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205 results for “High-Altitude”
FIGURE 2 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 2. Qorimayus alticola (Ringuelet, 1962) comb. nov., holotype ♂ (MACN). A: Dorsal view (scutum, free tergites, che- licerae, base of right pedipalp and legs I–III, and right leg IV, from coxa to tibia). B: Ventral view (coxae IV, stigmatic segment, free sternites, right trochanter, femur and patella I). C–D: Ocular mound, C: right lateral view with front hump, D: posterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 5. Qorimayus alticola (Ringuelet, 1962) comb. nov., holotype ♂, distal end of penis. A: Dorsal view. B: Lateral view. C: Detail of stylus and ventral process of stylus (VPS). Macrosetae series are labelled as MS A, MS B, MS C, MS D and MS E, following the nomenclature of Kury & Villarreal (2015). Scales: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 8 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 8. Habitat of Qorimayus alticola in the Río Oro canyon (La Rioja Province, Argentina). A: General view of the valley at ca. 2400 m a.s.l. B: Scrubland bordering the track to Mina El Oro, at one collecting site (2450 m a.s.l.).
Data from: Life history evolution and cellular mechanisms associated with increased size in high-altitude Drosophila
Understanding the physiological and genetic basis of growth and body size variation has wide-ranging implications, from cancer and metabolic disease to the genetics of complex traits. We examined the evolution of body and wing size in high-altitude Drosophila melanogaster from Ethiopia, flies with larger size than any previously known population. Specifically, we sought to identify life history characteristics and cellular mechanisms that may have facilitated size evolution. We found that the large-bodied Ethiopian flies laid significantly fewer but larger eggs relative to lowland, smaller-bodied Zambian flies. The highland flies were found to achieve larger size in a similar developmental period, potentially aided by a reproductive strategy favoring greater provisioning of fewer offspring. At the cellular level, cell proliferation was a strong contributor to wing size evolution, but both thorax and wing size increases involved important changes in cell size. Nuclear size measurements were consistent with elevated somatic ploidy as an important mechanism of body size evolution. We discuss the significance of these results for the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in body and wing size in Ethiopian D. melanogaster.
Data from: Differential high-altitude adaptation and restricted gene flow across a mid-elevation hybrid zone in Andean tit-tyrant flycatchers
The tropical Andes are a global hotspot of avian diversity that is characterized by dramatic elevational shifts in community composition and a preponderance of recently evolved species. Bird habitats in the Andes span a nearly two-fold range of atmospheric pressure that poses challenges for respiration, thermoregulation, water balance, and powered flight, but the extent to which physiological constraints limit species' elevational distributions is poorly understood. We report a previously unknown hybrid zone between recently diverged flycatchers (Aves, Tyrannidae) with partially overlapping elevational ranges. The southern Anairetes reguloides has a broad elevational range (0-4200 m), while the northern Anairetes nigrocristatus is restricted to high elevations (>2200 m). We found hybrids in central Peru at elevations between ~3100-3800 m, with A. nigrocristatus above this elevation and A. reguloides below. We analyzed variation in hematology, heart mass, morphometrics, plumage, and one mitochondrial and three nuclear loci across an elevational transect that encompasses the hybrid zone. Phenotypic traits and genetic markers all showed steep clines across the hybrid zone. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean cellular hemoglobin concentration, and relative heart mass each increased at altitude more strongly in A. reguloides than in A. nigrocristatus. These findings suggest that A. nigrocristatus is more resistant than A. reguloides to high-altitude hypoxic respiratory stress. Considering that the ancestor of the genus is suggested to have been restricted to high elevations, A. reguloides may be secondarily adapted to low-altitude. We conclude that differential respiratory specialization on atmospheric pressure combined with competitive exclusion maintains replacement along an elevational contour, despite interbreeding.
