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89 results for “Kelp Forest”
Sunflower sea star predation on urchins can facilitate kelp forest recovery
<p>The recent collapse of predatory sunflower sea stars (<em>Pycnopodia helianthoides</em>) due to sea star wasting disease (SSWD) is hypothesized to have contributed to proliferation of sea urchin barrens and losses of kelp forests on the North American West Coast. We used experiments and a model to test whether restored <em>Pycnopodia</em> populations may help recover kelp forests through their consumption of nutritionally poor purple sea urchins (<em>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</em>) typical of barrens. <em>Pycnopodia</em> consumed 0.68 <em>S. purpuratus</em> day<sup>−1</sup>, and our model and sensitivity analysis shows that the magnitude of recent <em>Pycnopodia</em> declines is consistent with urchin proliferation after modest sea urchin recruitment, and even small <em>Pycnopodia</em> recoveries could generally lead to lower densities of sea urchins that are consistent with kelp-urchin coexistence. <em>Pycnopodia</em> seem unable to chemically distinguish starved from fed urchins and indeed have higher predation rates on starved urchins due to shorter handling times. These results highlight the importance of <em>Pycnopodia</em> in regulating purple sea urchin populations and maintaining healthy kelp forests through top-down control. The recovery of this important predator to densities commonly found prior to SSWD, whether through natural means or human-assisted reintroductions, may therefore be a key step in kelp forest restoration at ecologically significant scales.</p>
Data for: Kelp forest loss and emergence of turf algae reshapes energy flow to predators in a rapidly warming ecosystem
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Non-trophic interactions amplify kelp harvest-induced biomass oscillations and biomass changes in a kelp forest ecological network model
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Turf algae redefine the chemical landscape of temperate reefs, limiting kelp forest recovery
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Climate-driven shifts in kelp forest composition reduce carbon sequestration potential
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Historical kelp forests in California over multiple centuries
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Sunflower sea star predation on urchins can facilitate kelp forest recovery
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Data for a meta-analysis of the effect of kelp forests on fish communities around the world from observational and experimental studies spanning 1983-2020
Data for Pérez-Matus, A., Micheli, F., Konar, B., Shears, N., Low, N., Okamoto, D., Wernberg, T., Krumhansl, K., Ling, S., Kinsgford, M., Navarrete-Fernandez, T., Ruz, C., and Byrnes, J. 2024. Kelp forests as nursery and foundational habitat for reef fish. Ecology. For the definitive analysis, see the paper. Code is at https://github.com/jebyrnes/fish_kelp_meta. This data set concerns the effects of kelp on fish community composition. Data was mined as part of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) working group on "Global impacts of climate change on kelp forest ecosystems." It consists of digitized information from studies searched (see methods) examining fish community composition with and without kelp. To summarize the study, conservation of marine biodiversity requires an understanding of the habitats needed to support and replenish species of interest. It also requires knowledge about the abundance and diversity of multi-species assemblages. Variation in the distribution and composition of kelp forests, one of the most productive marine coastal habitats globally, can have major influences on reef fishes – a group of ecologically and socio-economically important species. In the face of widespread and escalating loss of kelp forests, quantification of these effects is urgently needed to assess and project cascading impacts on biodiversity. Here, we evaluate relationships between kelp forests and associated reef fish populations using a global meta-analysis of experimental kelp removals and comparative surveys of kelp and adjacent non-kelp habitats. These analyses show that kelp forests increase the abundance of reef fishes, though the significance of this effect varied depending on the structural complexity of kelp forests. In experimental studies, kelp forests have a significant positive effect on fish species richness, revealing that kelp act as true foundation species by supporting the diversity of associated multi-species assemblag
Data from: Convergent evolution of niche structure in Northeast Pacific kelp forests
