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228 results for “Guppy”

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dryad36/100

Population regulation and density‐dependent demography in the Trinidadian guppy

Classic theory for density-dependent selection for delayed maturation requires that a population be regulated through some combination of adult fecundity and/or juvenile survival. We tested whether those demographic conditions were met in four experimental populations of Trinidadian guppies in which delayed maturation of males evolved when the densities of those populations became high. We used monthly mark-recapture data to examine population dynamics and demography in these populations. Three of the four populations displayed clear evidence of regulation. In all four populations, monthly adult survival rates were independent of biomass density or actually increased with increased biomass density. Juvenile recruitment, which is a combination of adult fecundity and juvenile survival, decreased as biomass density increased in all four populations. Demography showed marked seasonality, with greater survival and higher recruitment in the dry season than the wet season. Population regulation via juvenile recruitment supports the hypothesis that density-dependent selection was responsible for the evolution of delayed maturity in males. This body of work represents one of the few complete tests of density-dependent selection theory.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Compiling forty years of guppy research to investigate the factors contributing to (non)parallel evolution

Examples of parallel evolution have been crucial for our understanding of adaptation via natural selection. However, strong parallelism is not always observed even in seemingly similar environments where natural selection is expected to favour similar phenotypes. Leveraging this variation in parallelism within well-researched study systems can provide insight into the factors that contribute to variation in adaptive responses. Here we analyze the results of 36 studies reporting 446 average trait values in Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata, from different predation regimes. We examine how the extent of predator-driven phenotypic parallelism is influenced by six factors: sex, trait type, rearing environment, ecological complexity, evolutionary history, and time since colonization. Analyses show that parallel evolution in guppies is highly variable and weak on average, with only 24.7% of the variation among populations being explained by predation regime. Levels of parallelism appeared to be especially weak for colour traits, and parallelism decreased with increasing complexity of evolutionary history (i.e., when estimates of parallelism from populations within a single drainage were compared to estimates of parallelism from populations pooled between two major drainages). Suggestive – but not significant – trends that warrant further research include interactions between the sexes and different trait categories. Quantifying and accounting for these and other sources of variation among evolutionary "replicates" can be leveraged to better understand the extent to which seemingly similar environments drive parallel and nonparallel aspects of phenotypic divergence.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Sex and background risk influence responses to acute predation risk in Trinidadian guppies

Intraspecific sex differences in morphology, physiology, and behaviour are widespread among taxa. However, despite their fundamental importance, they have been relatively understudied in the context of risk assessment. For instance, with Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), there has been a bias towards the exclusive use of females, as males are thought to be less responsive to acute predation threats. However, there is little empirical evidence supporting this assumption. Moreover, the antipredator behaviour of male guppies has been unexplored, perhaps resulting in the over-generalization of female behaviour to both sexes in previous studies. Here, we conducted laboratory experiments involving wild-caught and laboratory-reared guppies. In Experiment 1, shoals of either male or female guppies from a high predation population were tested for their response to alarm cues, novel odour, or a water control. We found that while female shoals exhibited strong antipredator responses to alarm cues and neophobic responses to novel odour, male shoals exhibited only a weak response to alarm cues and no evidence of neophobia. In Experiment 2, we exposed male and female guppies to high or low predation risk and then tested individuals for their responses to alarm cues, novel odour, or a water control. Regardless of background risk, males did not respond to any stimulus. In contrast, low-risk females exhibited antipredator responses toward alarm cues and those from high background risk displayed neophobia. Our results suggest that females are more cautious when encountering an acute predation risk, highlighting the importance of accounting for both sexes in studies on predation.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data for: Guppies in large groups cooperate more frequently in an experimental test of the group size paradox

The volunteer's dilemma, in which a single individual is required to produce a public good, predicts that individuals in larger groups will cooperate less frequently. Mechanistically, this could result from trade-offs between costs associated with volunteering and costs incurred if the public good is not produced (nobody volunteers). During predator inspection, one major contributor to the cost of volunteering is likely increased probability of predation; however, a predator also poses a risk to all individuals if nobody inspects. We tested the prediction that guppies in larger groups will inspect a predator less than those in smaller groups. We also predicted that individuals in larger groups would perceive less threat from the predator stimulus because of the protective benefits of larger groups (e.g. dilution). Contrary to prediction, we found that individuals in large groups inspected more frequently than those in smaller groups but (as predicted) spent less time in refuges. There was evidence that individuals in intermediate-sized groups made the fewest inspections and spent the most time in refuges, suggesting that any link between group size, risk and cooperation is not driven by simple dilution. Extensions of theoretical models that capture these dynamics will likely be broadly applicable to risky cooperative behaviour.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: The quest for good genes: epigamic traits, fitness, MHC and multilocus heterozygosity in the guppy

The "good genes" hypothesis for the evolution of male secondary sexual traits poses that female preferences for such traits are driven by indirect genetic benefits. However, support for the hypothesis remains ambiguous, and, in particular, the genetic basis for the benefits has rarely been investigated. Here, we use semi-natural populations of Trinidadian guppies to investigate whether sexually selected traits (orange, black and iridescent colouration, gonopodium length and body size) predict fitness measured as the number of grandoffspring, a metric that integrates across fitness components and sexes. Furthermore, we tested whether two potential sources of genetic benefits – major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes and multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) – are significant predictors of fitness and of the size of sexually selected traits. We found a significant, non-linear effect of the area of black pigmentation and male body size on the number of grandoffspring, suggesting stabilising selection on black area, and non-linear selection favouring small body size. MLH was heritable (h2 = 0.14) and significantly predicted the number of grandoffspring, indicating the potential for genetic benefits based on heterozygosity. We also found support for local heterozygosity effects, which may reflect a non-even distribution of genetic load across the genome. MHC genotype was not significantly associated with any tested fitness component, or with the load of Gyrodactylus parasites. Neither MHC nor MLH was a significant predictor of sexually selected traits. Overall, our results highlight the role of heterozygosity in determining fitness but do not provide support for male sexually selected traits being indicators of genetic quality.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Immune challenge changes social behaviour in the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

Increased exposure to pathogens is often considered to be one of the most significant costs of group living. As a result, animals typically avoid close association with individuals that manifest symptoms of disease. The question remains, however, whether avoidance behaviours are mediated by effects relating specifically to the disease itself, or through recognition of more general sickness behaviours that emerge from the activity of the immune system in response to infection. Here we examined the effects of an immune challenge, induced through exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), on individual and social behaviour in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We found that in a binary choice presentation, healthy focal individuals showed a strong preference to associate with stimulus shoals of saline-injected fish rather than stimulus shoals of LPS-injected fish. In a subsequent examination of group-level dynamics, shoals of LPS-injected females were more dispersed than similar shoals comprised of control fish, and showed less coherent collective behaviour despite the lack of any obvious difference in general activity between LPS and control fish. We discuss these findings in relation to the need for social animals to mitigate the risk of disease that is associated with living in proximity to conspecifics.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

dryad36/100