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172 results for “Intraspecific variability”
Heterozygote advantage and pleiotropy contribute to intraspecific color trait variability
<p><span>The persistence of intrapopulation phenotypic variation typically requires some form of balancing selection since drift and directional selection eventually erode genetic variation.</span> <span>Heterozygote advantage remains a classic explanation for the maintenance of genetic variation in the face of selection. However, examples of heterozygote advantage, other than those associated with disease resistance are rather uncommon. </span><span>Across most of its distribution, males of the aposematic moth Arctia plantaginis have two hindwing phenotypes determined by a heritable one locus-two allele polymorphism (genotypes: WW/Wy = white morph, yy = yellow morph). Using genotyped moths we show that the presence of one or two copies of the <em>yellow </em>allele affects several life-history traits. Reproductive output of both males and females, and female mating success are negatively affected by two copies of the <em>yellow </em>allele. Females carrying one <em>yellow </em>allele (i.e. Wy) have higher fertility, hatching success, and offspring survival than either homozygote, thus leading to strong heterozygote advantage. Our results indicate strong female contribution especially at the postcopulatory stage in maintaining the color polymorphism. The interplay between heterozygote advantage, <em>yellow </em>allele pleiotropic effect and morph-specific predation pressure may exert balancing selection on the color locus, suggesting that color polymorphism may be maintained through complex interactions between natural and sexual selection.</span></p>
Data from: Functional response of subordinate species to intraspecific trait variability within dominant species
1. Dominant species can act as a biotic filter in structuring plant communities by constraining the establishment and survival of subordinate species. The effect of intraspecific trait variability of dominant species on the functional response of subordinate species, however, is not well understood. 2. We quantified intraspecific variation in four functional traits of 26 subordinate species established in an experimental grassland established with two population sources (i.e., cultivars and local ecotypes) of three dominant grasses (Sorghastrum nutans, Andropogon gerardii, and Schizachyrium scoparium) and three pools of subordinate species (each from one origin) within each of the dominant grass source treatments. 3. Twenty of the 26 subordinate species exhibited intraspecific trait variability for one trait or more in response to dominant species population source, and variation among population sources of the dominant species was non-random. Dominant grass population source affected intraspecific variability in functional traits of multiple subordinate species. Cultivar sources of the dominant grasses and some of the subordinate species that established with them had higher and generally more variable functional leaf area and leaf nitrogen content compared to local ecotypes of the dominant grasses and the subordinate species that established with them. 4. Synthesis. This study provides evidence that intraspecific trait variability in dominant species acts as an inner, biotic filter to constrain niche availability and dimensionality affecting trait variation of subordinate species during community assembly.
Figure 1 in Intraspecific morphological tooth variability and geographical distribution: Application to the Savi's vole, Microtus (Terricola) savii (Rodentia, Arvicolinae)
Figure 1. Map of Italy with populations by region (see text for names of localities).
Figure 2 in Intraspecific morphological tooth variability and geographical distribution: Application to the Savi's vole, Microtus (Terricola) savii (Rodentia, Arvicolinae)
Figure 2. Morphometry of the first lower molar of Microtus (Terricola).
Data from: Hedging at the rear edge: Intraspecific trait variability drives the trajectory of marginal populations in a widespread boreal tree species
<p>Rear-edge populations at the warm margin of species distribution are small, isolated and face environmental conditions at the limit of species bioclimatic envelope. Intraspecific phenotypic variation contributing to the persistence of peripheral populations is expected to become increasingly important under future climate conditions in order to avoid local extirpation where range shifts lag behind climate change velocity.</p> <p>We investigated the putative role of intraspecific phenotypic variation for the maintenance of rear-edge populations of fire-prone jack pine (<em>Pinus banksiana</em>), an obligate pyriscent boreal species. We assessed whether variation in cone serotiny is associated with the population trajectory of marginal stands located south of the boreal biome, in the temperate forest where natural wildfires are infrequent and unpredictable. To this end, we estimated stand-scale serotiny, minimal age and tree size structure in 26 jack pine stands from the rear edge (n = 17 sites) and the core (n = 9 sites) of the species' range in eastern Canada.</p> <p>On average, rear-edge jack pine populations are less serotinous albeit more variably compared to range-core populations where serotiny is more uniformly high. Rear-edge stands are generally older and display reverse J-shape tree size structure indicative of a multi-aged demographic equilibrium, whereas range-core stands are younger and show a unimodal stand structure depicting a single aging cohort generally lacking interfire recruitment. Eco-evolutionary dynamics shifts from a dependency on wildfires in range-core populations to stands that can regenerate and persist without recurrent fires at the rear edge, where stand-scale serotiny reaches values below 85%.</p> <p>Synthesis: Unlike range-core populations, rear-edge jack pine populations can locally rely on a dual life-history strategy to ensure both steady recruitment during fire-free intervals and successful postfire regeneration. This capacity to cope with infrequent and unpredictable fire regime should increase the resilience and resistance of jack pine populations as global changes alter fire dynamics of the boreal forest. More generally, unique intraspecific phenotypic variation in rear-edge populations contributes to long-term species persistence in marginal environmental conditions that might scale up with global changes. The conservation of rear-edge populations and their genetic legacy appears crucial for the resilience of species.</p>