<ol> <li>Much of the morphological and ecological diversity present on earth is believed to have arisen through the process of adaptive radiation. Yet, this is seemingly at odds with substantial evidence that niches tend to be similar among closely related species (i.e., niche conservatism). Identifying the relative importance of these opposing processes in driving niche evolution under different circumstances is therefore essential to our understanding of the interaction between ecological and evolutionary phenomena.</li> <li>In this study, we make use of recent advances in our understanding of the phylogeny of kelps (Laminariales) to investigate niche evolution in one of the most ecologically significant groups of benthic habitat-forming organisms on the planet. We quantify functional traits and use community sampling data from a kelp diversity hotspot to determine which traits are responsible for the habitat (β) niche of kelps and whether they are labile or conserved across the kelp phylogeny. </li> <li>We find that combinations of functional traits have evolved convergently across kelp subclades and that these functional traits are significant predictors of community structure. Specifically, traits associated with whole-kelp structural reinforcement and material properties were found to be significantly correlated with species distributions along a gradient of wave disturbance and thus predict the outcome of environmental filtering. However, kelp assemblages were made up of species that are more phylogenetically distinct than expected (i.e., phylogenetic overdispersion), suggesting that niche partitioning along this gradient of wave disturbance has been an important driver of divergence between close relatives.</li> <li>These results are consistent with the hypothesis that environmental filtering associated with wave disturbance plays an essential role in determining the habitat niche of kelps across local communities and further suggest that this process can drive phenotypic divergence and niche partitioning between close relatives. We propose that parallel adaptive radiation of kelp subclades has shaped the diversity and species composition of kelp forests in the Northeast Pacific and we discuss how evidence from the literature on incipient or ongoing speciation events support this hypothesis.</li> </ol>
A marine heatwave changes the stabilizing effects of biodiversity in kelp forests
<p>The code and data are used in a preliminary manuscript, titled "A marine heatwave changes the stabilizing effects of biodiversity in kelp forests".</p>
Effects of harvesting on subtidal kelp forests (Lessonia trabeculata) in Central Chile
<p class="MsoBodyText2"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The systematic degradation of marine ecosystems is a global phenomenon that has important and diverse consequences including biodiversity loss and reduced ecosystem service provisions. In temperate regions, subtidal kelp forests are dominant ecosystems in rocky coasts, subjected to the influence of local-scale stressors and regional environmental variation. For example, kelps within the Humboldt Current System are at risk of degradation from live-harvesting by fisheries. However, limited information exists regarding the long-term consequences of kelp harvesting which, in turn, limits the ability to provide effective management and conservation efforts. Here, we examined the ecosystem-level consequences of the artisanal subtidal <i>Lessonia trabeculata </i>fishery along the coast of central Chile during a two-year period, assessing a) the change in adult and juvenile <i>L. trabeculata</i> density within harvested and non-harvested (control) plots (~90m<sup>2</sup>), b) the impact of <i>L. trabeculata</i> harvesting on reef fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages, and c) the change in density of the most abundant <i>L. trabeculata</i>-associated species. The experiment was conducted over a two-year period, from December 2016 to May 2019. Approximately 90% of <i>L. trabeculata</i> was removed by an experienced kelp fisherman in experimental plots. After two years, <i>L. trabeculata </i>and its associated community showed a lack of recovery in the harvested plots. Within these plots, the average abundance of the rock shrimp, <i>Rhynchocinetes typus, </i>and the herbivorous snail, <i>Tegula tridentata, </i>was greater than in non-harvested plots and the pattern persisted over the study period. The difference in abundance of associated species may be key to the (lack of) recovery of <i>L. trabeculata </i>forests. Our study highlights the impact of <i>L. trabeculata</i> harvesting on associated fauna, however, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the capacity and time frame to re-establish the original biomass of <i>L. trabeculata</i>, as well as its associated fauna. The management of <i>L. trabeculata</i> fisheries needs to account for ecosystem-wide impacts in order to better manage and protect vital coastal ecosystems.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
A song of wind and ice: increased frequency of marine cold-spells in southwestern Patagonia and their possible effects on giant kelp forests
