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Fig. 5 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites
Fig. 5. Line drawings of four monograptid species to compare thecal characteristics. A. Monograptus? cf. ayagusensis (Obut and Sobolevskaya, 1966) compressed mature specimen from Twilight Creek (TC), Bathurst Island, TC 27.5 m (Melchin 1989) showing thecae very similar to those seen in Cochlograptus veles, GSC34926. B. Cochlograptus veles (Richter, 1871), compressed mature specimen from Twilight Creek, Bathurst Island, TC 27 m (Melchin 1989), ROM46027. C. Testograptus testis incomptus (Lenz and Melchin, 1991) holotype, compressed specimen from Rookery Creek (RC), Cornwallis Island, RC 284 m (Lenz and Melchin 1991: figs. 7B, 17I), GSC95423. D. Monograptus flemingii (Salter, 1852), compressed specimen from Prairie Creek (PC), Northwest Territories, PC 210 m (Lenz 1988: pl. 1: A), GSC91494.
Fig. 6 in Convergent evolution of two Silurian graptolites
Fig. 6. Cladogram of nine species; Stimuolograptus sedgwickii used as the outgroup. Bootstrap analysis shows that all dichotomous branches have 80% or greater bootstrap support except the Monograptus flemingi–Testograptus testis subclade, which is 74%.
Fig. 3 in Kirkigraptus, a new retiolitid graptolite from Poland
Fig. 3. SEM micrographs of plectograptine retiolitid Kirkigraptus inexpectans gen. et sp. nov., Neodiversograptus nilssoni Biozone, Ludlow, Poland. A. Rhabdosome with proximal end and two thecal rows, ZPAL G. 40/01, holotype. B. Distal growing end with malformation of the last thecal orifice on the right hand side, ZPAL G. 40/02, paratype. C. Fragment of proximal end with proxi−lateral lists complete, ZPAL G. 40/03, paratype. D. Fragment of one thecal row with proximal end, and with malformation proximal to the first genicular list, view from the inside, ZPAL G. 40/04, paratype. E. One thecal row fragment of rhabdosome with two fragments of horizontal lists of ancora sleeve, lateral view, ZPAL G. 40/05, paratype. F. Fragment of rhabdosome with two rows of thecae, ZPAL G. 40/06, paratype. G. Fragment of rhabdosome with one row of thecae, and three pieces of horizontal lists of ancora sleeve, ZPAL G. 40/07, paratype.
Fig. 2 in Kirkigraptus, a new retiolitid graptolite from Poland
Fig. 2. Drawings showing comparison of A: reconstruction of Kirkigraptus, with a postulated ancora umbrella and virgella, with B: Plectograptus mobergi Bates, Kozłowska, Maletz, Kirk, and Lenz, 2006.
Fig. 4 in Kirkigraptus, a new retiolitid graptolite from Poland
Fig. 4. SEM micrographs of plectograptine retiolitid Kirkigraptus inexpectans gen. et sp. nov., Neodiversograptus nilssoni Biozone, Ludlow, Poland. A. Proximal end of fragment of specimen, oblique view, ZPAL G. 40/01; A1, oblique view, showing curved proxi−lateral lists; A2, thecal orifice, internal view. B. Fragment of rhabdosome with one side of thecae, ZPAL G. 40/03; B1, oblique view with seam on inside of lateral apertural rod; B2, proxi−lateral list, with pustular ornament on the exterior; B3, proxi−lateral lists looking proximally with seam (arrows). C. Fragment of lists showing socket, at junction of pleural list with genicular list (broken) and lateral apertural rod, ZPAL G. 40/05. D. Distal theca with last genicular list and thecal lip, ZPAL G. 40/02; D1, whole view; D2, external view of thecal lists, with two sizes of pustular ornament. E. Fragment of rhabdosome with lateral apertural list, geniculum and socket (arrowed), ZPAL G. 40/07.
Fig. 5 in Kirkigraptus, a new retiolitid graptolite from Poland
Fig. 5. SEM micrographs of plectograptine retiolitid Kirkigraptus inexpectans gen. et sp. nov., ZPAL G. 40/06, Neodiversograptus nilssoni Biozone, Ludlow, Poland. View of proxi−lateral lists, proximal (A) and distal (B) sides.