Data from: Explaining productivity variation in response to nitrogen addition and warming requires intraspecific variability
<p>1. Recent studies have shown that intraspecific trait variability is an important source of total trait variation. However, the contribution of intraspecific variability to ecosystem functions in the face of global change remains unknown.</p> <p>2. We measured plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content and leaf thickness of 26 species at individual or leaf level and aboveground net primary productivity in 48 subplots subjected to 8 years of nitrogen addition and warming in a Tibetan alpine meadow. We split community weighted mean (CWM) and Rao's quadratic entropy (Rao) of individuals' traits within a given community into "fixed value" (only caused by interspecific difference of traits) and intraspecific variability (only caused by intraspecific difference), respectively, using a variance partitioning method.</p> <p>3. We found that productivity showed a humped back response to nitrogen addition: it was highest at intermediate levels of nitrogen fertilization. The response trend was mediated by the changes of plant functional structure. Productivity was positive with fixed Rao of plant height and intraspecific variability of leaf area, i.e. community having higher fixed variability of plant height and individuals producing bigger leaf area can increase productivity via niche complementary and dominance effect. Warming reduced productivity directly and marginally decreased individuals' leaf area which suppresses productivity indirectly.</p> <p>4. Our research suggests the non-negligible role of plant intraspecific trait variability in maintaining ecosystem functions, especially in the face of global change.</p>
Taxonomy of Aspergillus series Versicolores: Species reduction and lessons learned about intraspecific variability
<p><em><span class="fontstyle0">Aspergillus </span></em><span class="fontstyle2">series </span><em><span class="fontstyle0">Versicolores </span></em><span class="fontstyle2">members occur in a wide range of environments and substrates such as indoor environments, food, clinical materials, soil, caves, marine or hypersaline ecosystems. The taxonomy of the series has undergone numerous re-arrangements including a drastic reduction in the number of species and subsequent recovery to 17 species in the last decade. The identification to species level is however problematic or impossible in some isolates even using DNA sequencing or MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry indicating a problem in the definition of species boundaries. To revise the species limits, we assembled a large dataset of 518 strains. From these, a total of 213 strains were selected for the final analysis according to their calmodulin (</span><em><span class="fontstyle0">CaM</span></em><span class="fontstyle2">) genotype, substrate and geography. This set was used for phylogenetic analysis based on five loci (</span><em><span class="fontstyle0">benA</span><span class="fontstyle2">, </span><span class="fontstyle0">CaM</span><span class="fontstyle2">, </span><span class="fontstyle0">RPB2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, </span><span class="fontstyle0">Mcm7</span><span class="fontstyle2">, </span><span class="fontstyle0">Tsr1</span></em><span class="fontstyle2">). Apart from the classical phylogenetic methods, we used multispecies coalescence (MSC) model-based methods, including one multilocus method (STACEY) and five single-locus methods (GMYC, bGMYC, PTP, bPTP, ABGD). Almost all species delimitation methods suggested a broad species concept with only four species consistently supported. We also demonstrated that the currently applied concept of species is not sustainable as there are incongruences between single-gene phylogenies resulting in different species identifications when using different gene regions. Morphological and physiological data showed overall lack of good, taxonomically informative characters, which could be used for identification of such a large number of existing species. The characters expressed either low variability across species or significant intraspecific variability exceeding interspecific variability. Based on the above-mentioned results, we reduce series </span><span class="fontstyle0">Versicolores </span><span class="fontstyle2">to four species, namely </span><span class="fontstyle0"><em>A. versicolor</em>, <em>A. creber</em></span><span class="fontstyle2">, </span><span class="fontstyle0"><em>A. sydowii</em> </span><span class="fontstyle2">and </span><em><span class="fontstyle0">A. subversicolor</span></em><span class="fontstyle2">, and the remaining species are synonymized with either </span><span class="fontstyle0"><em>A</em>. <em>versicolor</em> </span><span class="fontstyle2">or </span><span class="fontstyle0"><em>A</em>. <em>creber</em></span><span class="fontstyle2">. The revised descriptions of the four accepted species are provided. They can all be identified by any of the five genes used in this study. Despite the large reduction in species number, identification based on phenotypic characters remains challenging, because the variation in phenotypic characters is high and overlapping among species, especially between </span><span class="fontstyle0"><em>A</em>. <em>versicolor</em> </span><span class="fontstyle2">and </span><span class="fontstyle0"><em>A</em>. <em>creber</em></span><span class="fontstyle2">. Similar to the 17 narrowly defined species, the four broadly defined species do not have a specific ecology and are distributed worldwide. We expect that the application of comparable methodology with extensive sampling could lead to a similar reduction in the number of cryptic species in other extensively studied </span><span class="fontstyle0"><em>Aspergillus</em> </span><span class="fontstyle2">species complexes and other fungal genera.</span></p>
