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Figure 7–13 in Novel host records of some cassidine leaf beetles from Ecuador (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)

Figure 7–13. Aslamidium and their Marantaceae hosts in Ecuador. 7) Aslamidium capense adult (Body length ca. 6mm). 8) Feeding damage of A. capense. 9) EETP technicians R. Troya and J. Cedeño under a mature Calathea lutea. 10) Calathea majestica (with author R.W. Flowers). 11) Local house with roof made of Calathea and Carludovica leaves. 12) Aslamidium semicirculare adults (Body length ca. 5 mm) feeding on young C. lutea leaf. 13) Underside of leaf of C. majestica damaged by beetle chewing.

Figure 14–16 in Novel host records of some cassidine leaf beetles from Ecuador (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)

Figure 14–16. Demotispa elaeicola and its host, Elaeis guineensis (oil palm). 14) Adult (Body length ca. 5 mm) (photo by M. Haseeb). 15) Undamaged fruit. 16) Heavily damaged fruit.

Figure 5 in Geographic variability in Calligrapha verrucosa (Suffrian 1858), a willow-feeding leaf beetle from western North America (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Figure 5. Dorsal view of two specimens identified as C. verrucosa in the Suffrian collection at the Martin-Luther- Universität in Halle, Germany. a) Specimen 31733 from "Illionis" [sic]. b) Specimen 27673 from "Nordamerika."

Figure 6 in Geographic variability in Calligrapha verrucosa (Suffrian 1858), a willow-feeding leaf beetle from western North America (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Figure 6. Distribution map of C. verrucosa based on material examined in connection with this study. Within the United States, each dot denotes a county record and may be representative of multiple sites within the county.

Figure. 1–6. Spaethiella with their hosts. 1 in Novel host records of some cassidine leaf beetles from Ecuador (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)

Figure. 1–6. Spaethiella with their hosts. 1) Spaethiella sp. 1 (Body length ca. 4mm), larvae and pupae on Heliconia latispatha. 2) Adult of Spaethiella sp. 1 with trenching feeding pattern. 3) Carludovica sp., host of Spaethiella sp. 2. 4) Spaethiella sp. 2, larva with bird's nest fecal case. 5) Spaethiella sp. 2, larvae and pupae, and window panes produced from trenching feeding pattern. 6) Spaethiella sp. 2, adult (Body length ca. 5mm).

Figure 4 in Geographic variability in Calligrapha verrucosa (Suffrian 1858), a willow-feeding leaf beetle from western North America (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Figure 4. Ventral view of beetles showing coloration of thoracic sternum. a) Nevada specimen (dark form). b) Montana specimen (light form).

Figure 2 in Geographic variability in Calligrapha verrucosa (Suffrian 1858), a willow-feeding leaf beetle from western North America (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Figure 2. Dorsal habitus views showing variation among populations of C. verrucosa. a-b) Northwest Territories. c) British Columbia. d) Alaska. e) Washington. f-h) Montana. i-j) California. k-n) Nevada. o-r) Idaho. s) Wyoming. t) Nebraska.

Figures 26–31 in Natural history of Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini) on Arctotheca prostrata (Salisb.) Britten (Asteraceae: Arctotidinae) in South Africa, with a checklist of South African Cassidinae (leaf-mining and tortoise beetles)

Figures 26–31. Pupa and adult of Cassida sphaerula (photos: S. Adam, September 2021). 26) Pupa, attached by venter of leaf, with shield comprising only exuviae of 5th instar. 27) Pupa with shield of exuviae I–V and feces. 28) Teneral adult is straw colored. 29–30) Mature adults are green, in copula. 31) Older adult with black spots on elytra.