Fig. 1 in Kirkigraptus, a new retiolitid graptolite from Poland
Fig. 1. Drawings of representatives of retiolitids with strongly reduced ancora umbrella and ancora sleeve. A. Cometograptus kirki Lenz and KozłowskaDawidziuk, 2001. B. Reconstruction of Sokolovograptus polonicus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995. C. Reconstruction of Plectodinemagraptus gracilis Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995. D. Plectograptus mobergi Bates, Kozłowska, Maletz, Kirk, and Lenz, 2005. E. Reconstruction of Valentinagraptus simplex Piras, 2006 after Piras 2006, modified. F. Reconstruction of Kirkigraptus inexpectans gen. et sp. nov.
Fig. 1. Xenotheka klinostoma Eisenack, 1937 in Autothecal morphs and dormancy in the camaroid graptolite Xenotheka
Fig. 1. Xenotheka klinostoma Eisenack, 1937; lower Llanvirn, Gilbergabrottet 1, Öland. Isolated autothecae, normal morph. A. Specimen ZPAL G.31/1 in lateral view (A1),, upper (A2)view, and proximal part of autotheca (A3). B. Specimen ZPAL G.31/2 in lateral view (B1), proximal part of autotheca (B2), lower wall (attachment surface or sole) (B3), and vesicular diaphragm (B4). Abbreviations: a, attachment surface; d, vesicular diaphragm of autothecal stolon; a, autothecal aperture; ca, camara; co, collum; g, grains of sediment attached to periderm; m, remnants of marginal (basal) membrane; o, basal opening in camara wall filled with vesicular diaphragm; s, mould of the terminal portion of the parental stolotheca (?).
Fig. 2 in Autothecal morphs and dormancy in the camaroid graptolite Xenotheka
Fig. 2. Sealing of the thecal aperture (occlusion) in some sessile graptolites. SEM micrographs. A. Xenotheka klinostoma Eisenack, 1937; ZPAL G.12/4, Llandeilo, borehole Krzyże 4 (Poland), depth 473 m. Distal part of autotheca. B. Camaroid gen. et sp. nov. 1; ZPAL G.31/4, Ordovician erratic boulder, northern Poland. Distal part of autotheca. C. Epigraptus kozlowskii Mierzejewski, 1978 (Tuboidea); ZPAL G.31/3, Lower Ordovician (Kunda Stage, Aluoja Substage), Sukhrumägi in Tallinn, Estonia. Bitheca on the thecorhiza surface. Explanations: c, camara; co, collum; o, occlusion; p, apertural process; t, thecorhiza, v, verruca of verrucose fabric. Arrow shows discontinuity between autothecal wall and occlusion.
Fig. 2 in Silurian retiolitid graptolites: Morphology and evolution
Fig. 2. Ancorae sleeve membranes in Silurian retiolitids. A, B. Spinograptus praerobustus Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2002, specimens with preserved thecal and ancora sleeve membranes, Cornwallis Island, Arctic Canada, ABa3−98, 21 m, Colonograptus praedeubeli–C. deubeli Biozone, Wenlock. A. ZPAL G.37/1; A, stereopair of exterior proximal end showing ancora, well−preserved sicula, base of theca 11 (directly below sicula), double fusellar walls, thecal ap1 ertures and spino−reticular genicular processes; A2, reverse view showing ancora and ancora umbrella, and partially preserved thin fusellar layer that fills in space between the zigzag (bandaged) lists; A, Proximal−lateral stereopair view. B. Stereopair showing sicula, theca 12 on lower right side of sicula, aperture of 3 theca 12, inner and outer (ancora sleeve) fusellar layers, and thin nema, GSC 107928. C. Proximal end of Retiolites angustidens Elles and Wood, 1908 with broken ancora umbrella, NMW 91.52G.812, 500 m south of Stenkyrkehuks fyr, Gotland, Sweden, Lower Visby Marl, uppermost Llandovery; C1, ventro−lateral view; C2, view to the inside of rhabdosome showing sicula and thecal walls. Abbreviations: as, ancora sleeve; s, sicula; th, theca.