Tackling local ecological homogeneity: Finding intraspecific trait variability in local populations of Mediterranean plants
<p>Local homogeneity, in ecology, is the often undisclosed assumption that variability within populations is negligible or mostly distributed evenly. In large areas, this can lead to the aggregation of different populations without regard for their unique needs and characteristics, such as drought sensitivity and functional traits distributions. Here we discuss whether this assumption can be justified, and we hypothesize that discerning the source of variation between plasticity and adaptation could be a feasible approach to formulate an informed decision. We test this hypothesis on plants, resorting to a common garden experiment to determine the source of variation of several plant functional traits at a local scale (~60 Km) of three wild species: <em>Quercus ilex</em>, <em>Pistacia lentiscus</em> and <em>Cistus salviifolius</em>. Individuals of each species were sourced from three key sites chosen along a local aridity gradient. Our approach led to the rejection of the local homogeneity assumption for <em>Q. ilex</em> and <em>C. salviifolius</em> at this scale due to the adaptive divergence observed among neighbouring populations. This case study provides evidence that addressing local homogeneity can highlight diverging populations in a relatively simple way. We conclude that gathering empirical evidence on intraspecific variability is a feasible approach that can provide researchers with solid bases to decide whether to adopt the local homogeneity assumption or not.</p>
Including intraspecific trait variability to avoid distortion of functional diversity and ecological inference: lessons from natural assemblages
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Taxonomy of Aspergillus series Versicolores: Species reduction and lessons learned about intraspecific variability
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Data from: Hedging at the rear edge: Intraspecific trait variability drives the trajectory of marginal populations in a widespread boreal tree species
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Heterozygote advantage and pleiotropy contribute to intraspecific color trait variability
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Tackling local ecological homogeneity: Finding intraspecific trait variability in local populations of Mediterranean plants
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Data from: Above- and belowground drivers of intraspecific trait variability across subcontinental gradients for five ubiquitous forest plants in North America
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Data from: Explaining productivity variation in response to nitrogen addition and warming requires intraspecific variability
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Data from: Functional response of subordinate species to intraspecific trait variability within dominant species
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Data from: Geographic scale and disturbance influence intraspecific trait variability in leaves and roots of North American understory plants
1. Considering intraspecific trait variability (ITV) in ecological studies has improved our understanding of species persistence and coexistence. These advances are based on the growing number of leaf ITV studies over local gradients, but logistical constraints have prevented a solid examination of ITV in root traits or at scales reflecting species' geographic ranges. 2. We compared the magnitude of ITV in above- and below-ground plant organs across three spatial scales (biophysical region, locality, plot). We focused on six understory species (four herbs, two shrubs) that occur both in disturbed and undisturbed habitats across boreal and temperate Canadian forests. We aimed to document ITV structure over wide ecological and geographical scales by asking: 1) What is the breadth of ITV across species range-scale?; 2) What proportion of ITV is captured at different spatial scales, particularly when local scale disturbances are considered? and 3) Is the variance structure consistent between leaf and analogous root traits, and between morphological and chemical traits? 3. Following standardized methods, we sampled 818 populations across 79 forest plots simultaneously, including disturbed and undisturbed stands, spanning four biophysical regions (~5200 km). Traits measured included specific leaf area (SLA), specific root length (SRL), and leaf and root nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Mg, Ca). We used variance decomposition techniques to characterize ITV structure across scales. 4. Our results show that an important proportion of ITV occurred at the local scale when sampling includes contrasting environmental conditions resulting from local disturbance. A certain proportion of the variability in both leaf and root traits remained unaccounted for by the three sampling scales included in the design (36% on average) and a largest amount for SRL (54%). Substantial differences in magnitude of ITV were found among the six species, and between analogous traits, suggesting that trait distribution was influenced by species strategy and reflects the extent of understory environment heterogeneity. 5. Even for species with broad geographical distributions, a large proportion of within-species trait variability can be captured by sampling locally across ecological gradients. This has practical implications for sampling design and trait selection for both local studies and continental scale modeling.