Figures 9–15 in Natural history of Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini) on Arctotheca prostrata (Salisb.) Britten (Asteraceae: Arctotidinae) in South Africa, with a checklist of South African Cassidinae (leaf-mining and tortoise beetles)

Figures 9–15. Arctotheca prostrata with feeding damage by beetle, Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1853 (photos: S. Adam, September 2021). 9) Intact leaf, dorsal view. 10) Intact leaf, ventral view. 11) Leaf, dorsal view, with window-pane pattern where beetles leave dorsal cuticle intact. 12) Leaf, ventral view, with craters left by beetle feeding damage. 13) Leaf with paired green adults (dorsal) and cream-colored larva showing blackish exuviofecal shield (held on caudal processes) and wet anal droplet to apply to shield. Note hirsute dorsal and ventral surfaces of host leaf. 14) Leaf with many feeding craters and single larva with exuvio-fecal shield; note feeding is only between veins. 15) Feeding craters, each with marginal cuticle roll.

Figures 7–8 in Natural history of Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini) on Arctotheca prostrata (Salisb.) Britten (Asteraceae: Arctotidinae) in South Africa, with a checklist of South African Cassidinae (leaf-mining and tortoise beetles)

Figures 7–8. Coastal area with extensive growth of Arctotheca prostrata, Goukamma Reserve, South Africa. Plants intact but soil disturbed by the activity of Cape dune mole-rat (Bathyergidae: Bathyerginae: Bathyergus suillus (Schreber, 1782)).

Figures 1–6 in Natural history of Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini) on Arctotheca prostrata (Salisb.) Britten (Asteraceae: Arctotidinae) in South Africa, with a checklist of South African Cassidinae (leaf-mining and tortoise beetles)

Figures 1–6. Arctotheca prostrata (Salisb.) Britten (Asteraceae) in its native habitat, South Africa (photos: S. Adam, September 2021). 1–4) Various sites on the farm Laaiplaats, Mossel Bay. 5) Leaves appear spotted due to beetle feeding damage, farm Laaiplaats. 6) Arctotheca calendula in Australia, showing how successfully these plants overtake bare soil (photo: Stephen D. Hopper).

Figures 21–25 in Natural history of Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini) on Arctotheca prostrata (Salisb.) Britten (Asteraceae: Arctotidinae) in South Africa, with a checklist of South African Cassidinae (leaf-mining and tortoise beetles)

Figures 21–25. Larva of Cassida sphaerula (photos: S. Adam, September 2021). 21) Young instar with lateral projections called scoli; shield removed to expose paired caudal processes. 22) Older instar (frontal view) with exuvio-fecal shield attached to caudal processes; feces appear dry. 23) Older instar with moist exuvio-fecal shield. 24) Older instar, dorsal view, with feces removed; legs and caudal processes of exuviae of previous instar apparent. 25) Hind end of older larva with dry exuvio-fecal shield. Paired caudal processes of previous instar are exposed, projecting dorsad. The caudal processes of this larva is hidden, stacked within the observable caudal processes.

Figures 16–18 in Natural history of Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini) on Arctotheca prostrata (Salisb.) Britten (Asteraceae: Arctotidinae) in South Africa, with a checklist of South African Cassidinae (leaf-mining and tortoise beetles)

Figures 16–18. Ootheca and young larvae of Cassida sphaerula (photos: S. Adam, September 2021). 16) Venter of host leaf with two oothecae (arrows) and two instar III with their black exuvio-fecal shields. 17) Ootheca (~2 mm long). 18) Ootheca with oval-shaped egg. 19) Two young instar 1 (~2 mm long) with tiny black shield composed entirely of its own feces. 20) Mature instar 1 with larger shield (reared from Fig. 19).

publicJun 2021View details →

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Whole-genome sequencing reveals asymmetric introgression between two sister species of cold-resistant leaf beetles

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Data from: Genome assembly of the ragweed leaf beetle, a step forward to better predict rapid evolution of a weed biocontrol agent to environmental novelties