Fig. 8 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species
Fig. 8. SEM micrographs of Plectograptus mobergi sp. nov. A. Immature rhabdosome, ZPAL G.27/1, Baltic erratic boulder No. 46, Jarosławiec, Poland, Ludlow; A1, reverse view of proximal fragment, triple junctions of ancora sleeve with pleural lists indicated by arrows; A2, inside view showing shape of ancora umbrella and shape of rhabdosome in cross section; A, enlargement with part of ancora umbrella and theca 12; A, outside view of ancora umbrella 3 4 proximal to theca 11. B. Obverse view of rhabdosome with three pairs of thecae and long virgella preserved, holotype, Stoltera, Germany, MB.G 1091, Stoltera, Germany, Ludlow. C. Oblique view of theca 11 side of immature specimen, ZPAL G.39/3, Mielnik borehole, depth 978.9 m, Poland, Ludlow. Note that the obverse and reverse lists of the ancora umbrella are unusually long, and have portions of the ancora rim attached to them. D. Mature rhabdosome, with malformation and regeneration in the distal part of the rhabdosome, ZPAL G.39/4, Jarosławiec, Baltic erratic boulder No. 54, Poland, Ludlow: D, reverse view of rhabdosome—stereopair; D, ventral view of theca 11 side.
Fig. 7 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species
Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of Plectograptus toernquisti sp. nov. mature rhabdosome, NMW 91.52G.1702, holotype, Baltic erratic boulder No. B9/96, Bramsche, Germany, Gorstian. A. Ventral view. B. Stereopair of the obverse view of specimen. C. Oblique view looking distally. D. Proximal view. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 5 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species
Fig. 5. Two types of ancora sleeve lists in representatives of Plectograptus Moberg and Törnquist, 1909 shown in cross sections. A. Lists type A with insertion seam, P. wimani (Eisenack, 1951), ZPAL G.39/1, Mielnik borehole, depth 1405.0 m, EEP, Poland, Ludlow: SEM micrograph (A1), schematic diagram (A2). B. Lists type B with spinose core, P. toernquisti sp. nov., NMW 91.52G.1700, Bramsche, Mecklenburg−Vorpommern, Baltic erratic boulder No. B9/96, Germany, Gorstian, Lower Ludlow: SEM micrograph (B1) and schematic diagram (B2). Schematic diagrams of the lists with lines suggest fusellar wall. Scale bars 10 µm.
Fig. 4 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species
Fig. 4. Schematic diagrams of the ancora sleeve growth in Plectograptus Moberg and Törnquist, 1909. Numbers indicate the order of growth of ancora sleeve panels. A. P. mobergi sp. nov. with triple junctions of lists (arrows). B. P. toernquisti sp. nov. with quadruple junctions of lists (arrows).
Fig. 2 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species
Fig. 2. Schematic drawings of rhabdosomes showing coloured thecal framework and ancora sleeve structures with lists and postulated membrane of Spinograptus praerobustus (Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2002) and Plectograptus Moberg and Törnquist, 1909. A. Fragment of medial part of rhabdosome of S. robustus: thecate part of rhabdosome (A1), thecate part and ancora sleeve (A2). B. Proximal fragment of illustrating the position of actual thecal aperture and proximal orifices. C. Fragment of Plectograptus rhabdosome with postulated membranes, common canals and thecal aperture.
Fig. 3 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species
Fig. 3. Proximal end of Plectograptus toernquisti sp. nov. A. Schematic drawing with insertion seams on ancora umbrella in black, arrow indicates the change from ancora umbrella rim to pleural list (the small curved "twigs" are fusellar shards). The numbers 1–5 are indicative of radial lists reaching the rim only, the letters A–E shows five meshes of ancora umbrella, the solid color region indicating the extent of the ancora umbrella. B–G. SEM micrographs of fragments showing ancora umbrella. B. Ancora umbrella and pre−th 12 orifice, arrow indicates the change from ancora umbrella rim to pleural list, NMW 91.52G.1698, Bramsche, Baltic erratic boulder Nr. B9/96, Germany, Gorstian, Lower Ludlow. C. Ancora umbrella from the outside, NMW 91.52G.1701, Baltic erratic boulder, Stoltera, Germany, Gorstian. D. Outside view of pre−th12 orifice with complete list of ancora umbrella rim (arrow), NMW 91.52G.1697, Baltic erratic boulder B4/97, Nienhagen, Germany, Gorstian. E. Outside view of ancora umbrella ZPAL G.39/2, st. A92, Jarosławiec, Baltic erratic boulder Nr. 22, Poland, Ludlow; E, whole ancora umbrella; E, outside view of part of ancora umbrella region arrowed on A. + 1 2
Fig. 9. A in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species
Fig. 9. A. SEM micrographs of Plectograptus trijunctus sp. nov., holotype ZPAL G.27/2, Bartoszyce borehole, depth 1627 m, EEP, Poland, late Homerian; A1, whole rhabdosome, reverse view; A2, enlargement of apertural process. B, C. Plectograptus robustus (Obut and Zaslavskaya, 1983). B. Light photograph of reverse of mature rhabdosome with nematularium, SMD−SAS 217, Grube "Frisch Glueck" near Zwickau, south of Stenn, Germany, Ludlow; not to scale. C. SEM micrographs of a mature rhabdosome, MB.G 1081, Spandau bei Berlin, Germany, Ludlow: C1, obverse view; C2, paired apertural process; C3, ancora hub; C4, enlargement of ancora umbrella fragment.
