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Figures 16-18 in A new genus and species of armored scale insect (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) from Australia found in the historic Koebele Collection of the California Academy of Sciences John W. Dooley III

Figures 16-18. Diaspididae spp., habitus, detail of venter of L1 lobes, and pygidium ventral (left) and dorsal (right). 16) Neoleonardia extensa (after Ferris 1938). 17) Neomorgania eucalypti (after Ferris 1937). 18) Pseudaonidia duplex (after Ferris 1937).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

What do we know about the missing millions of Earth's insect species: evidence from Australian tropical rainforest bark beetles?

Only 20% of the estimated five million species of insects on Earth are named despite over 240 years of taxonomy. Yet insects are poorly represented in protected area assessments, and insect declines are of concern globally. Here we explore how to increase the discovery of new species and understanding of this group through analysis of 10,097 tropical rainforest bark beetles (Scolytinae) from eight different ecological studies using beetles between 2000 and 2018 in the Australian Wet Tropics. Of the 107 species identified, 58 are undescribed: an increase of 35% on the 166 species known from Australia. As hypothesised, new species are significantly smaller, less abundant and less widespread than described species making them more extinction prone than named species. Rarefaction indicates doubling sampling would increase the number of species by 17. Flight Interception Traps (FIT) collected 84% of individuals and 98% of species confirming the effectiveness of a single sampling method for some beetles. Increased locations and collection from the canopy may sample further species rather than additional collecting methods.  Scolytines are relatively well studied with a cadre of taxonomists at the forefront of using modern methods to resolve formerly intractable groups. These new species are more likely to be named than others in many other beetle groups where taxonomy has largely stalled. To increase species description rates and to avoid most species becoming extinct before being named, we call on taxonomists to use new character systems provided by DNA methods and to look at working with Artificial Intelligence tools.

Fig. 4 in New species of mirid insects and their importance for the higher classification of plant bugs

Fig. 4. Photographs (A1, A3) and drawings (A2, A4) of femoral trichobothria in mirid insect Metoisops akingbohungbei Herczek and Popov, 2014, holotype male, CEHI BB M HE 4, from the Baltic Amber (unknown locality on Baltic Sea Coast), mid-Eocene. Five mesofemoral trichobothria (A1, A2); six metafemoral trichobothria (A3, A4). Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in New species of mirid insects and their importance for the higher classification of plant bugs

Fig. 3. Mirid insect Metoisops popovi Kim, Taszakowski, and Jung, sp. nov., holotype female, CNU CNUHHMF005, from the Baltic Amber (unknown locality on Baltic Sea Coast), mid-Eocene. Dorsal habitus. Arrow points to deep incision between calli (A1), lateral habitus (A2), head in dorsal view (A3), head in lateral view (A4), scutellum (A5), hindfemur with trichobothria (A6).

Fig. 2 in New species of mirid insects and their importance for the higher classification of plant bugs

Fig. 2. Mirid insect Metoisops michalskii Kim, Taszakowski, and Herczek sp. nov., holotype male, DZUS HE44-451-1-001, from the Baltic Amber Gdańsk Bay, Poland), mid-Eocene. Dorsal habitus (A1), lateral habitus (A2), head and thorax in lateral view and antennal structure (A3), abdomen and legs in lateral view (A4), hindtarsus (A5), genital segment with parameres (A6). Abbreviations: i, first antennal segment; ii, second antennal segment; iii, third antennal segment; iv, fourth antennal segment; iv-1, first subsegment of fourth antennal segment; iv-2, second subsegment of fourth antennal segment.

Fig. 1 in New species of mirid insects and their importance for the higher classification of plant bugs

Fig. 1. Baltic ambers with specimens of mirid insects. A. Metoisops michalskii Kim, Taszakowski, and Herczek sp. nov., holotype male, DZUS HE44- 451-1-001, from the Baltic Amber (Vistula Spit, Gdańsk Bay, Poland), mid-Eocene. B. Metoisops popovi Kim, Taszakowski, and Jung sp. nov., holotype female, CNU CNUHHMF005, from the Baltic Amber (unknown locality on Baltic Sea Coast), mid-Eocene.

Fig. 6. —Continuation. C in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 6. —Continuation. C, Asserfa,a stony-sandy plain, northern Cap Boujdour (26°22'N, 13°58'W); D, edge of Sebkhat Tah, where Bolivaremia domenechi Morales Agacino, 1949 has been observed. Photos: Annie Garcin.

FIG. 2 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 2. — Routes of Morales Agacino expedition in Spanish Sahara: A, localities cited in the text with the reference numbers in Table 3; the route of the 1943 mission is reconstructed based on Morales Agacino's published data (red lines); B, route of 1941, 1942, 1943 missions, after off-text map in Morales Agacino (1943).

FIG. 5 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 5. — Distributions of nine species of Orthoptera Acridomorpha in a cline defined by maritime and continental influences in Spanish Sahara. These maps allow to figure out distributional patterns resulting from the spatialization of the continental index of Daget (1977) through the climate map of Morocco by Mokhtari et al. (2014): A, endemic species to the Atlantic coast; B, species of the Pre-Sahara and semi-deserts; C, species endemic to the Sahara; D, arenicolous species adapted to living in desert. See also georeferenced cartography.gpx in Suplementary Table 1.

FIG. 4 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 4. — Phamphagulus taxa in Spanish Sahara: A, Distribution of Pamphagulus vicinus Ramme, 1931, Pamphagulus mateui mateui Morales Agacino, 1949 and Pamphagulus mateui audebdidetensis Morales Agacino, 1949 (Orthoptera Acridomorpha Dericorythidae); B, C, habitus of Pamphagulus vicinus Ramme, 1931: B, male, specimen MNHN-EO-CAELIF159; C, female, specimen MNHN-EO- CAELIF160. Locality numbers: see Tables 3 and 5. After Morales Agacino (1949).

