Figures 16–18 in Natural history of Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini) on Arctotheca prostrata (Salisb.) Britten (Asteraceae: Arctotidinae) in South Africa, with a checklist of South African Cassidinae (leaf-mining and tortoise beetles)

Figures 16–18. Ootheca and young larvae of Cassida sphaerula (photos: S. Adam, September 2021). 16) Venter of host leaf with two oothecae (arrows) and two instar III with their black exuvio-fecal shields. 17) Ootheca (~2 mm long). 18) Ootheca with oval-shaped egg. 19) Two young instar 1 (~2 mm long) with tiny black shield composed entirely of its own feces. 20) Mature instar 1 with larger shield (reared from Fig. 19).