelliflora</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Phoebe</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phoebe grandis</i><br> -  -  - Magnoliales<br> -  -  -  - Annonaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cyathocalyx</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Maasia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Maasia sumatrana</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Miliusa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Miliusa macropoda</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Monoon</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Neo-uvaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neo-uvaria acuminatissima</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Orophea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Orophea myriantha</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Phaeanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phaeanthus splendens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Polyalthia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Polyalthia obliqua</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pseuduvaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pseuduvaria borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Sageraea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Sageraea elliptica</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Stelechocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Stelechocarpus cauliflorus</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Xylopia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Xylopia ferruginea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Xylopia stenopetala</i><br> -  -  -  - Magnoliaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Magnolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Magnolia borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Magnolia liliifera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Magnolia tsiampacca</i><br> -  -  -  - Myristicaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Horsfieldia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Horsfieldia crassifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema glauca</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema latifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema laurina</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema oblongata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Myristica</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Myristica smythiesii</i><br> -  -  - Malpighiales<br> -  -  -  - Achariaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Hydnocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Hydnocarpus woodii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ryparosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ryparosa acuminata</i><br> -  -  -  - Calophyllaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Calophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Calophyllum soulattri</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Calophyllum woodii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mesua</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mesua borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mesua macrantha</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mesua oblongifolia</i><br> -  -  -  - Centroplacaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Bhesa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Bhesa indica</i><br> -  -  -  - Chrysobalanaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Atuna</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Atuna racemosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Licania</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Licania splendens</i><br> -  -  -  - Clusiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia benthamiana</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia forbesii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia nervosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia parvifolia</i><br> -  -  -  - Euphorbiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Blumeodendron</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Blumeodendron kurzii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Blumeodendron tokbrai</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Hancea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Hancea penangensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga conifera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga gigantea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga hypoleuca</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga pearsonii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga winkleri</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus leucodermis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus miquelianus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus mollissimus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus wrayi</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Neoscortechinia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neoscortechinia kingii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neoscortechinia philippinensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ptychopyxis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ptychopyxis arborea</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Spathiostemon</i><br> -  -  -  - Hypericaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cratoxylum</i><br> -  -  -  - Irvingiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Irvingia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Irvingia malayana</i><br> -  -  -  - Phyllanthaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Antidesma</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Aporosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aporosa confusa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aporosa falcifera</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea lanceolata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea macrocarpa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea pubera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea tetrandra</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus hirsutulus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus hylandii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus oblongifolius</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus paxii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus pubens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Glochidion</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Glochidion borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Phyllanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phyllanthus lutescens</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phyllanthus ruber</i><br> -  -  -  - Putranjivaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Drypetes</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Drypetes longifolia</i><br> -  -  -  - Salicaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Flacourtia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Flacourtia rukam</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Homalium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Homalium foetidum</i><br> -  -  - Malvales<br> -  -  -  - Dipterocarpaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dipterocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dipterocarpus caudiferus</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dryobalanops</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dryobalanops lanceolata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Hopea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Hopea plagata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Hopea sangal</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Parashorea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Parashorea malaanonan</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Parashorea smythiesii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Parashorea warburgii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea almon</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea angustifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea argentifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea beccariana</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea faguetiana</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea falciferoides</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea fallax</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea gibbosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea guiso</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea johorensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea laevis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea leprosula</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea leptoderma</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea macrophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea macroptera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea ovalis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea ovata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea parvifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea pauciflora</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea pinanga</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea superba</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea symingtonii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Vatica</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Vatica dulitensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Vatica odorata</i><br> -  -  -  - Malvaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Boschia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Boschia grandiflora</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Durio</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Durio graveolens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Heritiera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Heritiera elata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Microcos</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Microcos crassifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pentace</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pentace borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pterygota</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pterygota alata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Scaphium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Scaphium macropodum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Sterculia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Sterculia rubiginosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Sterculia stipulata</i><br> -  -  -  - Thymelaeaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Aquilaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aquilaria beccariana</i><br> -  -  - Myrtales<br> -  -  -  - Combretaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Terminalia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Terminalia citrina</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Terminalia foetidissima</i><br> -  -  -  - Lythraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Duabanga</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Duabanga moluccana</i><br> -  -  -  - Melastomataceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Clidemia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Clidemia hirta</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Melastoma</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Melastoma malabathricum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Memecylon</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Memecylon oleifolium</i><br> -  -  -  - Myrtaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium elopurae</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium grande</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium griffithii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium lineatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium pancheri</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium panzeri</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium racemosum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Tristaniopsis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Tristaniopsis whiteana</i><br> -  -  - Oxalidales<br> -  -  -  - Elaeocarpaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Elaeocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Elaeocarpus floribundus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Elaeocarpus pedunculatus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Elaeocarpus stipularis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Sloanea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Sloanea javanica</i><br> -  -  - Rosales<br> -  -  -  - Cannabaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Gironniera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Gironniera nervosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Trema</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Trema orientalis</i><br> -  -  -  - Moraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Antiaris</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Antiaris toxicaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus anisophyllus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus glaucus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus integer</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus odoratissimus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus tamaran</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus hispida</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus septica</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus uncinata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus variegata</i><br> -  -  -  - Rosaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Prunus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Prunus javanica</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pygeum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pygeum beccarii</i><br> -  -  -  - Urticaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dendrocnide</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dendrocnide elliptica</i><br> -  -  - Santalales<br> -  -  -  - Coulaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ochanostachys</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ochanostachys amentacea</i><br> -  -  -  - Strombosiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Scorodocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Scorodocarpus borneensis</i><br> -  -  - Sapindales<br> -  -  -  - Anacardiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Gluta</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Gluta aptera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Gluta wallichii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mangifera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mangifera odorata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Melanochyla</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Melanochyla bullata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Melanochyla tomentosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Parishia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Parishia insignis</i><br> -  -  -  - Burseraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium decumanum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium denticulatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium odontophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium pilosum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dacryodes</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dacryodes rostrata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dacryodes rugosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Santiria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Santiria laevigata</i><br> -  -  -  - Meliaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia crassinervia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia leptantha</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia macrocarpa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia odoratissima</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia oligophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia silvestris</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia tomentosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Aphanamixis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aphanamixis polystachya</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Chisocheton</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chisocheton ceramicus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chisocheton macranthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chisocheton patens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dysoxylum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dysoxylum densiflorum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Lansium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lansium domesticum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Reinwardtiodendron</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Reinwardtiodendron humile</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Walsura</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Walsura pinnata</i><br> -  -  -  - Rutaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Melicope</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Melicope confusa</i><br> -  -  -  - Sapindaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dimocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dimocarpus longan</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Nephelium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nephelium cuspidatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Paranephelium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Paranephelium macrophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Paranephelium xestophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pometia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pometia pinnata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Tristiropsis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Tristiropsis acutangula</i><br> -  -  - Solanales<br> -  -  -  - Convolvulaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Decalobanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Decalobanthus borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Jacquemontia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Jacquemontia tomentella</i><br> -  - Polypodiopsida<br> -  -  - Gleicheniales<br> -  -  -  - Gleicheniaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dicranopteris</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dicranopteris pubigera</i><br> -  -  - Polypodiales<br> -  -  -  - Lomariopsidaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Nephrolepis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nephrolepis biserrata</i><br></div><p></p>
Fig. 2 in Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient
Fig. 2. Average position of species occurrence along the gradient of habitat structure (dark circles). The horizontal bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean position of each species, and the vertical bars at the bottom of the graph represent the position of each stream along the habitat gradient (axis 1 of RLQ). Species codes are presented in Table 2.
Fig. 1 in Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient
Fig. 1. Location of the study area in the northwestern region of São Paulo State, Brazil (black area on the country map), showing the 91 streams sampled.
Fig. 3 in Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient
Fig. 3. Pearson correlation between the stream scores of the first RLQ axis and the original values of the environmental variables. All correlations were significant (Pearson correlation, P <0.05), except for the proportion of bedrock in the substrate (triangle).
Fig. 4 in Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient
Fig. 4. Functional traits significantly correlated with the first RLQ axis (Pearson correlation, P <0.005). In each graph, the first RLQ axis represents streams with banks covered by grasses and sandy bottom (less complex) and streams with banks covered by trees/shrubs and bottom with rocks/woody debris (more complex).
