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187 results for “Insectivore”
No apparent trade-off between the quality of nest grown feathers and time spent in the nest in an aerial insectivore, the tree swallow
<p>Life history theory provides a framework for understanding how trade-offs generate negative trait associations. Among nestling birds, time spent in the nest, risk of predation, and lifespan covary, but some associations are only found within species while others are only observed between species. A recent comparative study suggests that allocation trade-offs may be alleviated by disinvestment in ephemeral traits, such as nest-grown feathers, that are quickly replaced. However, direct resource allocation trade-offs cannot be inferred from inter-specific trait-associations without complementary intra-specific studies. Here, we asked whether there is evidence for a within-species allocation trade-off between feather quality and time spent in the nest in tree swallows (<em>Tachycineta bicolor</em>). Consistent with the idea that ephemeral traits are deprioritized, nest-grown feathers had lower barb density than adult feathers. However, despite substantial variation in fledging age among nestlings, there was no evidence for a negative association between time in the nest and feather quality. Furthermore, accounting for differences in resource availability by considering provisioning rate and a nest predation treatment did not reveal a trade-off that was masked by variation in resources. Our results are most consistent with the idea that the inter-specific association between development and feather quality arises from adaptive specialization, rather than from a direct allocation trade-off.</p>
Climate trends and behavior of a model Amazonian terrestrial insectivore, Black-faced Antthrush, indicate adjustment to hot and dry conditions
<p>Rainforest loss threatens terrestrial insectivorous birds throughout the world's tropics. Recent evidence suggests these birds are declining in undisturbed Amazonian rainforest, possibly due to climate change. Here, we first asked whether Amazonian terrestrial insectivorous birds were exposed to increasingly extreme ambient conditions using 38 years of climate data. We found long-term trends in temperature and precipitation at our study site, especially in the dry season, which was ~1.3 °C hotter and 21% drier in 2019 than in 1981. Second, to test whether birds actively avoided hot and dry conditions, we used field sensors to identify periodic intervals of ambient extremes and prospective microclimate refugia within undisturbed rainforest from 2017–2019. Simultaneously, we examined how tagged Black-faced Antthrushes (Formicarius analis) used this space. We collected >1.3 million field measurements quantifying ambient conditions in the forest understory, including along elevation gradients. For 11 birds, we obtained GPS data to test whether birds adjusted their cover usage using variation in GPS fix success (<em>n</em> = 2,724) as a proxy and elevation using successful locations (<em>n</em> = 640) across seasonal and daily cycles. For four additional birds, we collected >180,000 light and temperature readings to assess exposure. Field measurements in the modern landscape revealed that temperature was higher in the dry season and highest on plateaus. Thus, low-lying areas were relatively buffered, providing microclimate refugia during hot afternoons in the dry season. At those times, birds apparently entered cover and shifted downslope. Because climate change intensifies the hot, dry conditions that antthrushes seemingly avoid, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that climate change decreases habitat quality for this species. If other terrestrial insectivores are similarly sensitive, climate-induced changes to otherwise intact rainforest may be related to their recent declines.</p>
Functional diversity and trait filtering of insectivorous bats on forest islands created by an Amazonian mega dam
<p>1. Mega dams in lowland tropical forests often create large archipelagos, leading to biodiversity decay and disruption of ecosystem functioning in remnant habitat islands.</p> <p>2. We investigated the functional diversity and functional trait filtering of aerial insectivorous bats in both insular forest patches created by a vast ~30-yr-old hydropower reservoir and the adjacent mainland continuous forest in Central Amazonia.</p> <p>3. Bats were surveyed using passive bat recorders across 34 forest sites. Based on a set of morphological traits derived for each species recorded, we estimated both the bat functional richness, functional evenness and functional dispersion at each surveyed site. We further assessed the effects of local vegetation, patch and landscape features on patterns of functional diversity. The interaction between functional traits, environmental characteristics, and species distribution was investigated using a combination of RLQ and fourth-corner analyses.</p> <p>4. We found that mainland sites retained higher functional richness and lower functional evenness compared to forest islands, indicating a more complete functional assemblage in the mainland. Additionally, species composition was affected by local vegetation structure and forest area, with small isolated islands exhibiting pervasive loss of functional traits. RLQ and fourth-corner analyses showed that larger understorey foraging species with greater dispersal capacity, constant frequency-frequency modulated calls, and higher frequency of maximum energy were associated with more isolated small islands. Conversely, forest subcanopy species, exhibiting quasi-constant frequency calls and presenting low dispersal capacity were associated with continuous forests and islands with greater forest area, and were therefore more sensitive to habitat insularization.