Data from: From pristine forests to high-altitude pastures: an ecological approach to prehistoric human impact on vegetation and landscapes in the western Italian Alps
1. This paper addresses the origin and development of the oldest prehistoric pasture in the timberline ecotone known so far in the Alps and its relation to anthropogenic pressure and natural climate change. 2. Paleoecological and geochemical techniques were applied on the Crotte Basse mire stratigraphy (2365 m asl, western Italy) to describe changes in vegetation composition, forest biomass, land use and fertilization between ca. 6400 - 1800 yrs cal BP. 3. Subalpine forests dominated by Pinus cembra occurred at very high-altitude up to ca. 5600 yrs cal BP, when a sharp contraction of woody vegetation took place. This major vegetation shift is matched by increasing charcoal input and markers of pastoral/grazing activities (pollen, dung spores, and forms of phosphorus) in the sediment sequence in this small basin. 4. Major phases of landscape change detected in our multiproxy record chronologically match intervals of cumulative probability density of 14C ages from nearby archaeological sites, suggesting that human activity was the factor leading to massive landscape change from the onset of the Copper Age (ca. 5600 yrs cal BP). The change may have been reinforced by climate variability in the period 5700 - 5300 years cal BP. 5. Sensitivity of woody species to fires was statistically explored (Appendix S3 in Supporting Information), revealing negative reactions of Pinus cembra and Betula to frequent fire episodes and positive reactions of Alnus viridis and Juniperus. Fire episodes do not affect Larix dynamics. 6. Synthesis: Mt. Fallère provides some of the oldest and consistent evidence so far available in the Alps for major anthropogenic pressure at the upper forest limit. As far back as 5600 cal years BP, high-elevation forest ecosystems were permanently disrupted and the alpine pastures were created. Palaeoecological data enable a clear distinction between a random and sporadic use of the alpine space, typical for Mesolithic and Neolithic societies, and an organized seasonal exploitation of natural resources, starting from the Copper Age onwards. The chronological comparison of independent climate proxies, paleoecological information and pollen-based temperature reconstructions sheds light on the relationships between climate and humans since prehistoric times.
Data from: Effects of UVB radiation on grazing of two cladocerans from high-altitude Andean lakes
Climate change and water extraction may result in increased exposition of the biota to ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) in high-altitude Andean lakes. Although exposition to lethal doses in these lakes is unlikely, sub-lethal UVB doses may have strong impacts in key compartments such as zooplankton. Here, we aimed at determining the effect of sub-lethal UVB doses on filtration rates of two cladoceran species (Daphnia pulicaria and Ceriodaphnia dubia). We firstly estimated the Incipient Limiting Concentration (ILC) and the Gut Passage Time (GPT) for both species. Thereafter we exposed clones of each species to four increasing UVB doses (treatments): i) DUV-0 (Control), ii) DUV-1 (0.02 MJ m2), iii) DUV-2 (0.03 MJ m2) and iv) DUV-3 (0.15 MJ m2); and estimated their filtration rates using fluorescent micro-spheres. Our results suggest that increasing sub-lethal doses of UVB radiation may strongly disturb the structure and functioning of high-altitude Andean lakes. Filtration rates of D. pulicaria were not affected by the lowest dose applied (DUV-1), but decreased by 50% in treatments DUV-2 and DUV-3. Filtration rates for C. dubia were reduced by more than 80% in treatments DUV-1 and DUV-2 and 100 % of mortality occurred at the highest UVB dose applied (DUV-3).
Data from: Genetic and phenotypic divergence between low- and high-altitude populations of two recently diverged cinnamon teal subspecies
Spatial variation in the environment can lead to divergent selection between populations occupying different parts of a species' range, and ultimately lead to population divergence. The colonization of new areas can thus facilitate divergence in beneficial traits, yet with little differentiation at neutral genetic markers. We investigated genetic and phenotypic patterns of divergence between low- and high-altitude populations of cinnamon teal inhabiting normoxic and hypoxic regions in the Andes and adjacent lowlands of South America. Cinnamon Teal showed strong divergence in body size (PC1; PST = 0.56) and exhibited significant frequency differences in a single non-synonymous α-hemoglobin amino acid polymorphism (Asn/Ser-α9; FST = 0.60) between environmental extremes, despite considerable admixture of mtDNA and intron loci (FST = 0.004–0.168). Inferences of strong population segregation were further supported by the observation of few mismatched individuals in either environmental extreme. Coalescent analyses indicated that the highlands were most likely colonized from lowland regions but following divergence, gene flow has been asymmetric from the highlands into the lowlands. Multiple selection pressures associated with high altitude habitats, including cold and hypoxia, have likely shaped morphological and genetic divergence within South American cinnamon teal populations.