F I G U R E 1 A in Linking plant functional traits to biodiversity under environmental change
F I G U R E 1 A diagram of the linkage between functional traits and biodiversity at multiple ecological scales. Across different scales, the diagram includes the response of functional traits to different environmental conditions, interactions under shifts in community structure and ecosystem functioning, which affect species' survival or extinction, and thus biodiversity. The diagram is constructed following a bottom‐up logic based on individual traits and aims to facilitate future trait‐diversity models to predict biodiversity responses under environmental change.
Table 1 in Review Of Bryophyte Functional Traits In Ecological Studies
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Overview of main bryophyte functional traits according to van Zuijlen et al. (2023).</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Biological traits</th><th><b>Ecological traits</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>generation length</th><td>aquatic species</td></tr><tr><th>growth form</th><td>epiphytic species or not</td></tr><tr><th>life form</th><td>how strong species are bound to forest habitats</td></tr><tr><th>life strategy</th><td>major habitat class “Artificial/Terrestrial”</td></tr><tr><th>peristome</th><td>major habitat class “Forest”</td></tr><tr><th>permanent protonema</th><td>major habitat class “Grassland”</td></tr><tr><th>rhizoids</th><td>major habitat class “Rocky areas”</td></tr><tr><th>r or K strategy</th><td>major habitat class “Shrubland”</td></tr><tr><th>length of the seta</th><td>major habitat class “Wetlands”</td></tr><tr><th>sexual condition</th><td>indicator value – moisture</td></tr><tr><th>sporophyte frequency</th><td>indicator value – heavy metal tolerance</td></tr><tr><th>shoot size</th><td>indicator value – continentality</td></tr><tr><th>spore size</th><td>indicator value – light</td></tr><tr><th>deciduous branches or stem tips</th><td>indicator value – nutrients</td></tr><tr><th>bulbils</th><td>indicator value – salt tolerance</td></tr><tr><th>gemmae</th><td>indicator value – temperature</td></tr><tr><th>deciduous leaves or leave fragments</th><td>substrate class: dead animal carcass or dung</td></tr><tr><th>tubers</th><td>substrate class: bark of living phanerophyte</td></tr><tr><th>size of vegetative propagule</th><td>substrate class: epiphytic on non­woody living substrate</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>substrate class: rock</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>substrate class: soil</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>substrate class: deadwood</td></tr></tbody></table>
Inbreeding depression, functional traits and phenotypic plasticity in an endangered tree species from Congo basin with a mixed mating system
<h3><span>Inbreeding depression, functional traits and phenotypic plasticity in an endangered tree species from Congo basin with a mixed mating system</span></h3> <h1><a name="_Hlk166486742"></a><strong><span>Abstract</span></strong></h1> <p><span><span>1. Most tree species can suffer from inbreeding depression (ID), which they escape by reproducing predominantly through outcrossing. A remarkable exception is <em>Pericopsis elata</em>, an African timber species naturally producing 54% of self-fertilized seeds in the eastern Congo Basin. This species is highly logged and suffers from a deficit of natural regeneration, so that silviculture is needed for its sustainable management. While selecting good genetic material can increase the value of plantations, we lack fundamental biological knowledge on the effect of inbreeding and competition on growth potential, variability in leaf traits and phenotypic plasticity. We hypothesize that ID in <em>P. elata</em> could result from the expression of deleterious mutations affecting functional traits, or from a reduction of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in inbred genotypes.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>2. To test our hypotheses, 540 <em>P. elata</em> seedlings were monitored for 4 years in a Nelder-type device located in the DRC, in which trees were planted along concentric circles to generate a density gradient. Nine leaf morphological traits (including specific leaf area, stomata density and size), eight leaf chemical traits, diameter, and total height were measured regularly, while paternity analyses allowed distinguishing inbred and outbred plants. To explain the observed ID on growth, we tested whether inbreeding affected leaf traits and/or their plasticity expressed across years, across the density gradient or across sunlight exposure. