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opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

The potential of using different legume species in a push-pull approach to manage Spodoptera frugiperda in maize in China

Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a notorious pest on crops, especially on maize. The push-pull strategy based on the intercropping system has been reported to effectively reduce the damage of S. frugiperda. However, the suitable mode for S. frugiperda management in maize-based intercropping systems in China has not been reported thoroughly. In this study, the adaptability, feeding, and oviposition preferences of S. frugiperda on maize (Zea mays L.), mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red bean (Vigna angularis Willd.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), were firstly compared through lift table analysis and indoor cage tests. Subsequently, based on the results from the laboratory tests, mung bean –cowpea was selected as the push-pull system for S. frugiperda occurrence studied in the field. Results showed that maize is the most suitable host for S. frugiperda, as indicated by the shortest developmental duration and the highest pupal weight. However, among all the tested bean plants, the cowpea is the best for S. frugiperda, on which the larval duration, pre-adults, and adult durations were significantly shorter than others. Meanwhile, the feeding and oviposition preference tests revealed that S. frugiperda had a strong preference for maize and cowpea, while the opposite was true for mung bean. Compared to maize monoculture, the number of eggs of S. frugiperda laid in maize-mung decreased by 67.25%, and that in maize-cowpea significantly increased to 2.04 times. In a randomized block experiment in the field, it was found the incidence of maize in the mung bean-cowpea system was significantly lower than that of maize monocropping and maize only surrounded by cowpea. This study indicated that mung bean and cowpea are promising candidates as a repellent plant (push) and attractant plants (pull) to be intercropped with maize using the push-pull strategy to lessen the damage caused by S. frugiperda in maize-based intercropping systems.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Wild legumes maintain beneficial soil rhizobia populations despite decades of nitrogen deposition

Natural landscapes are increasingly impacted by nitrogen enrichment from aquatic and airborne pollution sources. Nitrogen enrichment in the environment can eliminate the net benefits that plants gain from nitrogen-fixing microbes such as rhizobia, potentially altering host-mediated selection on nitrogen fixation. However, we know little about the long-term effects of nitrogen enrichment on this critical microbial service. Here, we sampled populations of the legume Acmispon strigosus and its associated soil microbial communities from sites spanning an anthropogenic nitrogen deposition gradient. We measured the net growth benefits plants obtained from their local soil microbial communities and quantified plant investment into nodules that house nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. We found that plant growth benefits from sympatric soil microbes did not vary in response to local soil nitrogen levels, and instead varied mainly among plant lines. Soil nitrogen levels positively predicted the number of nodules formed on sympatric plant hosts, although this was likely due to plant genotypic variation in nodule formation, rather than variation among soil microbial communities. The capacity of all the tested soil microbial communities to improve plant growth is consistent with plant populations imposing strong selection on rhizobial nitrogen fixation despite elevated soil nitrogen levels, suggesting that host control traits in A. strigosus are stable under long-term nutrient enrichment.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Highly resolved papilionoid legume phylogeny based on plastid phylogenomics

Comprising 501 genera and around 14,000 species, Papilionoideae is not only the largest subfamily of Fabaceae (Leguminosae; legumes), but also one of the most extraordinarily diverse clades among angiosperms. Papilionoids are a major source of food and forage, are ecologically successful in all major biomes, and display dramatic variation in both floral architecture and plastid genome (plastome) structure. Plastid DNA-based phylogenetic analyses have greatly improved our understanding of relationships among the major groups of Papilionoideae, yet the backbone of the subfamily phylogeny remains unresolved. In this study, we sequenced and assembled 39 new plastomes that are covering key genera of evolution and morphological diversity in the subfamily. From 244 total taxa, we produced eight datasets for maximum likelihood (ML) analyses based on entire plastomes and/or concatenated sequences of 77 protein-coding sequences (CDS) and two datasets for multispecies coalescent (MSC) analyses based on individual gene trees. We additionally produced a combined nucleotide dataset comprising CDS plus matK gene sequences only, in which most papilionoid genera were sampled. An ML tree based on the entire plastome maximally supported all of the deep and most recent divergences of papilionoids (223 out of 236 nodes). The Swartzieae, ADA (Angylocalyceae, Dipterygeae, and Amburaneae), Cladrastis, Andira, and Exostyleae clades formed a grade to the remainder of the Papilionoideae, concordant with nine ML and two MSC trees. Phylogenetic relationships among the remaining five papilionoid lineages (Vataireoid, Dermatophyllum, Genistoid s.l., Dalbergioid s.l., and Baphieae + Non-Protein Amino Acid Accumulating or NPAAA clade) remained uncertain, because of insufficient support and/or conflicting relationships among trees. Our study fully resolved most of the deep nodes of Papilionoideae, however some relationships require further exploration. More genome-scale data and rigorous analyses are needed to disentangle phylogenetic relationships among the five remaining lineages.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Farmers' preference of Indigenous legume fodder trees and shrubs in semi humid condition of southern Ethiopia

