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182 results for “Galapagos”
Data from: Recent colonization of the Galapagos by the tree Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. (Leguminosae)
This study puts together genetic data and an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach to infer the time at which the tree Geoffroea spinosa colonized the Galápagos Islands. The genetic diversity and differentiation between Peru and Galápagos population samples, estimated using three chloroplast spacers and six microsatellite loci, reveal significant differences between two mainland regions separated by the Andes mountains (Inter Andean versus Pacific Coast) as well as a significant genetic differentiation of island populations. Microsatellites identify two distinct geographic clusters, the Galápagos and the mainland, and chloroplast markers show a private haplotype in the Galápagos. The nuclear distinctiveness of the InterAndean populations suggests current restricted pollen flow, but chloroplast points to cross-Andean dispersals via seeds, indicating that the Andes might not be an effective biogeographical barrier. The ABC analyses clearly point to the colonization of the Galápagos within the last 160,000 years and possibly as recently as 4,750 YA (475 generations). Founder events associated with colonization of the two islands where the species occurs are detected, with Española having been colonized after Floreana. We discuss two non-mutually exclusive possibilities for the colonization of the Galápagos, recent natural dispersal vs. human introduction.
Data from: Genetic pedigree analysis of the pilot breeding program for the rediscovered Galapagos giant tortoise from Floreana island
An aim of many captive breeding programs is to increase population sizes for reintroduction and establishment of self-sustaining wild populations. Genetic analyses play a critical role in these programs: monitoring genetic variation, identifying the origin of individuals, and assigning parentage to track family sizes. Here we use genetic pedigree analyses to examine three seasons of a pilot breeding program for the Floreana island Galapagos giant tortoise, C. niger, that had been declared extinct for ~150 years until individuals with mixed ancestry were recently discovered. We determined that eight of nine founding individuals were assigned parentage to at least one of 130 offspring produced, though there was considerable reproductive skew. In addition, we observed that genetic diversity of the progeny was lower than that of the founders. Despite the observed reproductive skew, we did not see evidence for assortative mating based on relatedness, but there was a trend towards reduced fitness when more related individuals bred. Finally, we found that the majority of progeny had ancestry assigned to the Floreana species (mean±SE = 0.51±0.02), though individual estimates varied. The success of these pilot seasons bodes well for a larger breeding program to help restore the previously extinct tortoise from Floreana island. Future efforts should continue to monitor for reproductive skew and assortative mating in order to maintain allelic diversity. We would also recommend forming smaller breeding groups and rotating individuals among them to prevent long-term reproductive skew among pairs.
Data from: Population genomics through time provides insights into the consequences of decline and rapid demographic recovery through head-starting in a Galapagos giant tortoise
Population genetic theory related to the consequences of rapid population decline is well-developed, but there are very few empirical studies where sampling was conducted before and after a known bottleneck event. Such knowledge is of particular importance for species restoration, given links between genetic diversity and the probability of long-term persistence. To directly evaluate the relationship between current genetic diversity and past demographic events, we collected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data from pre-bottleneck historical (c.1906) and post-bottleneck contemporary (c.2014) samples of Pinzón giant tortoises (Chelonoidis duncanensis; n=25 and 149 individuals, respectively) endemic to a single island in the Galapagos. Pinzón giant tortoises had a historically large population size that was reduced to just 150-200 individuals in the mid 20th century. Since then, Pinzón's tortoise population has recovered through an ex situ head-start program in which eggs or pre-emergent individuals were collected from natural nests on the island, reared ex situ in captivity until they were 4-5 years old, and subsequently repatriated. We found that the extent and distribution of genetic variation in the historical and contemporary samples was very similar, with the latter group not exhibiting the characteristic genetic patterns of recent population decline. No population structure was detected either spatially or temporally. We estimated an effective population size (Ne) of 58 (95% CI = 50-69) for the post-bottleneck population; no pre-bottleneck Ne point estimate was attainable (95% CI = 39-infinity) likely due to the sample size being lower than the true Ne. Overall, the historical sample provided a valuable benchmark for evaluating the head-start captive breeding program, revealing high retention of genetic variation and no skew in representation despite the documented bottleneck event. Moreover, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of head-starting in rescuing the Pinzón giant tortoise from almost certain extinction.