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>3. Outbred plants grew faster than inbred ones, demonstrating ID for each level of competition. Despite the significant correlation found between specific leaf area and growth, and the impact of planting density, plant age, and leaf exposure to sunlight on multiple traits, mean leaf trait values did not differ according to inbreeding. However, </span></span><span><span>a few leaf traits (chlorophyl content, </span></span><span><span>maximum stomatal water vapor conductance</span></span><span><span>, and leaf fresh mass) showed significantly higher plasticity in outbred than inbred plants. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>4. Synthesis: the observed ID on growth was not explained by a direct effect of inbreeding on the mean values of functional traits but possibly by a reduction of phenotypic plasticity with inbreeding. Additional studies on the interplay between ID, functional traits and plasticity should be conducted at the intra-specific level to identify general patterns<em>.</em></span></span></p> <p><span><strong><span>Key-words : </span></strong></span><span><span>Inbreeding depression, phenotypic plasticity, silviculture, functionals traits, <em>Pericopsis elata</em>, mating system, Nelder device.</span></span></p>
Drought stress triggers differential survival and functional trait responses in the establishment of Arnica montana seedlings
<ul> <li>The establishment and survival of seedlings are critical stages in the life cycle of plants and therefore usually well timed to humid and favourable conditions. Climate projections suggest that the threatened mountain grassland species <em>Arnica montana</em> may be increasingly exposed to drought stress. However, studies that focus on the species’ early development are missing. We evaluated impacts of drought-induced stress on <em>A. montana</em> seedlings in their early establishment phase and identified traits for the species’ fitness decline.</li> <li>In a greenhouse experiment, we tested the response of <em>A. montana</em> seedlings to different drought levels (moderate, strong, extreme). To assess their fitness under increasing drought, we evaluated the survival of the seedlings based on four senescence stages and measured the performance of above- and belowground morphological and physiological functional traits.</li> <li><em>Arnica montana</em> seedlings showed high resistance to drought. Senescence accelerated and survival declined only under strong and extreme drought conditions. However, the seedlings’ vegetative performance decreased even with moderate drought, as indicated by smaller values of most leaf traits and some root traits. Physiological trait response was less sensitive.</li> <li>Drought stress hinders the establishment and survival of <em>A. montana</em> seedlings. Following the functional trait responses to drought and their associations with survival, we suggest declining leaf length, leaf width, and leaf number as sensitive traits that can lead to a decline performance.</li> </ul>
Data from: Effects of artificial light at night on the leaf functional traits of freshwater plants
<p>Leaf traits measured on three species of submerged aquatic plants (<em>Myriophyllum verticillatum </em>L., <em>Potamogeton coloratus</em> Hornem., and <em>Vallisneria spiralis</em> L.) grown under light pollution at night or in the dark. Details about the protocols and the data collection can be found in the article published in <em>Freshwater Biology</em>.</p>
Agronomic performance of cultivar mixtures and pure stands of 8 winter wheat varieties, obtained from mixture field trials in Switzerland from 2021 to 2023, together with associated functional traits measurements
<p>This dataset contains agronomic performance data for 8 Swiss winter wheat cultivars, grown in pure stands and in mixtures at 3 locations in Switzerland during 3 growing seasons (2021-2023). The dataset has been used to analyse the effects of cultivar mixtures on agronomic performance and stability, which is published in <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2024.127504" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2024.127504</a>. </p> <p>The dataset contains notably grain yield, protein content, thousand kernel weight, specific weight, and Zeleny sedimentation value, as well as functional traits measured at flowering for each mixture and pure stand plot. </p> <p>The field trials were performed under the Swiss Extenso (low input) conditions, conducted by Agroscope and DSP. </p> <h3>Methods </h3> <p> <em>Field trials </em></p> <div>Field trials were set up over the course of three growing seasons – 2020/2021, 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 – in three sites across the Swiss Central Plateau. The experimental sites were located in Changins (46°19′ N 6°14′ E, 455m a.s.l), Delley (46°55′ N 6°58′ E, 494m a.s.l) and Utzenstorf (47°97′ N 7°33′ E, 483m a.s.l.). </div> <div>Experimental communities consisted of pure stand plots, 2-cultivars mixtures, and one plot with the 8 cultivars mixed. We sowed every possible combination of 2-cultivar mixtures, amounting to a total of 28 2-cultivar mixtures treatments, to which we added the 8-cultivar mixture. Each