</p> <p>5. Our study calls attention to the pervasive impacts induced by large dams on the functional diversity of tropical insectivorous bats. We recommend that future assessments of the effects of habitat fragmentation on mammals should include traits linked to ecosystem services. In designing and licensing new dams, we suggest the creation of extensive protected areas surrounding mainland forests to minimize the detrimental impacts of small isolated islands and safeguard the full complement of key ecological functions provided by insectivorous bats.</p>
Figure 3. A-B in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 3. A-B, Male Hentzia mitrata (Hentz, 1846) at Prunus nectary. C, Female Tutelina elegans (Hentz, 1846) at nectary of Prunus. D-E, Sequence showing a male Peckhamia sp. at two nectaries on the same leaf. F, Female Peckhamia sp. at nectary. G- H, Immature Phidippus putnami (Peckham & Peckham, 1883) at nectary after emerging from brood sac. I, Male Sassacus papenhoei Peckham & Peckham, 1895 at nectary. J, Female S. papenhoei at nectary. K-L, Female Maevia inclemens (Walckenaer, 1837) at nectary. All photos taken indoors by David E. Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina. Each scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 2 in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 2. Salticid spider Pelegrina galathea feeding at extrafloral nectaries of an unspecified shrub (photos taken indoors by David E. Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina). A-B, A sequence of two images of an adult male spider. Note the droplet of nectar in image A. C-D, A sequence of two images of an adult female spider. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 5. A-C in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 5. A-C, Salticid spider Cosmophasis micarioides (L. Koch, 1880) and golden-tailed spiny ants Polyrhachis am- monon found on Flagellaria indica plant at the Cattana Wetlands near Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Each time when the ants abandoned the nectary for a brief moment, the spider dashed forward to consume nectar (photos by Andrea Lim, James Cook University).
Figure 7. A in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 7. A, Bagheera kiplingi female consuming Beltian body on a Vachellia collinsii plant in Akumal, Mexico (Image credit: Robert L. Curry, Villanova University). B, Pseudomyrmex sp. ant carrying a Beltian body on Vachellia hindsii plant near Puerto Escondido, state of Oaxaca, Mexico (Image credit: Martin Heil, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Mexico).
Figure 4. A in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 4. A, Male salticid spider (Sassacus papenhoei Peckham & Peckham, 1895) watching an ant at a nectary. B, Female Tutelina elegans (Hentz, 1846), an ant predator, watching an ant at nectary. In both examples (A, B) the spider did not attack the ant but at some point later the spider imbibed nectar at one of the nectaries, too, after the ant had left (photos taken indoors by David E. Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina). Each scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 10 in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 10. Nocturnal runners (Anyphaenidae) consuming nectar (photos by Woodbridge Foster, Ohio State University). A, Hibana velox (Becker, 1879) feeding at paired extrafloral nectaries at the base of a leaf of the castor bean Ricinus communis in Vero Beach, Florida. B, Hibana similaris (Banks, 1929) pressing mouthparts to nectar-bearing trichomes at panicle branch of cashew tree Anacardium occidentale on Majé Island, Panama.
Figure 1. A in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 1. A, Phidippus audax (Hentz, 1845) feeding on a noctuid caterpillar (Image credit: Lawrence Duhon, Fort Worth, Texas). B, Adult female Phidippus clarus Keyserling, 1885 feeding on a brachyceran fly (photo by David E. Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina).
Figure 6 in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 6. Salticid spiders feeding on plant sap (all photos taken indoors by David Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina). A, Female Pelegrina galathea apparently biting into Rubus leaf; note liquid released at leaf surface. B, Male Hentzia mitrata apparently biting into a Prunus leaf; note liquid exuding from the leaf. C, Female Hentzia mitrata apparently biting a Prunus leaf. The exuding liquid associated with this behavior can be seen clearly. D, Immature Phidippus audax apparently feeding on droplets of solid, crystalline exudate on the surface of a leaf. This exudate may have been the result of leaf damage caused by insects with piercingsucking mouthparts.
Figure 5 in Comparative morphology of tongue surface in Neotropical aerial insectivore bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 5. The tongue of Vespertilionoidea, family Natalidae, Natalus macrourus: (a) Apex covered by flaky-shaped filiform papillae; (b) Salience (arrow) on mid-dorsal region of the tongue; and (c) Posterior region of the tongue with three circumvallate papillae, one anterior (VA) and two posteriorly placed (VM) and pointed basal filiform papillae (B).