FIGURES 1–4. 1, 2 in The Acentropinae and Musotiminae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
FIGURES 1–4. 1, 2: Parapoynx fluctuosalis (Zeller). 1, Female from Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos (FW = 9.0 mm, CNC); 2, Male from Papua New Guinea (FW = 8.0 mm, D. Agassiz Collection). 3, 4: Undulambia lindbladi Landry. 3, Holotype male; 4, Paratype female from Isabela (MHNG).
FIGURES 10–11. Undulambia lindbladi Landry. 10 in The Acentropinae and Musotiminae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
FIGURES 10–11. Undulambia lindbladi Landry. 10, Male genitalia in lateral view, without phallus, saccus partially deformed dorsally (slide MHNG 3036); 11, Female genitalia in lateral view (bursa broken proximally, from slide BMNH 21169).
FIGURES 6–9. Undulambia lindbladi Landry. 6 in The Acentropinae and Musotiminae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
FIGURES 6–9. Undulambia lindbladi Landry. 6, Male genitalia in ventral view, without phallus (slide BL 1183, CNC); 7, Phallus in laterodorsal view (slide BL 1183); 8, Phallus in side view (slide MHNG 3129); 9, Female genitalia, ventral view (slide MHNG 3039).
FIGURE 5. Galapagetula annikae n. gen. n in Koinocystididae and Gnathorhynchidae (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Galapagos, with the description of three new species
FIGURE 5. Galapagetula annikae n. gen. n. sp. A, schematic overview of the organisation of the atrial organs from the right hand side (I−III indicate the levels depicted in Fig. 5 C−E in more detail). B, general organisation (from a live specimen). C, horizontal reconstruction of the atrial organs, level I (male copulatory organ and uterus; from the holotype). D, horizontal reconstruction of the atrial organs, level II (female genital system; from the holotype). E, horizontal reconstruction of the atrial organs, level III (bursa; from the holotype). C−E, common genital atrium and genital pore are indicated in dashed lines as a reference.
FIGURE 1 in Koinocystididae and Gnathorhynchidae (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Galapagos, with the description of three new species
FIGURE 1. Prognathorhynchus eurytuba Ax & Armonies, 1987 A, general organisation. B, stylet. C, proboscis hooks (A−C from a live specimen). D, reconstruction of the atrial organs from the left hand side.
FIGURE 2. Itaipusa biglandula n in Koinocystididae and Gnathorhynchidae (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Galapagos, with the description of three new species
FIGURE 2. Itaipusa biglandula n. sp. A, general organisation (from a live specimen). B, reconstruction of the atrial organs from the left hand side (from the holotype).
FIGURE 4. Itaipusa renei n in Koinocystididae and Gnathorhynchidae (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Galapagos, with the description of three new species
FIGURE 4. Itaipusa renei n. sp. A, general organisation (from a live specimen). B, hooks (from a live specimen). C, habitus of retracted individual. D, reconstruction of the male genital system (from the holotype). E, reconstruction (from the holotype) of the atrial organs from the right hand side; the position of the male system is indicated in dashed lines.
FIGURE 3. Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949 A, general organisation. B in Koinocystididae and Gnathorhynchidae (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Galapagos, with the description of three new species
FIGURE 3. Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949 A, general organisation. B, male copulatory organ (A and B from a live specimen from Galapagos).
Fig 5 in Description of a New Galapagos Giant Tortoise Species (Chelonoidis; Testudines: Testudinidae) from Cerro Fatal on Santa Cruz Island
Fig 5. Frequency distribution of genetic distances between different Galapagos giant tortoise species (A: microsatellite DNA, B: mitochondrial DNA). For each histogram, a dark gray column indicates where the observed genetic distance between the Cerro Fatal and Reserva tortoises falls. Left: Microsatellite genetic distances calculated from purebred individuals in the reference measured using FST (top) or RST (below). Right: DNA sequence genetic distances based on mtDNA haplotypes from purebred individuals in the reference database, measured using uncorrected p-distances (top), or maximum likelihood (ML)-corrected distances (below).
Fig 2 in Description of a New Galapagos Giant Tortoise Species (Chelonoidis; Testudines: Testudinidae) from Cerro Fatal on Santa Cruz Island
Fig 2. (A) Bayesian Inference (BI) tree reconstructed from the dataset including all unique mtDNA control region haplotypes previously sampled from extant and extinct species as well as the three museum specimens of giant Galapagos tortoises analyzed in this study. Numbers on branches indicate posterior probabilities. Only the nodal support values for the major lineages are presented. Red and green colors identify museum samples analyzed in the present and previous studies, respectively. (B) Haplotype network showing matrilineal diversity recovered from 70 sequences of C. porteri from Reserva, 51 sequences of the lineage from Cerro Fatal, and 2 sequences of C. chathamensis from San Cristóbal Island. Twenty-five inferred mutations separate the haplogroups of Chelonoidis sp. nov. from Cerro Fatal from the ones from C. porteri from Reserva.
