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453 results for “LIP”
Data from: Crossing phenotype heritability and candidate gene expression in grafted black-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera, an animal chimera
Grafting mantle tissue of a donor pearl oyster into the gonad of a recipient oyster results in the formation of a chimera, the pearl sac. The phenotypic variations of this chimera are hypothesized to be the result of interactions between the donor and recipient genomes. In this study, the heritability of phenotypic variation and its association with gene expression were investigated for the first time during P. margaritifera pearl production. Genetic variance was evaluated at different levels, 1) before the graft operation (expression in graft tissue), 2) after grafting (pearl sac tissue expression in chimera) and 3) on the product of the graft (pearl phenotype traits) based on controlled bi-parental crosses and the F1 generation. Donor related genetic parameter estimates clearly demonstrate heritability for nacre weight and thickness, darkness and colour, surface defects and grade, which signifies a genetic basis in the donor oyster. In graft relative gene expression, the value of heritability was superior to 0.20 in for almost all genes, while in pearl sac, heritability estimates were low (h² < 0.10) (except for CALC1 and Aspein). Pearl sac expression seems to be more influenced by residual variance than the graft, which can be explained by environmental effects that influence pearls sac gene expression and act as a recipient additive genetic component. The interactions between donor and recipient are very complex and further research is required to understand the role of the recipient oysters on pearl phenotypic and gene expression variances.
Data from: Translocation of wild populations: conservation implications for the genetic diversity of the black-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera
Translocation has been widely studied as a tool for conservation management to restore or enhance degraded populations. On the contrary few studies have been conducted on translocation for commercial purposes. In this study we evaluate the genetic consequences of translocation of wild individuals of Pinctada margaritifera on farmed and adjacent wild populations. We tested the hypotheses that translocations would induce high genetic heterogeneity in farmed populations and this heterogeneity would then leak into the adjacent wild populations. In fact, farmed samples exhibit high levels of heterogeneity and low pairwise relatedness compared to wild populations, highlighting the pooling of genetically divergent populations into farms. We also demonstrate that this heterogeneity is transmitted to adjacent wild populations as a result of interbreeding. Adjacent wild populations tend to have higher genetic diversity values and greater pairwise relatedness coefficient with farmed populations than wild populations. Overall pearl culture in French Polynesia promotes the mixing of unrelated individuals in farmed locations and reduces genetic divergence among geographically distant populations as well as among farmed and wild populations of a same lagoon. We also studied for the first time, a farmed population originating from spat collected in a lagoon where release of hatchery produced larvae occurred ten year ago and we were able to identify four distinct genetic groups. These groups contribute highly to reproduction and caused considerable genetic drift in the lagoon, suggesting that hatchery produced larvae are neither sustainable method for pearl culture nor for conserving the diversity of P. margaritifera in French Polynesia.
Data from: Food vibrations: Asian spice sets lips trembling
Szechuan pepper, a widely used ingredient in the cuisine of many Asian countries, is known for the tingling sensation it induces on the tongue and lips. While the molecular mechanism by which Szechuan pepper activates tactile afferent fibres has been clarified, the tingling sensation itself has been less studied, and it remains unclear which fibres are responsible. We investigated the somatosensory perception of tingling in humans to identify the characteristic temporal frequency and compare this to the established selectivity of tactile afferents. Szechuan pepper was applied to the lower lip of participants. Participants judged the frequency of the tingling sensation on the lips by comparing this with the frequencies of mechanical vibrations applied to their right index finger. The perceived frequency of the tingling was consistently at around 50 Hz, corresponding to the range of tactile RA1 afferent fibres. Furthermore, adaptation of the RA1 channel by prolonged mechanical vibration reliably reduced the tingling frequency induced by Szechuan pepper, confirming that the frequency-specific tactile channel is shared between Szechuan pepper and mechanical vibration. Combining information about molecular reactions at peripheral receptors with quantitative psychophysical measurement may provide a unique method for characterizing unusual experiences by decomposing them into identifiable minimal units of sensation.