Fig. 4 in New and unusual upper Llandovery graptolites from Arctic Canada
Fig. 4. SEM micrographs of Stomatograptus canadensis Lenz, 1988. A. Immature specimen with five pairs of thecae, with well−preserved, shallow ancora umbrella, GSC38916, Cape Phillips, Cornwallis Island, Nunavut, Canada, probably Cyrtograptus centrifugus–C. murchisoni Biozone; A1, stereopair enlargement showing sicula and ancora umbrella; A2, stereopair of obverse view of rhabdosome; A3, proximal view of the ancora umbrella, showing opening of prosicula. B. Rhabdosome with ten pairs of thecae and nematularium, GSC38917, Cape Phillips, Cornwallis Island, Nunavut, Canada, probably Cyrtograptus centrifugus–C. murchisoni Biozone; B1, enlargement of distal part of rhabdosome with nematularium, B2, latero−ventral view of rhabdosome.
Fig. 5 in New and unusual upper Llandovery graptolites from Arctic Canada
Fig. 5. Pileograptus pileatus gen. et sp. nov., labelling relevant parts of the skeletal morphology.
Fig. 1 in Evolution of retiolitid graptolites-a synopsis
Fig. 1. Ranges of the retiolitid genera with illustration of the characteristic species with their main synapomorphies. Numbered species: 1. Hercograptus introvertus Melchin, 1999, C. cyphus Biozone, Arctic Canada. 2. Pseudoretiolites decurtatus (Bouček and Münch, 1944), Rastries linnaei Biozone, Thuringia. 3. Dabashanograptus chengkouensis Ge, 1990, S. turriculatus Biozone, China. 4, 5. Pseudoplegmatograptus longispinus (Bouček and Münch, 1944), R. linnaei Biozone, Barrandian. 6. Pseudoplegmatograptus obesus Lapworth, 1877, S. turriculatus Biozone, Sweden. 7. Retiolites angustidens Elles and Wood, 1908, Lower Visby Formation, Sweden. 8. Stomatograptus grandis Suess, 1851, M. spiralis Biozone, Barrandian. 9. Rotaretiolites exutus Bates and Kirk, 1992, S. turriculatus Biozone, Sweden. 10. Pseudoplectograptus praemacilentus (Bouček and Münch, 1952), C. lundgreni Biozone, EEP, Poland. 11. Paraplectograptus eiseli Manck, 1917, C. lundgreni Biozone, EEP, Poland. 12. Sokolovograptus diffusus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, C. perneri Biozone, EEP, Poland. 13. Sokolovograptus parens Obut and Zaslavskaya, 1976, C. perneri Biozone, EEP, Poland. 14. Sokolovograptus zawadensis Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, C. perneri Biozone, EEP, Poland. 15. Sokolovograptus polonicus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, C. murchisoni/M. riccartonensis? Biozone, EEP, Poland. 16. Cometograptus tomczyki Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2001, C. lundgreni Biozone, EEP, Poland. 17. Cometograptus apoxys (Lenz, 1993), C. lundgreni Biozone, Arctic Canada. 18. Cometograptus marsupium (Lenz, 1993), C. lundgreni Biozone, Arctic Canada. 19. Cometograptus kirki Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2001, C. lundgreni Biozone, Arctic Canada. 20. Sagenograptus arctos Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2001, C. lundgreni Biozone, Arctic Canada. 21. Eisenackograptus eisenacki, short morphotype, C. lundgreni Biozone, Arctic Canada. 22. Eisenackograptus eisenacki (Obut and Sobolevskaya, 1965), long morphotype, C. lundgreni Biozone, EEP, Poland. 23. Gothograptus nassa (Holm, 1890), short form, Bartoszyce borehole, EEP, Poland. 24. Gothograptus nassa, long form, EEP, Poland. 25. Gothograptus obtectus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, C. lundgreni Biozone, Balic erratic boulder, Poland. 26. Baculograptus batesi Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2002, C. praedubeli/C. deubeli Biozone, Arctic Canada. 27. Doliograptus latus Lenz and Kozłowska−
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