<p><span>In contrast to other coastal regions of the world, the giant kelp (</span><span>Macrocystis pyrifera</span><span>) </span><span> </span><span>ecosystem</span> <span>in</span> <span>southwestern</span> <span>Patagonia has been persistent in area and associated biodi</span><span>versity in the last decades. In this ecoregion, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) records have </span><span>consistently</span> <span>remained</span> <span>below</span> <span>the</span> <span>upper</span> <span>thermal</span> <span>threshold</span> <span>for</span> <span>kelp</span> <span>survival, however no </span><span>studies have analysed the spatiotemporal variability of SSTs and their anomalies across </span><span>the</span> <span>geographical</span> <span>diversity of the southwestern Patagonian coastline. We explored the </span><span>geographical</span> <span>distribution of extreme warm and cold events in this region from latitudes </span><span>47</span><span>° </span><span>to 56</span><span>° </span><span>S in a range of 1,000 km, identifying the dates and spatial distribution of </span><span>Marine Heatwaves (MHWs) and Marine Cold-Spells (MCSs) from 1982 to 2020. Results </span><span>sho</span><span>w</span> <span>that</span> <span>a peak in the number of </span><span>MHWs</span><span> occurred in the </span><span>great</span> <span>El</span> <span>Ni</span><span>n</span><span>o</span> <span>y</span><span>ear</span> <span>of</span> <span>1998. </span><span>Additionally, the 2014-2019 period has had more severe and extreme MCSs than the pre</span><span>vious decades. We discuss the origin of these events with a focus on three main processes: 1</span><span>) geographically constrained cold events caused by glacier melting, 2) regional cold events </span><span>caused by extreme winds linked to the position of the polar front, and 3) extensive SST </span><span>anomalies</span> <span>link</span><span>ed</span> <span>to planetary-scale events such as El Nino and La Nina. Overall, those </span><span>processes were conductive to counteract global warming trends locally/regionally, high</span><span>lighting</span> <span>southwestern Patagonia as a possible climatic refugium for the giant kelp ecosys</span><span>tem. Despite this, the effects of freshwater inputs and storm turbulence on the exposed </span><span>coasts facing the Southern Ocean may cause new kinds of stress on this ecosystem.</span></p>
Data from: Ocean warming undermines the recovery resilience of New England kelp forests following a fishery-induced trophic cascade
<p>Ecological theory predicts that kelp forests structured by trophic cascades should experience a recovery and persistence of their foundation species when herbivores become rare. Yet, climate change may be altering the outcomes of top-down forcing in kelp forests, especially those located in regions that have rapidly warmed in recent decades, such as the Gulf of Maine. Here, using data collected annually from 30+ sites spanning >350 km of coastline, we explored the dynamics of Maine's kelp forests in the ~20 years after a fishery-induced elimination of sea urchin herbivores. Although forests (dominated by <em>Saccharina latissima</em> and <em>Laminaria digitata</em>) had broadly returned to Maine in the late 20th century, we found that forests in northeast Maine have since experienced slow but significant declines in kelp, and forest persistence in the northeast was juxtaposed by a rapid, widespread collapse in the southwest. Forests collapsed in the southwest apparently because ocean warming has – directly and indirectly – made this area inhospitable to kelp. Indeed, when modeling drivers of change using causal techniques from econometrics, we discovered that unusually high summer water temperatures the year prior, unusually high spring water temperatures, and high sea urchin densities each negatively impacted kelp abundance. Furthermore, the relative power and absolute impact of these drivers varied geographically. Our findings reveal that ocean warming is redefining the outcomes of top-down forcing in this system, whereby herbivore removal no longer predictably leads to a sustained dominance of kelp – the ecosystem's foundation – but instead has led to a waning dominance (northeast) or the rise of a novel phase state defined by "turf" algae (southwest). Such findings indicate that limiting climate change and managing for low herbivore abundances will be essential for preventing further loss of the vast forests that still exist in northeastern Maine. They also more broadly highlight that climate change is "rewriting the rules" of nature, and thus that ecological theory and practice must be revised to account for shifting species and processes.</p>
Data from: A food web including parasites for kelp forests of the Santa Barbara Channel, California
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Empirical measurements of ammonium excretion in kelp forest fishes: Effects of body size, taxonomy and trophic guild
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Apparent differential phenotypic responses by kelp forest grazers to disease-driven removal of sea star predators; [Data: Tegula shell morphology, GSI, stable isotope analysis]
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Data from: Convergent evolution of niche structure in Northeast Pacific kelp forests
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Effects of harvesting on subtidal kelp forests (Lessonia trabeculata) in Central Chile
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Data from: Drivers of kelp forest refugia during successive disturbance events
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A song of wind and ice: increased frequency of marine cold-spells in southwestern Patagonia and their possible effects on giant kelp forests
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