Figure 4 in Comparative morphology of tongue surface in Neotropical aerial insectivore bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 4. Tongues of Noctilionoidea, families Mormoopidae, Thyropteridae, and Furipteridae; (a) Oval and grooved fungiform (F) surrounded by crown filiform papillae (C) in Pteronotus rubiginosus; (b) Globular fungiform (F) surrounded by short and pointed strictly filiform papillae (FL) in Thyroptera wynneae; (c) Posterior region with large medial circumvallate with prominent sulcus (S) and surrounding integument (I), and triangular filiform papillae (T) in Furipterus horrens; and (d) Striclty filiform papillae at the apex in F. horrens.
Figure 3 in Comparative morphology of tongue surface in Neotropical aerial insectivore bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 3. Tongues of Emballonuridae (Emballonuroidea): (a) Circumvallate papillae (V) with the groove and surrounding incipient tegument and fungiform papillae (F) to the left of the circumvallate papillae in Peropteryx kappleri; (b) Lateral fungiform papillae (F) and low basal filiform papillae (B) in P. kappleri; (c) Strictly filiform papillae concentrically arranged at the middle region of the tongue in Rhynchonycteris naso; and (d) Bifid filiform tubular-shaped papillae at the apex in P. kappleri.
Figure 2 in Comparative morphology of tongue surface in Neotropical aerial insectivore bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 2. Types of lingual papillae observed in Neotropical aerial insectivore bats: (a) Circumvallate with remarkable sulcus and integument, surrounded by pointed basal filiform (arrows); (b) Fungiform with notable sulcus (arrow); (c) Bifid filiform; (d) Strictly filiform; (e) Flacky-like filiform, note the layered structure with dentate keratinous plates; (f) Giant filiform (center), note the bigger size than the surrounding papillae; (g) Digitiform filiform; (h) Crown-shaped filiform, note the bulbous base and delicate filamentous projections at the apical edge; (i) Scale-like filiform, note the rectangular-shaped and dorsally concave structure; and (j) Triangular filiform.
Figure 7 in Comparative morphology of tongue surface in Neotropical aerial insectivore bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 7. Constrained bat phylogeny and the fittest distribution of characters and their respective state (in parentheses).The coding of characters among the taxa is inTable 2.
Figure 1 in Comparative morphology of tongue surface in Neotropical aerial insectivore bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 1. Dorsal surface of the tongue showing the general division in three regions to facilitate the description and distribution of the papillae.
Figure 6 in Comparative morphology of tongue surface in Neotropical aerial insectivore bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 6. The tongue of Vespertilionoidea, family Vespertilionidae: (a) Posterior region of the tongue with a pair of circumvallate papillae (V) and the conical basal papillae (B) in Histiotus velatus. Note the naked central portion between circumvallate papillae and the glottis (G); (b) Middle portion of the tongue with remarkable salience covered by scale-like filiform papillae with large fungiform papillae in Eptesicus furinalis; (c) Circumvallate papilla, note the lobed surface of the papilla in Eptesicus brasiliensis; (d) Scale-like filiform papillae on the mid-dorsal salience in H. velatus.
Figure 1 in Bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from Yuscarán in Eastern Honduras: Conservation and acoustic characterization for the insectivorous species
Figure 1. Geographic location of the study sites in the Yuscarán Biological Reserve and Municipality of Yuscarán, Department of El Paraíso, Honduras, Central America. Geographic coordinates and other details are in Table 1.
Figure 4 in Bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from Yuscarán in Eastern Honduras: Conservation and acoustic characterization for the insectivorous species
Figure 4. Echolocation pulses of aerial insectivorous bats. Spectrograms (bottom) and oscillograms (top) correspond to search calls. X axis milliseconds (ms) and Y axis Kilohertz (kHz). Emballonuridae: (BPl) B. plicata, (PMA) P. macrotis; Molossidae: (MAL) M. alvarezi, (MNI) M. nigricans, (MMO) M. molossus. Mormoopidae: (PFU) P. fulvus, (PGY) P. gymnonotus, (PME) P. mesoamericanus, (PPS) P. psilotis. Vespertilionidae: (NIG) M. nigricans, (BRA) E. brasiliensis, (FUR) E. furinalis, (FUS) E. fuscus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.