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Fig. 1 in Interspecific Interactions as a Factor of Limitation of Geographical Distribution: Evidence Obtained by Modeling Home Ranges of Vole Twin Species Microtus Arvalis – M. Levis (Rodentia, Microtidae)

Fig. 1. Potential distribution of the Common vole Microtus arvalis. White circles are georeferenced occurrences of genetically identified individuals; black indicates areas of maximum habitat suitability, white are areas of lowest suitability.

Fig. 7 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 7. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Jurubatiba National Park.A–C. First limb. A. Stiff seta on first endite. B. Stiff setae on second and third endites. C. Setae d–f on endite 2. D–G. Second limb. D. Partial view of the endite. E. Scraper 8. F–G. Gnathobase, arrow shows the position of fourth element. H–K. Third limb. H–I. Exopodite. J–K. Distal endite, arrows indicate the sensilla. L–N. Fourth limb. L. General view. M. Exopodite. N. Endite and gnathobase. O–P. Fifth limb. Q. Sixth limb. Scale bars: 10 µm.

Fig. 6 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 6. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Jurubatiba National Park. A. Valve. B–F. Close view of selected regions of valve margin, as defined in subfigure A (arrows indicate some fine details). G–H. Carapace ventral view. I. Postabdomen. J. Postabdominal claw. K. Basal spines of the claw (arrow). Scale bars: A, G, I = 100 µm; B–F, H, J–K = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 2. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from the Planície Costeira, Rio Grande do Sul (FDRS0696). A. Habitus, holotype. B–C. Lateral view, shape variation of carapace. D. Ventral view. E. Dorsal view. F. Outwardly directed setae. G. Plumose and ventrally directed setae. H. Horn-like outgrowth anterior to labrum. I. Dorsal organ. J. Antennule. K. Idem, inner surface. L. Antenna. M. Idem, first segment of exopodite, distal outer spine and inner sensory seta on basal segment. N. Idem, lateral seta of first segment of endopodite, armature detail. O–P. Morphology of apical setae of endopodite and exopodite. Q. Maxilla. R. Idem, short crown-like seta.

Fig. 4 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 4. Acantholeberis accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from the Planície Costeira, Rio Grande do Sul. A. Lateral view of postabdomen. B. Apical view of postabdomen. C. Basal spines variation. D. Detail of postabdominal setae showing difference between proximal and distal segment.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Acantholeberis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) suggests an ancient geographic distribution of the genus in South America

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of species of Acantholeberis Lilljeborg, 1853 in South America. Black triangles represent previous records of A. smirnovi Paggi & Herrera-Martinez, 2020 (Paggi & Herrera-Martinez 2020). Asterisks show records of A. accolismaris Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Álvarez-Silva sp. nov.

Fig. 30 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 30 (continued on next page). Distribution of the lutko species group fritillaries in combination with the distribution of known and suspected species of host plants from the genus Phlomoides Blume. = Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932; = M. timandra timandra Coutsis & Oorschot, 2014; = M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov.; = M. shahvarica sp. nov.; = M. mimetica mimetica Higgins, 1940; = M. mimetica delerei Heidemann, 1954;? = unconfirmed findings of M. timandra; = M. timandra with an unclear subspecies status; = Phlomoides regeliana (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides boissieriana (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides laciniata (L.) Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides labiosiformis (Popov) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides loasifolia (Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm.; = Phlomoides molucelloides (Bunge) Salmaki; = Phlomoides acaulis (Beck ex Rech.f.) Salmaki; = Phlomoides labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. A. Pakistan, Chitral, Chaghbini CGNP, alt. 2700–3000 m. B. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Drosh. C. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Keon Nullah. D. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Malakand. E. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Birmoglasht. F. Turkmenistan, Badkhyz, Kepeli, alt. 700 m. G. Turkmenistan, Badkhyz, Kyzyl-Jar, alt. 700 m. H. Turkmenistan, Kushka, alt. 700 m. I. Turkmenistan, Murgab river, Sary-Yazy, alt. 300 m. J. Turkmenistan, 30 km E of BairamAli, Zahmet, alt. 240 m. K. Turkmenistan, Bairam-Ali, alt. 230 m. L. Turkmenistan, Kara-Kum desert, 30 km W of Mary, alt. 200 m.M. Turkmenistan, Dushak, alt. 250 m.N. Turkmenistan, Chaacha, alt. 400 m. O. Turkmenistan, Bakharden, alt. 200 m. P. Iran, Khorossan Razavi, Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Qadamgah area, Gerina, alt. 2000 m. Q. Iran, Khorasan Razavi, Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, 15 km SW of Zoshk, alt. 2300– 2500 m. R. Iran, S Khorosan, 75 km N of Birjant, Sedeh, alt. 1500 m. S. Iran, S Khorosan, 35 km N of Birjant, alt. 1500 m. T. Afghanistan, Bamian, Band-e-Amir, Dzhudoi-Kvak Gorge, alt. 3200 m. U. Afghanistan, Bamian, Band-e-Amir, Hazarajat, alt. 3000–3200 m. V. Afghanistan, Bamian, Koh-iBaba Mts, Joshanak, alt. 2800 m. W. Afghanistan, Heart, Qala-i-Naw, Kashka pass. X. Iran, Semnan, Shahvar Mt., alt. 2200–2500 m. Y. Turkmenistan, Kara-Kala, Monjukly Ridge, 300–700 m. Z. Iran, Golestan, E Maraveh Tappeh, N Ghazan Ghayeh, Palizan Mts. A". Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2500 m. B". Pakistan, Balochistan, Ziarat, alt. 2500 m. C". Pakistan, Balochistan, Khojak, alt. 1700 m. D". Pakistan, Balochistan, Zaghum, alt. 1600 m; E". Pakistan, Punjab, Gawar, alt. 500 m. F". Pakistan, Balochistan, Sheik Wazil, alt. 1600 m. G". Afghanistan, Bamian, Hushkak, alt. 2700–2800 m. H". Afghanistan, Bamian, Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas, alt. 2400 m. I". Afghanistan, Ghor, 17 km E of Changcharan, 15 km S of Bandi-Ali, Gazak Mts, alt. 2400 m. J". Afghanistan, Ghor, Bayan Range, 15 km S of Changcharan, Kindival valley, alt. 2700 m. K". Afghanistan, Bamiyan, Kohi-Baba Mts, Panjao, alt. 3000 m. Afghanistan, Bamiyan, Koh-i-Baba Mts, Shah-tu-Kotal, alt. 4000 m. L". Afghanistan, Kapisa, Pandshir valley, alt. 2200–2800 m. M". Afghanistan, Kabul. N". Iran, Tehran, Elburz Ridge, Demavend Mt., Ask, alt. 1800 m. O". Iran, Semnan, Foulad Mohaleh, alt. 2200 m. P". Pakistan, Punjab, Murree.