FIGURE 6 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 6 Gonopods of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Ventral view. B) Lateral anterior view. C) Anterior view. D) Posterior view. Scale bars: all 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 7 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 7. Distribution of the Sierra Nevada millipede species and their hypothesized closest relatives. The white star corresponds to Sierra Nevada. Species records have been obtained from (Mauriès 1984-1985, 1990, 2014; Akkari & Enghoff 2012; Attems 1898) and specimens from the collection at MNHN and ZMUC. Scale bar 500 km. A) Localities of: 1 Archipolydesmus maroccanus (Morocco, Tetouan)—the most similar species to Archipolydesmus altibaeticus, and 2— Proteroiulus hispanus, (Morocco, Azrou-Ifra), both corresponding to a Baetico-Riffan track. B) Ommatoiulus ilicis: 3— Grazalema Mountains; 4—Type locality (Banyuls sur mer) and new records in the same region (Saint-Pierre dels Forcats, Sórede, Montbolo), Pyrenees; 5—Saint Béat, Pyrenees; 6—Santa Fe, Sierra del Montseny, Catalan Pre-Coastal Range; corresponding to a Baetico-Pyrenean track. Since the relationships of this complex genus are yet unsolved, we are not including the apparently closest species O. corsicus (Corsica, France). C) Species of Ceratosphys most similar to C. soutadei: 7 and 8— C. nivium. 9—C. guttata. 10—C. vandeli. 11—C. simoni. This distribution pattern corresponds to a Baetico-Pyrenean track. D) Species of Ceratosphys most similar to C. cryodeserti n. sp.: 12—C. maroccana, from Gouffre du Friouato, Taza; 13—C. nodipes from Sierra de Ronda; 14—C. deharvengi from Sierra de las Nieves; 15—C. flammeola from Cazorla Mountains; 16— C. fernandoi from Cueva de Don Fernando, Castril; 17—C. mariacristinae from Monte Toro, Menorca.
FIGURE 4 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 4 Legs of the male of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Tarsus of legs 1 and 2 with their ventral row of setae. Scale bar 0.1 mm. B) Tarsus of leg 3 with the ventral fanners. Scale bar 0.1 mm. C) Body in ventral view, legs from 7 to 13 visible. Scale bar 0.2 mm. D) Body in ventral view, legs from 10 to 13 visible. Scale bar 0.2 mm. E) Leg 7. Scale bar 0.3 mm. F) Leg 10. Scale bar 0.4 mm. G) Leg 11. Scale bar 0.4 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 5 Anatomical details of Ceratosphys Cryodeserti n. sp. A) Paragonopods (leg 9 of male) in anterior view. Scale bar 0.2 mm. B) Paragonopods (leg 9 of male) in ventral view. Scale bar 0.2 mm. C) Pygidium of the male in ventral view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm. D) Right vulva in posterior view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. E) Right and left vulvae in ventral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 3 Anatomy details of the male of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Head in anterior view. Scale bar 0.5 mm. B) Head, collum and second 'segment' in lateral view. Scale bar 0.2 mm. C) Tip of the antenna. Scale bar 0.2 mm. D) First seven 'segments' in dorsal view. Scale bar 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 1. Pictures taken at the Veleta Glaciar Cirque: A,B) Aspect of the scree where the MSS was sampled. C) Subterranean Sampling Device (SSD) where the trap was placed, inside a hole dug in the scree where the interstices among the rocks are visible D) The place where the SSD is left, once buried and covered with stones to mark its position. E) Ommatoiulus ilicis photographed alive.