the study was conducted to asses the farmers feed value preferance of the indigenous legume fodder tree and shrub species. 21 ILFTS species were identified the farmers preferance score was assesed for all the species. focus group discussion was held to determine the parameters for the preferance score. accordingly five parameters namely feed value, growth rate, biomass yield, compatability and multifuctionality were identified the parameters for prefrance scoring.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

In-vitro gas production kinetics and methane emission potential of selected indigenous legume fodder tree and shrubs in the semi-humid condition of the southern Ethiopia

The data is about the  gas production production characteristics and methane emission potential of the selected eleven species of indigenous legume fodder tree and shrubs in the semi-humid condition of the southern Ethiopia.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Combining GWAS and population genomic analyses to characterize coevolution in a legume-rhizobia symbiosis

The mutualism between legumes and rhizobia is clearly the product of past coevolution. However, the nature of ongoing evolution between these partners is less clear. To characterize the nature of recent coevolution between legumes and rhizobia, we used population genomic analysis to characterize selection on functionally annotated symbiosis genes as well as on symbiosis gene candidates identified through a two-species association analysis. For the association analysis, we inoculated each of 202 accessions of the legume host Medicago truncatula with a community of 88 Ensifer meliloti strains. Multi-strain inoculation, which better reflects the ecological reality of rhizobial selection in nature than single-strain inoculation, allows strains to compete for nodulation opportunities and host resources and for hosts to preferentially form nodules and provide resources to some strains. We found extensive host by symbiont, i.e., genotype-by-genotype, effects on rhizobia fitness and some annotated rhizobia genes bear signatures of recent positive selection. However, neither genes responsible for this variation nor annotated host symbiosis genes are enriched for signatures of either positive or balancing selection. This result suggests that stabilizing selection dominates selection acting on symbiotic traits and that variation in these traits is under mutation-selection balance. Consistent with the lack of positive selection acting on host genes, we found that among-host variation in growth was similar whether plants were grown with rhizobia or N-fertilizer, suggesting that the symbiosis may not be a major driver of variation in plant growth in multi-strain contexts.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Dataset of initiatives selling ancient cereals and minor legumes in short and mid-tier chains in 7 European Countries

This is a databse consisting of 1268 initiatives in 7 European countries that are selling or promoting neglected and underutilised crops (NUCs). The concerned NUCs are ancient cereals and minor legumes. The data included in this databse was collected from websites, facebook and instagram pages that are all publicly available.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Plant traits of grass and legume species for flood resilience and N2O mitigation

Flooding threatens the functioning of managed grasslands by decreasing primary productivity and increasing nitrogen losses, notably as the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). Sowing species with traits that promote flood resilience and mitigate flood-induced N2O emissions within these grasslands could safeguard their productivity while mitigating nitrogen losses. We tested how plant traits and resource acquisition strategies could predict flood resilience and N2O emissions of 12 common grassland species (eight grasses and four legumes) grown in field soil in monocultures in a 14-week greenhouse experiment. We found that grasses were more resistant to flooding, while legumes recovered better. Resource-conservative grass species had higher resistance, while resource-acquisitive grasses species recovered better. Resilient grass and legume species lowered cumulative N2O emissions. Grasses with lower inherent leaf and root δ13C (and legumes with lower root δ13C) lowered cumulative N2O emissions during and after the flood. Our results highlight the differing responses of grasses with contrasting resource acquisition strategies, and of legumes to flooding. Combining grasses and legumes based on their traits and resource acquisition strategies could increase the flood-resilience of managed grasslands, and their capability to mitigate flood-induced N2O emissions.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Testing TOMRES rootstocks and their efficiency to utilize biologically fixed nitrogen coming from legumes green manure