Data from: A new subfamily LIP of the major intrinsic proteins
Background: Proteins of the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family, or aquaporins, have been detected in almost all organisms. These proteins are important in cells and organisms because they allow for passive transmembrane transport of water and other small, uncharged polar molecules. Results: We compared the predicted amino acid sequences of 20 MIPs from several algae species of the phylum Heterokontophyta (Kingdom Chromista) with the sequences of MIPs from other organisms. Multiple sequence alignments revealed motifs that were homologous to functionally important NPA motifs and the so-called ar/R-selective filter of glyceroporins and aquaporins. The MIP sequences of the studied chromists fell into several clusters that belonged to different groups of MIPs from a wide variety of organisms from different Kingdoms. Two of these proteins belong to Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), four of them belong to GlpF-like intrinsic proteins (GIPs), and one of them belongs to a specific MIPE subfamily from green algae. Three proteins belong to the unclassified MIPs, two of which are of bacterial origin. Eight of the studied MIPs contain an NPM-motif in place of the second conserved NPA-motif typical of the majority of MIPs. The MIPs of heterokonts within all detected clusters can differ from other MIPs in the same cluster regarding the structure of the ar/R-selective filter and other generally conserved motifs. Conclusion: We proposed placing nine MIPs from heterokonts into a new group, which we have named the LIPs (large intrinsic proteins). The possible substrate specificities of the studied MIPs are discussed.
FIGURES 1–5. Holorchis castex n in Holorchis castex n. sp. (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) from the painted sweet-lips Diagramma pictum (Thunberg, 1792) (Perciformes: Haemulidae) from New Caledonia
FIGURES 1–5. Holorchis castex n. sp. 1. Ventral view of holotype, uterus in outline. 2. Male terminal genitalia, part of ventral sucker indicated. 3. Metraterm and terminal part of uterus, cirrus-sac and part of ventral sucker indicated. 4. Oral sucker showing dorsal groove (g). 5. Region of female proximal system, uterus in bold outline, vitellarium omitted. Abbreviations: c, caecum; Lc, Laurer's canal; Mg, Mehlis' gland; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; vr, vitelline reservoir; vs, ventral sucker. Scale-bars: 1, 1mm; 2, 3, 5, 200μm; 4, 100μm.
FIGURE 8. Chone infundibuliformis. Ventral lip, transversal section. A in Redescription of Chone infundibuliformis Krøyer, 1856 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) and histology of the branchial crown appendages, collar and glandular ridge
FIGURE 8. Chone infundibuliformis. Ventral lip, transversal section. A) Panoramic view, B) undeveloped radioles, C) hyaline cartilage. A–C) SMNH 73076. Scale bars: A) 200 m, B) 50 m, C) 75 m. bv: blood vessel, ci: cilia, hc: hyaline cartilage, rs: radiolar skeleton, unr: undeveloped radioles.
FIGURE 7. Chone infundibuliformis. Dorsal lip, transversal section. A in Redescription of Chone infundibuliformis Krøyer, 1856 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) and histology of the branchial crown appendages, collar and glandular ridge
FIGURE 7. Chone infundibuliformis. Dorsal lip, transversal section. A) Panoramic view, B) anterior tip showing the hyaline cartilage and glandular types, C) central, internal margin, D) glands from central, internal margin, E) hyaline cartilage, F) dorsal pinnular appendages. A–F) SMNH 73076. Scale bars: A) 250 m, B) 100 m, C) 75 m, D) 25 m, E) 50 m, F) 62.5 m. "a": gland type a, "b": gland type b, "c": gland type c, bv: blood vessel, c: chondrocyte, ci: cilia, cm: cartilage matrix, ct: conjunctive tissue, dpa: dorsal pinnular appendages, gce: glandular, columnar epithelium, gcue: glandular, cubic epithelium, hc: hyaline cartilage, mf: muscular fibers, ps: pinnular skeleton.
FIGURES 1–3. 1–2. Holorchis gigas n in Holorchis gigas n. sp. (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) from the yellow-striped sweet-lips Plectorhinchus chrysotaenia (Perciformes: Haemulidae) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, with observations on Aephnidiogenes major
FIGURES 1–3. 1–2. Holorchis gigas n. sp. 1. Ventral view of holotype, uterus in bold outline. 2. Terminal genitalia, with part of ventral sucker outlined. 3. Aephnidiogenes major Yamaguti from Diagramma labiosum, Heron Island, terminal genitalia, with ovary and part of ventral sucker outlined. Scale bars: 1, 2 mm; 2, 3, 500 μm.
(USNM 1231397). Fig. 1: ventral, lateral & dorsal views; Fig. 2: enlarged view of protoconch (not to scale); Fig. 3: apical view, V = varix, L = edge of outer lip. Fig. 4: paratype, from same lot as holotype, ventral view (USNM 1231398). in Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species
(USNM 1231397). Fig. 1: ventral, lateral & dorsal views; Fig. 2: enlarged view of protoconch (not to scale); Fig. 3: apical view, V = varix, L = edge of outer lip. Fig. 4: paratype, from same lot as holotype, ventral view (USNM 1231398).