Rapid evolution of weed biological control agents (BCAs) to new biotic and abiotic conditions is poorly understood and so far, only little considered both in pre-release and post-release studies, despite potential major negative or positive implications for risks of non-targeted attacks or for colonizing yet unsuitable habitats, respectively. Provision of genetic resources, such as assembled and annotated genomes, is essential to assess potential adaptive processes by identifying underlying genetic mechanisms. Here, we provide the first sequenced genome of a phytophagous insect used as a BCA, i.e. the leaf beetle Ophraella communa, a promising BCA of common ragweed, recently and accidentally introduced into Europe. A total 33.98 Gb of raw DNA sequences, representing c. 43-fold coverage, were obtained using the PacBio SMRT-Cell sequencing approach. Among the five different assemblers tested, the SMARTdenovo assembly displaying the best scores was then corrected with Illumina short reads. A final genome of 774 Mb containing 7,003 scaffolds was obtained. The reliability of the final assembly was then assessed by benchmarking universal single-copy orthologous genes (> 96.0% of the 1,658 expected insect genes) and by remapping tests of Illumina short reads (average of 98.6% ± 0.7% without filtering). The number of protein-coding genes of 75,642, representing 82% of the published antennal transcriptome, and the phylogenetic analyses based on 825 orthologous genes placing O. communa in the monophyletic group of Chrysomelidae, confirm the relevance of our genome assembly. Overall, the genome provides a valuable resource for studying potential risks and benefits of this BCA facing environmental novelties.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

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Parasitoids of leaf herbivores enhance plant fitness and do not alter caterpillar-induced resistance against seed beetles

1. Organisms of the third trophic level can indirectly interact with plants. However, whether parasitoids of herbivores have a positive effect on plant fitness has been controversial. In addition to possible effects on plant fitness, parasitoid-mitigated herbivory can modify plant physiological responses and thereby alter the plant-mediated indirect interactions between different herbivore species. These types of indirect multitrophic interactions remain largely unexplored. Thus, to understand the full effect of the third trophic level on plants, it is necessary to consider the context of the community of interacting species, both herbivores and their enemies. 2. Here, we investigated if parasitoids of leaf-feeding caterpillars affect plant fitness (seed quantity and quality) and the consequences for seed-dwelling insects at the second and third trophic levels through plant mediated effects. To test this, we exposed lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus), under controlled field conditions, to unparasitized caterpillars (Spodoptera latifascia) or caterpillars that were parasitized by the parasitoid species Cotesia marginiventris. Later in the season, we measured seed production and infestation by seed beetles and their parasitoids. 3. We found that parasitoids significantly reduced the leaf damage inflicted by the caterpillars, such that the plants suffered no loss in seed production. Yet, parasitoids had no effect on the emergence of seed beetles (Zabrotes subfasciatus and Acanthoscelides obtectus), which was equally reduced in plants attacked by unparasitized and by parasitized caterpillars. Seeds from undamaged plants were significantly more attacked by Z. subfasciatus beetles. Parasitism rates of seed beetle larvae were similar for all treatments. 4. Although parasitized caterpillars did not damage the plants enough to reduce seed production (unlike unparasitized caterpillars), the damage they inflicted induced resistance against other herbivores. Taken together, these results reveal how parasitoids can indirectly enhance plant fitness in the context of the local ecological networks. These findings have significant implications for natural and agricultural systems since they reveal that the indirect interaction between plants and parasitoids can be beneficial in communities with multiple herbivore species.

opencc-zeroNov 2019View details →

Figs 8–12 in REVIEW OF LEAF BEETLES OF THE SUBGENUS HYPERICIA BEDEL, 1899 (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: CHRYSOLINA) FROM EAST ASIA

Figs 8–12. Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view. 8 – Chrysolina difficilis Motschulsky

Figs 6–7 in REVIEW OF LEAF BEETLES OF THE SUBGENUS HYPERICIA BEDEL, 1899 (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: CHRYSOLINA) FROM EAST ASIA

Figs 6–7. Habitus in dorsal view. 6 – Chrysolina changbaishana sp. n., holotype, male (S

Figs 17–20 in REVIEW OF LEAF BEETLES OF THE SUBGENUS HYPERICIA BEDEL, 1899 (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: CHRYSOLINA) FROM EAST ASIA

Figs 17–20. Habitus in dorsal view and labels of the types. Chrysolina gracilis Bechyně:

Figs 21–22 in REVIEW OF LEAF BEETLES OF THE SUBGENUS HYPERICIA BEDEL, 1899 (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: CHRYSOLINA) FROM EAST ASIA

Figs 21–22. Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view. 21 – Chrysolina gracilis Bechyně,