This experiment was established to test a promising TOMRES variety cultivated under organic and conventional crop system and test different rootstocks coming from the TOMRES collection. In the organic treatment, legumes were pre-cultivated before the tomato crop and were incorporated in soil as green manure. Worms were also applied in the crop to test their ability to increase yield and wue in tomato crop.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Priority effects alter interaction outcomes in a legume-rhizobium mutualism

Priority effects occur when the order of species arrival affects final community structure. Mutualists often interact with multiple partners in different orders, but if or how priority effects alter interaction outcomes is an open question. In the field, we paired the legume Medicago lupulina with two nodulating strains of Ensifer bacteria that vary in nitrogen-fixing ability. We inoculated plants with strains in different orders and measured interaction outcomes. The first strain to arrive primarily determined plant performance and final relative abundances of rhizobia on roots. Plants that received effective microbes first and ineffective microbes second grew larger than plants inoculated with the same microbes in opposite order. Our results show that mutualism outcomes can be influenced not just by partner identity, but by interaction order. Furthermore, hosts receiving high-quality mutualists early can better tolerate low-quality symbionts later, indicating priority effects may help explain the persistence of ineffective symbionts.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Agroecosystem diversification with legumes or non-legumes improves differently soil fertility according to soil type

Plant diversification through crop rotation or agroforestry is a promising way to improve sustainability of agroecosystems. Nonetheless, criteria to select the most suitable plant communities for agroecosystems diversification facing contrasting environmental constraints need to be refined. Here, we compared the impacts of 24 different plant communities on soil fertility across six tropical agroecosystems: either on highly weathered Ferralsols, with strong P limitation, or on partially weathered soils derived from volcanic material, with major N limitation. In each agroecosystem, we tested several plant communities for diversification, as compared to a matching low diversity management for their cropping system. Plant residue restitution, N, P and lignin contents were measured for each plant community. In parallel, the soil under each community was analyzed for organic C and N, inorganic N, Olsen P, soil pH and nematode community composition. Soil potential fertility was assessed with plant bioassays under greenhouse controlled climatic conditions. Overall, plant diversification had a positive effect on soil fertility across all sites, with contrasting effects depending on soil type and legumes presence in the community. Communities with legumes improved soil fertility indicators of volcanic soils, which was demonstrated through significantly higher plant biomass production in the bioassays (+18%) and soil inorganic N (+26%) compared to the low diversity management. Contrastingly, communities without legumes were the most beneficial in Ferralsols, with increases in plant biomass production in the bioassays (+39%), soil Olsen P (+46%), soil C (+26%), and pH (+5%). Piecewise structural equation models with Shipley's test revealed that plant diversification impacts on volcanic soil fertility were related to soil N availability, driven by litter N. Meanwhile, Ferralsols fertility was related to soil P availability, driven by litter P. These findings underline the importance of multifactorial and multi-sites experiments to inform trait-based frameworks used in designing optimal plant diversification in agroecological systems.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Interspecific interactions regulate plant reproductive allometry in cereal-legume intercropping systems