Brazil (MZSP 122065). Fig. 1: ventral, lateral & dorsal views; Fig. 2: enlarged view of protoconch (not to scale); Fig. 3: apical view, V = varix, L = edge of outer lip. Fig. 4: paratype from the type locality, ventral view. in Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species
Brazil (MZSP 122065). Fig. 1: ventral, lateral & dorsal views; Fig. 2: enlarged view of protoconch (not to scale); Fig. 3: apical view, V = varix, L = edge of outer lip. Fig. 4: paratype from the type locality, ventral view.
Pernambuco State, Brazil (MZSP 30975). Fig. 1: ventral, lateral & dorsal views; Fig. 2: apical view, V = varix, L = edge of outer lip. Figs. 3–4: paratype from the type lot (MZSP 122078). Fig. 3: ventral view; Fig. 4: apical view (varix not developed in this immature specimen). Figs. 5–6: shell surface SEM images of holotype (MZSP 30975). Fig. 5: image taken at 500x showing pattern of paired grooves separated by wider region; the thin line is parallel to the axis of shell. Fig. 6: a closer look showing pattern of punctae (1,000x). SEM images by Yolanda Villacampa and courtesy of the Smithsonian. in Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species
Pernambuco State, Brazil (MZSP 30975). Fig. 1: ventral, lateral & dorsal views; Fig. 2: apical view, V = varix, L = edge of outer lip. Figs. 3–4: paratype from the type lot (MZSP 122078). Fig. 3: ventral view; Fig. 4: apical view (varix not developed in this immature specimen). Figs. 5–6: shell surface SEM images of holotype (MZSP 30975). Fig. 5: image taken at 500x showing pattern of paired grooves separated by wider region; the thin line is parallel to the axis of shell. Fig. 6: a closer look showing pattern of punctae (1,000x). SEM images by Yolanda Villacampa and courtesy of the Smithsonian.
(MZSP 122062). Fig. 1: ventral, lateral & dorsal views; Fig. 3: apical view, V = varix, L = edge of outer lip. Fig 2: enlarged view of protoconch of specimen in Fig. 10 (not to scale). Lower panel, paratypes from the type locality. Figs. 4–5: MNRJ 34635; Figs. 6–7: USNM 1291334; Figs. 8–10: P. Stahlschmidt coll. in Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species
(MZSP 122062). Fig. 1: ventral, lateral & dorsal views; Fig. 3: apical view, V = varix, L = edge of outer lip. Fig 2: enlarged view of protoconch of specimen in Fig. 10 (not to scale). Lower panel, paratypes from the type locality. Figs. 4–5: MNRJ 34635; Figs. 6–7: USNM 1291334; Figs. 8–10: P. Stahlschmidt coll.
FIGURE 2. Cleisostoma mulunense. A. Habitat. B. Flower, side view. C. Flower, front view. D. Lip, longitudinal section. E in Cleisostoma mulunense (Orchidaceae), a new species from Guangxi, China
FIGURE 2. Cleisostoma mulunense. A. Habitat. B. Flower, side view. C. Flower, front view. D. Lip, longitudinal section. E. Dorsal sepal, lateral sepals, petals, lip, column and ovary. F. Callus, side view. G. Callus, front view. H. Lower part of callus. I. Papillae at mouth of spur inside. J. Longitudinal ridge of the disk, side view. K. Longitudinal septum of spur. L. Leaf, cross section. M. Leaves, adaxial view and side view. Photos by Yu-Lan Su (A & B), Yan Liu (C) and Ying Qin (D–M) from living plants of the holotype population.
FIGURE 2. Microchilus culuenensis—A–B. Habit. C. Floral bract. D. Dorsal sepal. E. Petal. F. Lateral sepal. G–I. Lip. I in Microchilus culuenensis (Orchidaceae, Goodyerinae): a new species from Southearn Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 2. Microchilus culuenensis—A–B. Habit. C. Floral bract. D. Dorsal sepal. E. Petal. F. Lateral sepal. G–I. Lip. I. Detail of papillae. J–K. Column. J. Ventral view, with distended rostelum. K. Lateral view, in natural position. L. Pollinarum. Drawing by Engels from A. Petini-Benelli & F.T. Tomborelli s.n. (holotype UFMT 38455).