Fig. 29 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 29.Differences in the structure of valva and aedeagus of the lutko species group.A. Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. B, D, H. M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov. C–E. M. mimetica Higgins, 1940. F. M. lutko Evans, 1932. G. M. timandra timandra Coutsis &van Oorschot, 2014. A. Iran, Semnan Prov., Shahrud area, S macroslope of Shahvar Mts, alt. 2200–2400 m. B. Iran, Rezavi Khorassan Prov., Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Dorrud v. vicinity, alt. 2430 m. C. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas v., alt. 2400 m. D. Afghanistan, Band-i-Amir, Hazarajat. E. Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2400– 2700 m. F. Pakistan, Chitral, Gol National Park, alt. 2700 m. G. Turkmenistan, Sary-Yazy, alt. 700 m. H. Iran, Rezavi Khorassan Prov., Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Dorrud v. vicinity, alt. 2430 m.

Fig. 28 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 28.Eggs and caterpillars of Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. in nature and in the laboratory.A–B. Freshly laid eggs under a leaf of a host plant, May 2018, Iran, Shahvar Mt., alt. 2200 m. C–D. IV–V instar caterpillars on the leaves of the host plant Phlomoides molucelloides (Bunge) Salmaki, July 2019, Iran, Shahvar Mt., alt. 2500 m. E. I instar caterpillars in the laboratory, Moscow, May 2018. F. VI instar caterpillars during diapause, Moscow, October 2018.

Fig. 18. Male genitalia and harpe. A–C in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 18. Male genitalia and harpe. A–C. Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. D–E. M. lutko Evans, 1932. F–I. M. mimetica Higgins, 1940. A–C. Iran, Semnan Prov., Shahrud area, S macroslope of Shahvar Mts, alt. 2200–2400 m. D–E. Pakistan, Chitral, Chaghbini, CGNP [Chitral Gol National Park], alt. 2700 m. F–G. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km. NE Varas v., alt. 2400 m. H–I. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Panjub Distr., 10 km. NE Varas vil., alt. 2400 m.

Fig. 8 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 8. Distribution of Melitaea mimetica Higgins, 1940. For a description of the symbols with letters, see Fig. 30. = M. mimetica mimetica Higgins, 1940; = M. mimetica delerei Heidemann, 1954.

Fig. 14 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 14. Distribution of Melitaea timandra timandra Coutsis & van Oorschot, 2014, M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov. and M. shahvarica sp. nov. For a description of the points by letters, see Fig. 30. = Melitaea timandra timandra; = Melitaea timandra binaludica subsp. nov.; = Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov.;? = unconfirmed finds of Melitaea timandra; = Melitaea timandra with uncertain subspecies status.