Data from: Intraspecific niche models for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) suggest potential variability in population-level response to climate change.
Unique responses to climate change can occur across intraspecific levels, resulting in individualistic adaptation or movement patterns among populations within a given species. Thus, the need to model potential responses among genetically distinct populations within a species is increasingly recognized. However, predictive models of future distributions are regularly fit at the species level, often because intraspecific variation is unknown or is identified only within limited sample locations. In this study, we considered the role of intraspecific variation to shape the geographic distribution of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), an ecologically and economically important tree species in North America. Morphological and genetic variation across the distribution of ponderosa pine suggest the need to model intraspecific populations: the two varieties (var. ponderosa and var. scopulorum) and several haplotype groups within each variety have been shown to occupy unique climatic niches, suggesting populations have distinct evolutionary lineages adapted to different environmental conditions. We utilized a recently-available, geographically-widespread dataset of intraspecific variation (haplotypes) for ponderosa pine and a recently-devised lineage distance modeling approach to derive additional, likely intraspecific occurrence locations. We confirmed the relative uniqueness of each haplotype-climate relationship using a niche-overlap analysis, and developed ecological niche models (ENMs) to project the distribution for two varieties and eight haplotypes under future climate forecasts. Future projections of haplotype niche distributions generally revealed greater potential range loss than predicted for the varieties. This difference may reflect intraspecific responses of distinct evolutionary lineages. However, directional trends are generally consistent across intraspecific levels, and include a loss of distributional area and an upward shift in elevation. Our results demonstrate the utility in modeling intraspecific response to changing climate and they inform management and conservation strategies, by identifying haplotypes and geographic areas that may be most at risk, or most secure, under projected climate change.
Data from: Latitudinal variation in ecological opportunity and intraspecific competition indicates differences in niche variability and diet specialization of Arctic marine predators
Individual specialization (IS), where individuals within populations irrespective of age, sex, and body size are either specialized or generalized in terms of resource use, has implications on ecological niches and food web structure. Niche size and degree of IS of near-top trophic-level marine predators have been little studied in polar regions or with latitude. We quantified the large-scale latitudinal variation of population- and individual-level niche size and IS in ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis on 379 paired ringed seal liver and muscle samples and 124 paired beluga skin and muscle samples from eight locations ranging from the low to high Arctic. We characterized both within- and between-individual variation in predator niche size at each location as well as accounting for spatial differences in the isotopic ranges of potential prey. Total isotopic niche width (TINW) for populations of ringed seals and beluga decreased with increasing latitude. Higher TINW values were associated with greater ecological opportunity (i.e., prey diversity) in the prey fish community which mainly consists of Capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Sand lance (Ammodytes sp.) at lower latitudes and Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at high latitudes. In beluga, their dietary consistency between tissues also known as the within-individual component (WIC) increased in a near 1:1 ratio with TINW (slope = 0.84), suggesting dietary generalization, whereas the slope (0.18) of WIC relative to TINW in ringed seals indicated a high degree of individual specialization in ringed seal populations with higher TINWs. Our findings highlight the differences in TINW and level of IS for ringed seals and beluga relative to latitude as a likely response to large-scale spatial variation in ecological opportunity, suggesting species-specific variation in dietary plasticity to spatial differences in prey resources and environmental conditions in a rapidly changing ecosystem.
Data from: Intraspecific variability through ontogeny in early ammonoids
Mollusks in general and ammonoids in particular are known to display a sometimes profound morphological intraspecific variability of their shell. Although this phenomenon is of greatest importance, it has rarely been investigated and quantified. It is especially crucial for taxonomy and incidentally for biodiversity analyses to account for it, because otherwise, the number of described species might exceed that of actual species within any group. Early ammonoids (Early Devonian, Paleozoic) typically suffer from this bias. For instance, most specimens from the same layer and the same region (e.g., the Erbenoceras beds of the Moroccan eastern Anti-Atlas studied here) differ morphologically from each other. Depending on the importance given to certain morphological characters, therefore, one could create a new species for almost every specimen. In this study, we measured nearly 100 such specimens from a restricted stratigraphic interval and quantified their intraspecific variability. There is a variable but strong overlap of the quantified shell characters at most ontogenetic stages, and only two species are here separated rather than the four previously recognized in Morocco. When ontogenetic trajectories of the Moroccan specimens are compared with coeval faunas from other regions (assigned to other species), a strong overlap between the morphospaces occupied by these taxa becomes apparent. The justification of some of these latter species is thus questionable even if their mean values in some conch parameters differ considerably from the mean values of the Moroccan species. Hence, the number of currently valid species of these loosely coiled early ammonoids is probably much too high. Extreme caution must therefore taken when examining the diversity of groups in which the intraspecific variability is poorly known.
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