community was grown in a plot of 7.1 m<sup>2</sup> (1.5m∗4.7m). We used a complete randomized block design, with 3 replicates, the plots being randomized at each site within each block. Sowing was performed with a small plot drill (Wintersteiger plotseed TC). Density of sowing was 350 viable seeds/m<sup>2</sup>. For the mixtures, seeds were mixed beforehand at a 2 × 50 % mass ratio for 2-cultivars mixtures and 8 × 12.5 % for the 8-cultivar mixture. We chose this method of mixing as this is what is commonly done by farmers in Switzerland. Plots were sowed mechanically each autumn and fertilized with ammonium nitrate at a rate of 140 N/ha in 3 applications (40 N/ha at tillering stage/BBCH 22–29; 60 N/ha at the beginning of stem elongation/BBCH 30–31; 40 N/ha at booting stage/BBCH 45–47). The trials were grown according to the Swiss <em>Extenso</em> scheme, i.e. without any fungicide, insecticide, and growth regulator. Weeds were regulated twice or thrice per season with the application of herbicides commonly used in Switzerland.</div> <div> </div> <div><em>Ear density</em></div> <div> </div> <div>Before harvest, we manually harvested horizontal bands of 1.5 × 0.3 square meters per plot. The location of the band was randomly chosen but we avoided plot edges (i.e. the band was located at more than 0.5 m from the lower and upper edge of each plot). We counted the heads, and obtained ear density from the head counts.</div> <div> </div> <div><em>Trait measurements </em></div> <div> </div> <div>At flowering time, we randomly sampled 6 healthy leaves per plot. We immediately wrapped this leaf in moist cotton; this was stored overnight at room temperature in open plastic bags. The following day, we removed excess surface water on the leaf and weighted it to obtain its water saturated weight. This leaf was then scanned with a flatbed scanner (Perfection V39II, Epson), oven-dried in a paper envelope at 80°C for 72 hours, and subsequently weighed again to obtain its dry weight. Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) was calculated as the ratio of leaf dry mass (g) to water saturated leaf mass (g). Using the leaf scans, we measured leaf area with the image processing software ImageJ. Specific Leaf Area (SLA) was calculated as the ratio of leaf area (cm2) to leaf dry mass (g).</div> <div> </div> <div><em>Phenology and height </em></div> <div> </div> <div>For each plot, we recorded the heading date as the day of the year, in which 50 % of the ears of the plot had fully emerged from the flag leaf. Plant height was measured in each plot at BBCH 59–75, by taking the average height in centimeters from the ground to the top of five random ears, excluding awns.</div> <div> </div> <p><em>Harvest and post harvest measurements</em></p> <p>At maturity, we harvested each plot with a combine harvester (Zürn 150, Schontal-Westernhausen, Switzerland). The harvested grains were dried when needed, weighed a first time, then sorted and cleaned by air and with a sieve cleaner, and subsequently weighted again. We measured hectoliter weight (test weight, HLW, kg/hl) and water content at the plot level using a Dickey-John machine (GAC 2100). Grain yield was subsequently standardized to 15 % of humidity. Protein content (% of dry matter) was measured at the site level with a near-infrared instrument (ProxiMate™, Büchi instruments). Thousand kernel weight (TKW, g) was measured at the plot level with a Marvin seed analyzer (GTA Sensorik, Neubrandenburg, Germany). Zeleny sedimentation value was measured by the laboratory of Delley Seeds and Plants. </p> <p> </p>
Changes in community-weighted trait mean, functional diversity, precipitation, temperature and surface area along an elevational gradient in Tenerife, Canary Islands
<p>This dataset comprises community-weighted trait means and functional diversity of leaf traits, precipitation, temperature and surface area of the elevational belt recorded in roadside (disturbed) and interior (less disturbed) plots, along an elevational gradient of 2,300 m in Tenerife, Canary Islands. The leaf traits measured were specific leaf area (SLA), nitrogen, carbon, phosphorous, nitrogen to carbon ratio, leaf dry matter content (LDMC), sodium, potassium and magnesium. The environmental variables measured are total precipitation of the growing season, mean temperature of the growing season and surface area of the elevation belt. This dataset has been used for the analysis presented in Ratier Backes et al. (in press). Mechanisms behind elevational plant species richness patterns revealed by a trait-based approach. <em>Journal of Vegetation Science</em>.</p>
Data - Krieg et al. (2023) Functional Traits and Trait Co-ordination Change Over the Life of a Leaf in a Tropical Fern Species. AJB.
<p>Summary of the data set used in Krieg et al. (2023) Functional Traits and Trait Co-ordination Change Over the Life of a Leaf in a Tropical Fern Species. AJB.</p>
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