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643 results for “Immune system”
Not all roads lead to the immune system: The genetic basis of multiple sclerosis severity
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A single amino acid polymorphism in natural Metchnikowin alleles of Drosophila results in systemic immunity and life history tradeoffs
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Data from: 3-D deconvolution of human skin immune architecture with Multiplex Annotated Tissue Imaging System (MANTIS)
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Towards the generation of gnotobiotic larvae as a tool to investigate the influence of the microbiome on the development of the amphibian immune system
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16S rRNA gene sequencing data from: Breastmilk IgG engages the neonatal immune system to instruct immune responses to gut antigens
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Strains and constructs for: A chimeric nuclease substitutes a phage CRISPR-Cas system to provide sequence specific immunity against subviral parasites
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Data from: Activation of the Arabidopsis thaliana immune system by combinations of common ACD6 alleles
A fundamental question in biology is how multicellular organisms distinguish self and non-self. The ability to make this distinction allows animals and plants to detect and respond to pathogens without triggering immune reactions directed against their own cells. In plants, inappropriate self-recognition results in the autonomous activation of the immune system, causing affected individuals to grow less well. These plants also suffer from spontaneous cell death, but are at the same time more resistant to pathogens. Known causes for such autonomous activation of the immune system are hyperactive alleles of immune regulators, or epistatic interactions between immune regulators and unlinked genes. We have discovered a third class, in which the Arabidopsis thaliana immune system is activated by interactions between natural alleles at a single locus, ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6). There are two main types of these interacting alleles, one of which has evolved recently by partial resurrection of a pseudogene, and each type includes multiple functional variants. Most previously studies hybrid necrosis cases involve rare alleles found in geographically unrelated populations. These two types of ACD6 alleles instead occur at low frequency throughout the range of the species, and have risen to high frequency in the Northeast of Spain, suggesting a role in local adaptation. In addition, such hybrids occur in these populations in the wild. The extensive functional variation among ACD6 alleles points to a central role of this locus in fine-tuning pathogen defenses in natural populations.
Data from: Functions of innate and acquired immune system are reduced in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) given a low protein diet
Racing pigeons are exposed to and act as carriers of diseases. Dietary protein requirement for their maintenance has not been determined experimentally despite their being domesticated for over 7000 years. A maintenance nitrogen (protein) requirement (MNR) for pigeons was determined in a balance study using diets containing 6, 10 and 14% crude protein (CP). Then, the effects of feeding the diets were investigated to determine whether they were adequate to sustain innate and acquired immune functions. Nitrogen intake from the 6% CP diet was sufficient to maintain nitrogen balance and body weight in pigeons. However, the immune functions of phagocytosis, oxidative burst and lymphocyte proliferation in pigeons fed this diet were reduced compared with those fed 10 and 14% CP diets. Pigeons given the 6 and 10% CP diets had lower antibody titres following inoculation against Newcastle disease (ND) than those on the 14% CP diet. A confounding factor found on autopsy was the presence of intestinal parasites in some of the pigeons given the 6 and 10% CP diets; however, none of the pigeons used to measure MNR or acquired immunity to ND were infested with parasites. In conclusion, neither the 6 nor 10% CP diets adequately sustained acquired immune function of pigeons.
Raw data for the study titled "Fungal ectoparasites increase winter mortality of ladybird hosts despite limited effects on their immune system"
<p>Winter represents a challenging period for insects inhabiting temperate regions. A plethora of studies have investigated how abiotic environmental conditions such as temperature affect insect overwintering success. However, only a few studies have focused on biotic factors and the mechanisms affecting the overwintering performance of insects. Here, we investigated the effects of the parasitic fungus <em>Hesperomyces virescens</em> on the overwintering performance and immune system functioning of the invasive ladybird <em>Harmonia axyridis</em>. Winter survival was significantly lower for infected than for uninfected beetles. Body mass loss during overwintering tend to be higher for infected individuals compared to uninfected ones and for larger beetles. In addition, parasitic infection reduced post-winter longevity without food in male but not female ladybirds. Total haemocyte and protein concentration as well as antimicrobial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> significantly decreased during ladybird overwintering. However, haemolymph parameters were only poorly affected by <em>Hesperomyces</em> infection, with the exception of antimicrobial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> that tended to be higher in infected ladybirds. Interestingly, none of the pre-winter haemolymph parameters were good predictors of ladybird winter survival. Overall, our results indicate that energy exhaustion unrelated to immune system challenge is the most probable explanation for increased overwintering mortality in infected beetles.</p>
Seasonality of host immunity in a tropical disease system
<p>Infectious disease systems frequently exhibit strong seasonal patterns, yet the mechanisms that underpin intra-annual cycles are unclear, particularly in tropical regions. We hypothesized that host immune function fluctuates seasonally, contributing to oscillations in infection patterns in a tropical disease system. To test this hypothesis, we investigated a key host defense of amphibians against a lethal fungal pathogen, <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>). We integrated two field experiments in which we perturbed amphibian skin secretions, a critical host immune mechanism, in Panamanian rocket frogs (<em>Colostethus panamansis</em>). We found that this immunosuppressive technique of reducing skin secretions in wild frog populations increased <em>Bd</em> prevalence and infection intensity, indicating that this immune defense contributes to resistance to <em>Bd</em> in wild frog populations. We also found that the chemical composition and anti-<em>Bd</em> effectiveness of frog skin secretions varied across seasons, with greater pathogen inhibition during the dry season relative to the wet season. These results suggest that the effectiveness of this host defense mechanism shifts across seasons, likely contributing to seasonal infection patterns in a lethal disease system. More broadly, our findings indicate that host immune defenses can fluctuate across seasons, even in tropical regions where temperatures are relatively stable, which advances our understanding of intra-annual cycles of infectious disease dynamics.</p>
Figure 1 in Blood parasites in sympatric lizards: what is their impact on hosts' immune system?