Fig. 17 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 17. Male genitalia (without aedeagus) in dorsal projection. A–C. Melitaea timandra timandra Coutsis & van Oorschot, 2014. D–I. M. timandra binaludica subsp. nov. A–C. S Turkmenistan, SaryYazy, alt. 300 m. D –F. Iran, Rezavi Khorassan Prov., Kuh-e-Binalud Mts, Dorrud v. vicinity, alt. 2430 m. G. Iran, Horossan Prov., 35 km N of Birjant t. H. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Band-e-Amir, alt. 3200 m. I. Central Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Band-e-Amir, Dzhudoi-Kvak Gorge, alt. 3200 m.

Fig. 24 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 24. First instar caterpillar of Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. A. Head, bottom view. B. Head, front view. C–D. Head, lateral view. E–F. Caterpillar, lateral view.

Fig. 6 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 6. Adults of M. mimetica Higgins, 1940. A –H. UPS. I –P. UNS. A–B, I–J. ♂, Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2400–2700 m. C, K. ♂, Afghanistan, Ghowr Prov., Bayan Range, 15 km S of Chagcharan, Kindival vall. D, L. ♂, Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas v., alt. 2400 m. E–F, M–N. ♀, Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2400–2700 m. G, O. ♀, Central Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., 8 km S of Bamian, Koh-e-Baba Mts, Dara-e-Khushkak, alt. 2930 m. H, P. ♀, Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas v., alt. 2400 m. B, J photos by Dr Eckweiler).

Fig. 5 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 5. Distribution of M. lutko Evans, 1932. For a description of the dots with letters see Fig. 30.

Fig. 4 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 4. Female genitalia (without the anal papillae, copulatory bursa, and anterior and posterior apophyses). A–D. M. shahvarica sp. nov., Iran, Semnan Prov., Shahrud area, S macroslope of Shahvar Mts, alt. 2200–2400 m. E. M. lutko Evans, 1932, Chitral Gol National Park, Chitral, Pakistan, alt. 2700 m. F–I. M. mimetica Higgins, 1940. F. Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2400– 2700 m. G–H. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas v., alt. 2400 m. I. Central Afghanistan, Ghor Prov., 17 km E of Changcharan, 15 km S of Bandi-Ali, Gazak Mts, alt. 2400 m.

Fig. 13 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 13. Biotopes and biology of Melitaea timandra timandra Coutsis & van Oorschot, 2014. A. Bumpycellular overgrown sands on the left bank of the Murgab River, alt. 300 m, April 1993, the habitat of M. timandra timandra. B. Phlomoides regeliana (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. – host plant for M. timandra timandra. The female laying eggs is visible under the leaves of the plant. C. The female of M. timandra timandra is ovipositing on the soil under the host plant leaf. D. Egg clutch of M. timandra timandra on the basal leaf rosette of Ph. regeliana.

Fig. 16 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 16. Male genitalia (without aedeagus) in dorsal projection. A–C. Melitaea shahvarica sp. nov. D–H. M. mimetica Higgins, 1940. I. M. lutko Evans, 1932. A–C. Iran, Semnan Prov., Shahrud area, S macroslope of Shahvar Mts, alt. 2200–2400 m. D. Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2400– 2700 m. E. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., 10 km S of Bamian t., Hushkak v. vicinity, alt, 2700– 2800 m. F. Central Afghanistan, Ghor Prov., 17 km E of Changcharan, 15 km S of Bandi-Ali, Gazak Mts, alt. 2400 m. G. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas v., alt. 2400 m. H. Afghanistan, Ghor Prov., 16 km E of Changcharan, Bandi-Ali v. vicinity, alt. 2400 m. I. Pakistan, Chitral, Chaghbini CGNP [Chitral Gol National Park], alt. 2700 m.

Fig. 3 in Review of the fritillary species systematically close to Melitaea lutko Evans, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with analysis of their geographic distribution and interrelations with host plants

Fig. 3. Male genitalia (a = valva; b = aedeagus). A–G. Melitaea mimetica Higgins, 1940. H–I. M. lutko Evans, 1932. A. Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2400–2700 m. B. Pakistan, Balochistan, Quetta, Urak, alt. 2400–2700 m. C. Central Afghanistan, Ghor Prov., 17 km E Changcharan, 15 km S of Bandi-Ali, Gazak Mts, alt. 2400 m. D. Central Afghanistan, Ghor Prov., 17 km E of Changcharan, 15 km S of Bandi-Ali, Gazak Mts, alt. 2400 m. E. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., 10 km S of Bamian t., Hushkak v. vicinity, alt. 2700–2800 m. F. Afghanistan, Bamian Prov., Punjub Distr., 10 km NE of Varas v., alt. 2400 m. G. Central Afghanistan, Ghor Prov., 17 km E of Changcharan, 15 km S of Bandi-Ali, Gazak Mts, alt. 2400 m. H. Chitral Gol National Park, Chitral, Pakistan, alt. 2700 m. I. Chitral Gol National Park, Chitral, Pakistan, alt. 2700 m.