1. Calls for the application of ecological principles in agriculture have gained momentum. Intercropping systems are designed by growing two, or more, annual crop species in the same field, aiming for a better resource use efficiency. However, assembly rules for their design are lacking. Notably, it is unknown whether species performances are maximized during both the vegetative and reproductive phases given the sensitivity of reproductive allocation rules to resource limitation. Interestingly, ecological theory provides expectations regarding putative invariance of plant reproductive allometry (PRA) under non-limiting conditions for plant growth. Here we examined whether and how PRA changes in response to plant-plant interactions in intercropping systems, which can inform both ecological theory and the understanding of the functioning of intercropping systems. 2. We analyzed a dataset of 28 field cereal-legume intercropping trials from various climatic and management conditions across Western Europe. PRA was quantified in both mixing and single-species situations. 3. PRA was positively impacted in specific management conditions, leading to a greater increase in yield for a given increase in plant size. Variations in PRA were more beneficial for legumes grown in unfertilized mixtures, which explains their use as a key component in actual intercropping systems. The response for cereals was similar but less pronounced in magnitude, and was greater under resource limiting conditions. Focusing on intercropping conditions, hierarchical competition (indicated by biomass difference between intercropped species) appears as a strong driver of the reproductive output of a given species. 4. Synthesis and applications. PRA behaves in crop species in the same way as it does in wild species. However, contrary to theoretical expectations about an overall invariance of PRA, we highlighted taxon-specific and context-dependent effects of plant-plant interactions on PRA. This systematic deviation to PRA expectations could be leveraged to cultivate each species up to its reproductive optimum while accounting for the performance of the other, whether farmer's objective is to favor one species or to reach an equilibrium in seed production. Sowing density and cultivar choice could regulate the biomass of each component, with specific targets derived from allometric relationships, aiming for an optimal reproductive allocation in mixtures.21-Jul-2021

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

New legume option in Pampa-Patagonia region

Table S1. Winter and spring dry matter (DM) yield, and growing degree days (above 0ºC) necessary to reach flowering in different legume accessions evaluated in five screening experiments in the Pampa-Patagonia transitional region of Argentina. Table S2. Vicia villosa (Patagonia INTA) and Onobrychis viciifolia (AD-INTA) survival (%) in two phenological stages, at 3 (c) and 18 weeks (d), during 100 days.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Endophytes shape the legacy left by the above- and below ground litter of the host affecting the establishment of a legume

Plant litter is a key component of plant-soil feedback (PSF), given its strong potential impacts on plant establishment and growth, through chemical and physical pathways. Although PSF of the layer of dead plant material on the soil surface (aboveground litter) has been widely studied little is known about the role of dead roots (belowground litter) and the impact of plant symbionts on host litter legacy. Here, we examined whether the fungal endophyte Epichloë occultans changed the effects of above and belowground litter of Lolium multiflorum plants on the establishment of Trifolium repens. We hypothesized that both types of litter deposited by the grass-endophyte symbiosis reduce the establishment of the legume due to the release of allelopathic compounds during the decomposition and leaching processes. To test this, we performed two experiments with different quantities of litter produced by plants of the same grass population, with high and low levels of endophyte infection (E+ and E-). Seeds of T. repens were exposed to the aboveground litter with or without the addition of belowground litter, or to their leachates, to separate the physical and chemical pathways. We found that the treatments with the combination of the above and belowground litter produced by E+ plants, increased the germination speed and seedling emergence of T. repens by 56% compared with both types of litter produced by E- plants. A similar effect was also observed with only the aboveground litter. However, the belowground litter of E+ plants reduced the germination speed, seedling emergence by 76% and establishment of T. repens by 73% compared with the belowground litter of E- plants. Besides, the belowground litter had positive effects on the root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and reduced the root nodulation of T. repens. The quantity of litter did not affect any of these responses. Our results suggest that these litter legacy effects could be due to the release of endophyte induced secondary metabolites, such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Changes in host plant litter inputs may have consequences for the prevalence of legume plants in grasslands and pastures, affecting their quality and dynamics.

Collecting data on Hungarian traditional/local pulse varieties, on legume production, consumption and trade of food-purpose pulses in Hungary

Summary data on traditional and local Hungarian pulse varieties will be provided. This will include a systematic summary of all legume species and varieties used for food and feed that are stored in the seed bank data of the National Plant Diversity Centre, Hungary. Statistical data mined from the database of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (CSO) on the production of the most significant food and feed legumes in Hungary, the household consumption of the some food-used pulses, as well as the food industry processing and the national trade of pulses. Mining and summarizing existing data from different resources will be performed during 2017 and will be provided by February 2018. Statistical data on production, consumption and traded will be supplemented during the project with the updates of CSO databases. Methodologies used will be desk research and primer analysis.