FIG. 3 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 3. — Localisation of the locality El Kantara = Al Gantra along the course of Morales Agacino's 1946 expedition. Symbol: ★, type locality of Bolivaremia domenechi Morales Agacino, 1949. Modified from Map of Morocco (1993).

FIG. 8 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 8. — Glauvarovia mendizabali Morales Agacino, 1945: A, original drawing by Morales Agacino (1945); B-D, female found at Graret Ould Al Aqel (24°25'N, 15°3'W; 50 m), in ventral (B, first illustration of the species sternites), dorsal (C), and side (D) views; E, F, male found at Foum Draa (28°40'N, 11°7'W; 40 m), dorsal (E) and frontal (F) views. Note the short tegmina in both male and female. Photos: Annie Garcin.

FIG. 6 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 6. — Examples of localities in ex-Spanish Sahara: A, Mouth of the Cra wadi at the coast, sandstone-limestone platforms in staircase steps (24°41'N, 14°53'W); B, fossil formation of dunes named Aguerguer in the background; in the rocky foreground, a seedling of Otoglyphis pubescens (Desf.) Pomel, Asteraceae (23°43'N, 15°14'W; 70 m). Photos: Annie Garcin.

FIG. 7 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 7. — Bolivaremia domenechi Morales Agacino, 1949: A, original drawing by Morales Agacino (1949); B, specimen observed in the North of Boujdour (26°22'N, 13°58'W; 50 m), dorsal view; C, specimen observed at the Sebkhat Tah (27°39'N, 12°55'W; 25 m), side view. Photos: Annie Garcin.

Fig. 54 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 54. Holotype of Diapheromera armata Piza, 1973 at MELQ and accompanying labels. Note that the specific epithet was written as armigera on one of the labels but later corrected by pencil to the

Fig. 53 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 53. Habitats of Arumatia Ghirotto gen. nov. in the Cerrado of Brazil. A–D. Habitat of Arumatia dubia gen. et comb. nov., seasonal forest at Assis, São Paulo (A), seasonal forest at Echaporã, São Paulo (B), savannah formation at Delfinópolis, Minas Gerais (C–D). E. Type locality of Arumatia crassicercata Ghirotto, Crispino & Engelking gen. et sp. nov., gallery forest at Chapada dos Veadeiros plateau, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Goiás. F. Type locality of Arumatia aramatia Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., savannah formation in Luzimangues district, Porto Nacional, Tocantins (photo courtesy of Dante Pavan). G–H. Type locality of Arumatia motenata Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., rocky savannah formations (campos rupestres) at Serra do Cipó district, Santana do Riacho, Minas Gerais. I. Type locality of Arumatia diamante Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., dense rocky savannah formations (campos rupestres) at Catolés, Abaíra, Bahia (photo courtesy of Pedro H. Martins).

Fig. 45 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 45. Arumatia motenata Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., sexual behaviour and mating attachment mechanism, from Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A–C. Sequential copulatory behaviour. D–E. Attachment of male and female structures. A. Male (dark) on top of female (green) extends his terga VIII-X anteriorly and touches the ventral surface of the abdomen of the female trying to attach. B. Male attached to the female by the left side and inserting the phallic organ; note abdomen of male curved upwards. C. Male and female in copulation, male hanging from femal; note abdomen of male extended. D–E. Male attached to the praeopercular organ of the female with the posterior margin of its tergum X (arrow), cerci pressing

Fig. 50 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 50. Arumatia diamante Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MZUSP V0650), terminalia morphology. A. Dorsal view. B. Detail of dorsal view. C. Lateral view. D. Ventral view. E. Sixth segment in lateral view showing a tubercle. F. Detail of praeopercular organ, ventral view. G. Detail of external genitalia, lateral view. Abbreviations: Ce = cercus; Ep = epiproct; Gap = gonapophysis; Gpl = gonoplac; Pre = praeopercular organ; Prp = paraproct; Sp = subgenital plate; St = sternum; Tg = tergum. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 48 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 48. Arumatia diamante Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MZUSP V0650), head and prothorax morphology. A. Head and prothorax in dorsal view. B. Head and prothorax in lateral view. C. Left maxilla in ventral (external) view. D. Head and prothorax in ventral view. Abbreviations: Ant = antennomere; BsI-II = pro- and mesothoracic basisterna; Cly = clypeus; Csc = cervical sclerite; Cx = coxa; Cxp = coxopleurite; Eye = compound eye; Fc = frontal convexity; Fs = prothoracic furcasternite; Ga = galea; Galo = galealobulus; Gl = glossa; Gu = gula; Lac = lacinia; Lb = labrum; Md = mandible; Msn = mesonotum; Mtr = microtrichia; Par = paranota; Pd = pedicellus; Pgl = paraglossa; Plb = labial palpus; Pmx = maxillary palpus; Prn = pronotum; Sc = scapus; Sg = subgena; Sme = submentum. Scale

Fig. 43 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera

Fig. 43. Male genitalia of Arumatia aramatia Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov. and Arumatia motenata Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., treated with KOH. A, C, E, G. Treated genitalia of A. arumatia (left side) and A. motenata (right side) in different views. B, D, F, H. Same pictures as respective preceding, structures coloured for visualisation: red = dorsal sclerite; blue = longitudinal lobe; green = basal lobe; yellow = internal sclerotization; white line = area of attachment to the body; inset (F) = detail of internal sclerotization,