Figure 1. Circulating blood cells in P. vaucheri and S. perspicillata lizards: A) uninfected mature erythrocyte (oneheaded arrow) and immature erythrocyte (double-headed arrow); B) and C) haemogregarine parasites infecting erythrocytes; D) heterophil cell (double-headed arrow) and two thrombocytes (one-headed arrows); E) an eosinophil (one-headed arrow) and a lymphocyte (double-headed arrow); F) one azurophil; G) one monocyte and H) one basophil. Scale black bar = 10 µm.
Figure 3 in Blood parasites in sympatric lizards: what is their impact on hosts' immune system?
Figure 3. Boxplot of the variation in swelling response to PHA (%) among infected individuals by species, localities and sexes. The black line inside the box represents the mean swelling, box represent 50% of the central values, and the extremes represent the minimum and maximum values (excluding outliers).
Figure 2 in Blood parasites in sympatric lizards: what is their impact on hosts' immune system?
Figure 2. Estimate of phylogenetic relationships based on a Bayesian analysis of 18S rDNA sequences of haemogregarines. Statistical support is reported for relevant nodes: above, Bayesian Posterior Probabilities> 90; below, bootstrap values for ML> 70; + indicates support of 100%. Clades presented with triangles were collapsed in height by 75%. The sequences from this study are indicated in bold with sample codes given inside parenthesis.
The fetal programming effect of maternal immune activation (MIA) on the offspring's immune system.
<h2>Online dataset: Cytokine profile of maternal immune activation (MIA) offspring</h2> <p>In preclinical animal maternal immune activation (MIA) models, alterations in the cytokine profiles were reported for MIA exposed offspring. This <strong>online dataset</strong> is a searchable spreadsheet provinding a more thorough summary of the cytokine profile observed in MIA exposed offspring. It includes the analyzed cytokines, the utilized animal model, age of the offspring and the specific tisssue/sample used from multiple studies.</p> <p>NA; Not affected -; not detected</p>
Data from: Evolution of the immune system influences speciation rates in teleost fishes
Teleost fishes constitute the most species-rich vertebrate clade and exhibit extensive genetic and phenotypic variation, including diverse immune defense strategies. The genomic basis of a particularly aberrant strategy is exemplified by Atlantic cod, in which a loss of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II functionality coincides with a marked expansion of MHC I genes. Through low-coverage genome sequencing (9–39×), assembly and comparative analyses for 66 teleost species, we show here that MHC II is missing in the entire Gadiformes lineage and thus was lost once in their common ancestor. In contrast, we find that MHC I gene expansions have occurred multiple times, both inside and outside this clade. Moreover, we identify an association between high MHC I copy number and elevated speciation rates using trait-dependent diversification models. Our results extend current understanding of the plasticity of the adaptive immune system and suggest an important role for immune-related genes in animal diversification.
Assessing the Immunization Information System and Electronic Health Record interface accuracy for COVID-19 vaccinations
<p><strong>Objective</strong></p> <p>Our objective is to assess the accuracy of the COVID-19 vaccination status within the Electronic Health Record for a panel of patients in a primary care practice when manual queries of the state immunization databases are required to access outside immunization records.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>A manual query of the local Immunization Information Systems for 4,114 adult patients with "unknown" vaccination status showed 44% of the patients were previously vaccinated. Attempts to assess the comprehensiveness of the Immunization Information Systems were hampered by incomplete documentation in the chart and poor response to patient outreach.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions </strong></p> <p>When the interface between the patient chart and the local Immunization Information System depends on a manual query for the transfer of data, the COVID-19 vaccination status for a panel of patients is often inaccurate.</p> <p>This study was reviewed by the University of Kansas Medical Center Institutional Review Board and was designated as a quality improvement project.</p>
Fig. 5 in Floro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative as a novel plant activator induces two-pathway immune system
Fig. 5. The synthetic route of 1-methyl-4-substituted phenylamino pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine derivatives (P1).
Fig. 7 in Floro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative as a novel plant activator induces two-pathway immune system
Fig. 7. The synthetic route of N-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl) substituted carboxamide derivatives (P3).
Fig. 6 in Floro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative as a novel plant activator induces two-pathway immune system
Fig. 6. The synthetic route of 1-methyl-4-substituted ether pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine derivatives (P2).
Fig. 4 in Floro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative as a novel plant activator induces two-pathway immune system
Fig. 4. Gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana after treatment of chemicals. Bars (gray, PR1; black, PDF1.2) denote the mean ± STD of three independent biological replicates. (***P <0.01; **P <0.05; one-tailed t-test).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.