FIGURE 2. Bulbophyllum versicolor. A. Column with ovary. B. Lip. C. Dorsal sepal. D. Petal. E. Anther cap and pollinarium. F. Lateral sepal. G in Bulbophyllum versicolor (Orchidaceae, Malaxideae), a new species from Yunnan, China: evidence from morphology and molecular analyses
FIGURE 2. Bulbophyllum versicolor. A. Column with ovary. B. Lip. C. Dorsal sepal. D. Petal. E. Anther cap and pollinarium. F. Lateral sepal. G. Plant.
FIGURE 2. Vanilla cardinalis. A. Flowering plant. B in Vanilla cardinalis (Orchidaceae, Vanilloideae), a new red-lipped species from southern Vietnam
FIGURE 2. Vanilla cardinalis. A. Flowering plant. B. Apical portion of inflorescence with flower, side view. C. Flower, half side view. D. Flattened sepals, petals, lip and column. E. Flattened lip, adaxial, abaxial and side view. F. Central callus, side view. G. Column, front, half side, and side views. H. Anther cap and pollinarium. I. Pollinarium. Drawn by L. Averyanov and T. Maisak from Popov, s.n., Kuznetsova, Kuznetsov, s.n., and Nuraliev, Lyskov, NUR 3151.
FIGURE 1. Vanilla cardinalis. A in Vanilla cardinalis (Orchidaceae, Vanilloideae), a new red-lipped species from southern Vietnam
FIGURE 1. Vanilla cardinalis. A. Sterile portion of stem. B. Leaf, adaxial surface. C. Rachis of inflorescence. D. Inflorescence and immature fruits. E. Flower, half side view. F. Flower buds, views from different sides. G. Flattened sepals, petals and column. H. Petals, adaxial (left) and abaxial (right) surface. I. Flattened lip, adaxial surface. J. Sagittal section of lip and column. K. Flattened lip, side view. L. Central part of lip (adaxial surface) with central callus, side view. M. Column, views from different sides. N. Anther cap and pollinia. Compiled from Popov, s.n. (F–N), Kuznetsova, Kuznetsov, s.n. (D, E), and Nuraliev, Lyskov, NUR 3151 (A–C); correction and plate design by L. Averyanov and T. Maisak.
Mid-flight prey switching in the fringed-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus)
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"><span>Due to their influence on the evolution of the signaling behavior and the structure of signals used by prey, the foraging strategies of eavesdropping predators have been the focus of considerable research attention. Many prey signal from aggregations, however, and predators already en route to attack one individual often encounter the signals of other prey nearby. Little attention has been paid to if and how predators integrate this information into their foraging decisions. We used playback experiments with wild-caught fringed-lipped bats (<em>Trachops cirrhosus</em>) to test whether these predators act on new information to switch foraging decisions mid-approach, and examined how switching influenced the effectiveness of their attacks. We found that on nearly 80% of attack flights, bats switched between identical túngara frog (<em>Engystomops pustulosus</em>) calls positioned in close proximity (1m apart). This switching rate dropped to 55% when prey were separated by 3 m. The accuracy of attacks improved when bats switched between calls spaced 1m apart, but the localization advantage of switching disappeared for calls separated by 3m. Regardless of whether bats switched to attack new targets, localization errors increased, flight times increased, and capture success decreased for bats exposed mid-flight to the calls of prey spaced at the larger distances. In the case of flight times, this appears to be due to a distraction effect when experiencing calls 3m from the initial target. Overall, our results reveal that fringed-lipped bats attend cues from non-targeted prey during attack flights, and that the distance between calling prey alters the effectiveness of attacks, regardless of whether a bat switches targets. Understanding how eavesdropping predators update their foraging decisions in response to new signals from neighboring prey will lead to a fuller picture of the ways these unintended receivers shape the evolution of signaling behavior.</span></p>