CS16: Policy for sustainable development ( development of "Croatian Case Study - Legumes: their potential role in Croatian agricultural production")

(i)The main aim is to develop a document that will gave an overview of current situation regarding legumes consumption and production in Croatia and also to develope a reccomendations for policy makers.   (ii) Purpose of this Case Study and the whole project implementation is to raise awareness about consumption and production of legumes both for human consumption and animal feed. (iii) April 2019.- September 2019.  (iv) Species - N.A.  (v) PIRED facilities (vi) Following different methodological tools was applied like: desk research, analysis of available quantitative historical data, interviews with key regional retailers and company managers, focus groups, benchmarking, expert analysis and expert drafting (vii)  detection of number of producers, utilized areas,  processing infrastructure and development of recommendations for policy makers and local decision makers.  (viii) in progress (ix) This document will have significant impact on policy, mainly on local level ( for local decision makers) because developed recommendations will gave an directions, guideline and examples of good practice.

Assessment of legume starches to determine rheological characteristics relevant to alcohol production

In the production of any alcoholic beverage you must understand the starch present and how to degrade it (via gelatinisation, liquefaction and saccharification) to simple sugars that are usable by yeast.  Through using a RVA and a new rheometer method the gelatinisation temperature of a raw materials starch has been identified.  This is the point where starch granules have become swollen with water and burst open to release their starch into solution thus making it available for enzymatic breakdown.  This temperature point is specific to the raw material being used and is critical in producing a fermentable feedstock.  This method can further be used to assess the success of different enzyme additions on starch breakdown; with a decrease in viscosity indicating successful enzymatic breakdown. Samples are milled to produce a fine grist.  A fixed amount of the grist is then used to form a slurry with a calculated weight of water and run on a pre-set rheometer programme.  The programme consists of an initial rapid stir followed by continuous stirring as temperature is increased, held, then decreased. The rheometer software then produces a chart output of the viscosity over time from which conclusions such as starch gelatinisation temperature, enzyme activity etc can be drawn.

CS16: Policy for sustainable development ( development of "Croatian Case Study - Legumes: their potential role in Croatian agricultural production")

(i)The main aim is to develop a document that will gave an overview of current situation regarding legumes consumption and production in Croatia and also to develop recommendations for policy makers.   (ii) Purpose of this Case Study and the whole project implementation is to raise awareness about consumption and production of legumes both for human consumption and animal feed. (iii) April 2019.- September 2019.  (iv) Species - N.A.  (v) PIRED facilities

Processing of Legume Products to new Foods

The aim of the work is to develop and produce new foods from various legume processing products. Knowledge of the raw material properties (like water absorption, acidity and aggregation properties) of legume products is very important for product development. It was tried to find connections between raw material parameters and quality of the developed products. Therefore, different technologies were used. The first orienting tests showed that extrusion is the most suitable technology for product development. Due to the dominance of the protein components, experiments were carried out during development in which the pH value was shifted to the alkaline range. Roasting was also tested. A flour was produced from roasted peas, but it did not have good processing properties. These products should have good chances for marketing with regard to their properties. Therefore, properties should be achieved which represent unique selling points for these products. Essential characteristics are that these products are vegetarian or vegan, free of gluten, GMO and allergens. A further goal is a high protein content of the food, which offers the possibility to market these products as meat analogues. Since 2017, the work has been carried out in the pilot plants of IGV GmbH. The first products have been prototyped with pea products (green peas, yellow peas) and lentils. Flours of peeled peas, pea protein concentrates and pea protein isolates have been processed into directly expanded or gelatinised products by means of various types of extrusion, in particular by twin screw extrusion. Expanded products are produced by hot extrusion. They can be used as ready to eat snacks or form the basis for further developments. Gelatinated extrudates are extruded using a gentle process and are semi-finished products, that can be further processed by flocculation or deep-frying.             A product family based on pea protein is currently completed. These basic products can be used in various applications. The work will be continued with other legume products (Fava beans, Lentils).