FIGURE 2 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 2 Temperature and humidity in the MSS from September 2013 to August 2014. The pale line represents the temperature and the dark line the relative humidity.
FIGURES 1–12 in Two new high-altitude subspecies of Tapinopterus (Tapinopterus) cognatus (Dejean, 1831) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichinae) from Serbia
FIGURES 1–12. Tapinopterus (Tapinopterus) cognatus vlasinensis ssp. n. from the village of Vlasina Rid, Vlasina Lake Plateau, Mt. Čemernik, 1,200 m a.s.l., Surdulica, SE Serbia (1–6) and T. (T.) cognatus pancici ssp. n. from by the road Jelak Reserve - village of Brzeće, Mt. Kopaonik, 1,100 m a.s.l., Jošanička Banja, C Serbia (7–12). 1, 7—holotype male, habitus (dorsal view); 2, 8—holotype male, aedeagus (dorsal view); 3, 9—holotype male, aedeagus (lateral view); 4, 10—holotype male, right paramere (external lateral view); 5, 11—holotype male, abdominal sternite IX (urite); 6, 12—paratype female, genitalia (dorsal view). Scales = 5 mm (Figs. 1 and 7), 1 mm (Figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 12), and 0.5 mm (Figs. 4 and 10).
FIGURES 1–4 in Two new high-altitude species of the genus Omphreus Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae) from Serbia
FIGURES 1–4. Omphreus (Omphreus) ovcarensis n. sp. from the village of Ovċar Banja, Mt. Ovċar, Serbia. 1—holotype male, habitus (dorsal view); 2—holotype male, aedeagus (dorsal view); 3—holotype male, aedeagus (lateral view); 4—paratype female, genitalia. Scale lines 1.00 mm.
FIGURES 5–9 in Two new high-altitude species of the genus Omphreus Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae) from Serbia
FIGURES 5–9. Omphreus (Omphreus) serbooccidentalis n. sp. from the village of Mrċiċi, Bukovi Peak, Mt. Maljen, Serbia. 5—holotype male, habitus (dorsal view); 6—holotype male, aedeagus (dorsal view); 7—holotype male, aedeagus (lateral view); 8—paratype female, genitalia; 9—holotype male, abdominal sternite IX (urite). Scale lines 1.00 mm.
Sentinel-2 derived Chlorophyll-a prediction maps for high-altitude lakes in the Sierra Nevada, Spain
<p>This dataset contains chlorophyll-a (ug/L) predictions for 4 high-altitude lakes in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, Spain. Predictions were made using a simple linear regression model with field sample chlorophyll-a as the dependent variable, and the following Sentinel-2 derived spectral index as the independent variable:</p><p>B3 - (B4+((B2-B4)*((665-560)/(665-490)))</p><p>Prediction maps are included as GeoTiffs and NetCDF files. Sentinel-2 data were atmospherically corrected using the following algorithms: </p><ul><li><a href="https://github.com/acolite/acolite/releases/tag/20221114.0">ACOLITE</a> (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.015">Vanhellemont & Ruddick, 2018</a>)</li><li><a href="https://grass.osgeo.org/grass83/manuals/i.atcorr.html">6SV</a> (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/36.581987">Vermote et al. 2006</a>)</li></ul><p><strong>Included Lakes and and their IDs:</strong></p><ul><li>Laguna de la Caldera (ID = P-2)</li><li>Laguna-embalse de las Yeguas (ID = D-6)</li><li>Laguna de Río Seco (ID = P-8)</li><li>Laguna Larga (ID = G-7)</li></ul>
Investigation of cirrus clouds properties in the Tropical Tropopause Layer using high-altitude limb scanning near-IR spectroscopy during the NASA-ATTREX Experiment
<p>Data results of the findings of the AMT-2023-85 research article, titled: "Investigation of cirrus clouds properties in the Tropical Tropopause Layer using high-altitude limb scanning near-IR spectroscopy during the NASA-ATTREX Experiment", submitted to the Atmospheric Measurement Techniques journal on 20 Apr 2023.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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