On following pages: 489. Coues's Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys couesi); 490. White-bellied Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys albiventer), 491. Nicaraguan Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys dimidiatus); 492. Gorgas's Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys gorgasi, 493. Santiago Galapagos Mouse (Nesoryzomys swarthi); 494. Small Fernandina Galapagos Mouse (Nesoryzomys fernandinae); 495. Large Fernandina Galapagos Mouse (Nesoryzomys narboroughi); 496. Galapagos Rice Rat (Aegialomys galapagoensis); 497 Yellowish Rice Rat (Aegialomys xanthaeolus); 498. Baron's Rice Rat (Aegialomys baroni); 499. Ica Rice Rat (Aegialomys ica); 500. Alfaro's Water Rat (Sigmodontomys alfari); 501. Harris's Rice Water Rat (Tanyuromys aphrastus); 502. Black-and-Yellow Rice Rat (Melanomys chrysomelas); 503. Cinnamon-rufous Rice Rat (Melanomys idoneus); 504. Colombian Rice Rat (Melanomys columbianus); 505. Dusky Rice Rat (Melanomys caliginosus); 506. Robust Dark Rice Rat (Melanomys robustulus); 507. Zuniga's Dark Rice Rat (Melanomys zunigae); 508. Intermediate Lesser Grass Mouse (Microakodontomys transitorius); 509. Lagoa Santa Pink-lipped Mouse (Bibimys labiosus); 510. Chacoan Pink-lipped Mouse (Bibimys chacoensis); 511. Torres's Pink-lipped Mouse (Bibimys torresi), 512. Brazilian Swamp Rat (Scapteromys meridionalis); 513. Argentinean Swamp Rat (Scapteromys aquaticus); 514. Uruguay Swamp Rat (Scapteromys tumidus); 515. Cerrado Giant Rat (Gyldenstolpia planaltensis); 516. Fossorial Giant Rat (Gyldenstolpia fronto); 517. Woolly Giant Rat (Kunsia tomentosus); 518. Andean Rat (Lenoxus apicalis); 519. Atlantic Forest Burrowing Mouse (Blarinomys breviceps); 520. Gray-bellied Brucie (Brucepattersonius griserufescens); 521. Short-tailed Brucie (Brucepattersonius soricinus); 522. Ihering's Brucie (Brucepattersonius iheringi). in Cricetidae
On following pages: 489. Coues's Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys couesi); 490. White-bellied Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys albiventer), 491. Nicaraguan Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys dimidiatus); 492. Gorgas's Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys gorgasi, 493. Santiago Galapagos Mouse (Nesoryzomys swarthi); 494. Small Fernandina Galapagos Mouse (Nesoryzomys fernandinae); 495. Large Fernandina Galapagos Mouse (Nesoryzomys narboroughi); 496. Galapagos Rice Rat (Aegialomys galapagoensis); 497 Yellowish Rice Rat (Aegialomys xanthaeolus); 498. Baron's Rice Rat (Aegialomys baroni); 499. Ica Rice Rat (Aegialomys ica); 500. Alfaro's Water Rat (Sigmodontomys alfari); 501. Harris's Rice Water Rat (Tanyuromys aphrastus); 502. Black-and-Yellow Rice Rat (Melanomys chrysomelas); 503. Cinnamon-rufous Rice Rat (Melanomys idoneus); 504. Colombian Rice Rat (Melanomys columbianus); 505. Dusky Rice Rat (Melanomys caliginosus); 506. Robust Dark Rice Rat (Melanomys robustulus); 507. Zuniga's Dark Rice Rat (Melanomys zunigae); 508. Intermediate Lesser Grass Mouse (Microakodontomys transitorius); 509. Lagoa Santa Pink-lipped Mouse (Bibimys labiosus); 510. Chacoan Pink-lipped Mouse (Bibimys chacoensis); 511. Torres's Pink-lipped Mouse (Bibimys torresi), 512. Brazilian Swamp Rat (Scapteromys meridionalis); 513. Argentinean Swamp Rat (Scapteromys aquaticus); 514. Uruguay Swamp Rat (Scapteromys tumidus); 515. Cerrado Giant Rat (Gyldenstolpia planaltensis); 516. Fossorial Giant Rat (Gyldenstolpia fronto); 517. Woolly Giant Rat (Kunsia tomentosus); 518. Andean Rat (Lenoxus apicalis); 519. Atlantic Forest Burrowing Mouse (Blarinomys breviceps); 520. Gray-bellied Brucie (Brucepattersonius griserufescens); 521. Short-tailed Brucie (Brucepattersonius soricinus); 522. Ihering's Brucie (Brucepattersonius iheringi).
FIGURE 1. Bulbophyllum contortum. A. Habit. B. Flowering plant. C. Flower, front view. D. Flower, side view. E. Flower with lateral sepals removed, side view. F. Dorsal sepal. G. Lateral sepal. H. Petal. I. Lip. J in Bulbophyllum contortum (Orchidaceae, Malaxideae), a new species from Yunnan, China
FIGURE 1. Bulbophyllum contortum. A. Habit. B. Flowering plant. C. Flower, front view. D. Flower, side view. E. Flower with lateral sepals removed, side view. F. Dorsal sepal. G. Lateral sepal. H. Petal. I. Lip. J. Transverse section of appendage. K. Anther cap. L. pollinarium.
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