Fig 1 in Description of a New Galapagos Giant Tortoise Species (Chelonoidis; Testudines: Testudinidae) from Cerro Fatal on Santa Cruz Island
Fig 1. Geographic distribution of the two known lineages of giant tortoises on Santa Cruz Island: Chelonoidis porteri (Reserva) and Chelonoidis sp. nov. (Cerro Fatal) (indicated in dark gray). Light gray area connecting the distribution areas of the two species indicates agricultural land. Modified from Russello et al. [11].
Fig 6. A-E in Description of a New Galapagos Giant Tortoise Species (Chelonoidis; Testudines: Testudinidae) from Cerro Fatal on Santa Cruz Island
Fig 6. A-E. The skull of the museum specimen UWZS 32700, holotype for Chelonoidis sp. nov. from Cerro Fatal in Santa Cruz (A: dorsal, B: ventral, C: occipital, D: frontal and E: lateral view).
Fig 4 in Description of a New Galapagos Giant Tortoise Species (Chelonoidis; Testudines: Testudinidae) from Cerro Fatal on Santa Cruz Island
Fig 4. Genetic membership from Bayesian assignment tests in STRUCTURE for the three museum individuals, relative to the genotypic database representing the Cerro Fatal (black) and Reserva (white) giant tortoise populations. Each bar represents an individual and the proportional color of each bar represents the percentage membership (i.e., Q-value) in each of the reference clusters. Museum individuals include the C. porteri holotype (#) and the two Cerro Fatal specimens tested as putative candidates for the Chelonoidis sp. nov. holotype (*).
Fig 3 in Description of a New Galapagos Giant Tortoise Species (Chelonoidis; Testudines: Testudinidae) from Cerro Fatal on Santa Cruz Island
Fig 3. Polymorphic sites between Chelonoidis sp. nov. (Cerro Fatal—Santa Cruz), C. chathamensis (San Cristóbal), and C. porteri (Reserva— Santa Cruz). The position of diagnostic locations is relative to the Genbank record AY956622 for porCF1 from Cerro Fatal. - = gap position and K = G/T polymorphism.
FIGURE 2 in First record and range extension of the Galapagos slipper lobster, Scyllarides astori (Decapoda, Scyllaridae) in the central Pacific coast of Mexico mainland
FIGURE 2. Specimens of Scyllarides astori (Holthuis 1960). A) Female dorsal and ventral view. Catalog number: DEDSZC-CRU- 282. B) Male dorsal and ventral view. Catalog number: DEDSZC-CRU-280, of the Departamento de Estudios para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Zonas Costeras. Universidad de Guadalajara.
FIGURE 1 in First record and range extension of the Galapagos slipper lobster, Scyllarides astori (Decapoda, Scyllaridae) in the central Pacific coast of Mexico mainland
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Scyllarides astori in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Striped area: Extant distribution of S. astori obtained from the IUCN and Azofeita-Solano et al. (2016). Arrows: New record of S. astori at Jalisco and Colima, Mexico.
Data from: A new lineage of Galapagos giant tortoises identified from museum samples
<p>The Galapagos Archipelago is recognized as a natural laboratory for studying evolutionary processes. San Cristóbal was one of the first islands colonized by tortoises, which radiated from there across the archipelago to inhabit 10 islands. Here, we sequenced the mitochondrial control region from six historical giant tortoises from San Cristóbal (five long deceased individuals found in a cave and one found alive during an expedition in 1906) and discovered that the five from the cave are from a clade that is distinct among known Galapagos giant tortoises but closely related to the species from Española and Pinta Islands. The haplotype individual collected alive in 1906 is in the same clade as the haplotype in the contemporary population. To search for traces of a second lineage in the contemporary population on San Cristóbal, we closely examined the population by sequencing the mitochondrial control region for 129 individuals and genotyping 70 of these for both 21 microsatellite loci and >12 000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]. The dataset archived here consists of a VCF file of the SNPs genotyped through ddRAD and a structure file of the 21 microsatellites with the genotypes for the same 64 individuals in each. Only a single mitochondrial haplotype was found, with no evidence to suggest substructure based on the nuclear markers.</p>
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