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218 results for “Leopards”
Distinguishing intraspecific from interspecific variation in the leopard frog species complex
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Data from: Metabarcoding analysis provides insight into the link between prey and plant intake in a large alpine cat carnivore, the snow leopard
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Influence of land use changes on landscape connectivity for North China leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis)
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Ungulate spatiotemporal responses to contrasting predation risk from wolves and snow leopards
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Data from: Prey abundance and leopard diet in a plantation and rainforest landscape, Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats
<p>Leopards use a wide range of habitats from natural forests to plantations in human-dominated landscapes. Within interface areas, understanding leopard ecology and diet can help in conservation management and conflict avoidance. In a fragmented rainforest and plantation landscape in southern India, we examined diet of large carnivores (with a focus on leopards) using scat analysis with DNA-based identification of predator species, and estimated relative abundance of prey species in different land uses through transect surveys. Large carnivores predominantly consumed wild prey species (98.1%) and domestic prey species contributed <2% to overall prey biomass. For leopards, four wild prey species (Indian muntjac, Indian spotted chevrotain, sambar and Indian porcupine) contributed 95.1% of prey biomass, with the rest being minor wild prey species (no livestock in identified scats). Wild prey species occurred across the landscape but varied in relative abundance by land-use type, with forest fragments supporting higher abundance of many species relative to tea and coffee plantations. As large carnivores mainly depend on wild prey and rainforest fragments act as refuges for these mammals within the tea and coffee plantations, it is important to continue to retain or restore these forest fragments.</p> <p>This dataset contains abundance data on mammals (large carnivores and their prey species), using direct and indirect sign surveys along line and belt transects, respectively, as well as data on remains of prey species in large carnivore scats. This dataset is part of a study (published paper under Related works) on leopard ecology in a landscape containing commercial plantations of tea and coffee, and rainforest fragments and protected area. These data were collected between 2008 and 2010 in Valparai plateau and Anamalai Tiger Reserve in the Western Ghats, India. The dataset contains following files:</p> <p>1) Transect_details.csv<br> 2) Transect_repeats.csv<br> 3) Mammals_Direct_signs.csv<br> 4) Mammals_Indirect_signs.csv<br> 5) Large_carnivores_Indirect_signs.csv<br> 6) Large_carnivore_Diet.csv</p> <p>More details regarding the above files can be found in ReadMe_Data_ColumnNames.txt.</p> <p><strong>Update, version 2</strong>: Data were updated on 4 May 2020. There was an error in the following file: Large_carnivore_Diet.csv. This file has been corrected and replaced in this update. All other files are correct and therefore not replaced.</p>
Data from: Studded leather collars are very effective in protecting cattle from leopard (Panthera pardus) attacks
<p>Human-wildlife conflicts are widespread, particularly with big cats which can kill domestic livestock and create a counteraction between conservation and local livelihoods, especially near protected areas. Minimization of livestock losses caused by big cats and other predators is essential to mitigate conflicts and promote socially acceptable conservation. As big cats usually kill by throat bites, protective collars represent a potentially effective non-lethal intervention to prevent livestock depredation, yet the application and effectiveness estimation of these tools are very limited. In this study, for the first time we measured the effectiveness of studded leather collars in protecting cattle from leopard (Panthera pardus) attacks. We conducted a randomized controlled experiment during 14 months to collar 202 heads and leave uncollared 258 heads grazing in forests and belonging to 27 owners from eight villages near three protected areas in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Our results show that none of collared cattle and nine uncollared cattle were lost to leopard depredation, meaning that collars caused a zero relative risk of damage and a perfect 100% damage reduction. Most losses occurred in summer and autumn due to lush vegetation attracting more cattle, long daytime allowing movements deep into leopard habitats, and dense cover favoring leopard hunts from ambush. Losses were recorded in only six owners and four villages, suggesting local rarity and patchy distribution of leopards. We suggest that collars can be successfully applied to cattle freely grazing in habitats of leopards or other felids for a long time and thus remaining persistently exposed to depredation. As grazing cattle are usually not supervised by shepherds or dogs, collars can be the only practical protection tool. Production and sales of collars can become a sustainable small-scale business for farmers to further boost conservation and rural livelihoods.</p>
Data from: Species-specific spatiotemporal patterns of leopard, lion and tiger attacks on humans
1. Large carnivores of the genus Panthera can pose serious threats to public safety. Although the annual number of attacks on humans is rare compared to livestock depredation, such incidents undermine popular support for wildlife conservation and require immediate responses to protect human life. 2. We used a space-time scan method to perform a novel spatiotemporal analysis of 908 attacks on humans by lions, leopards and tigers to estimate the risks of further attacks in the same locales. 3. We found that a substantial proportion of attacks were clustered in time and space, but the dimension of these outbreaks varied between species. Lion outbreaks included more human fatalities, persisted for longer periods of time, and extended over larger areas than tiger or leopard outbreaks. 4. These techniques could be used by relevant agencies to warn local people of risks from further attacks within a certain time and distance following an initial incident by each species, as well as identify areas that require management interventions to address these threats.31-Oct-2018
Genetic analyses reveal population structure and recent decline in leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) across Indian subcontinent
<p><span><span><b><i>Background </i></b></span></span></p> <p><span><span>Large carnivores maintain the stability and functioning of ecosystems. Currently, many carnivore species face declining population sizes due to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The leopard, <i>Panthera pardus</i>, is probably the most widely distributed and highly adaptable large felid globally, still persisting in most of its historic range. However, we lack subspecies-level data on country or regional scale on population trends, as ecological monitoring approaches are difficult to apply on such wide-ranging species. We used genetic data from leopards sampled across the Indian subcontinent to investigate population structure and patterns of demographic decline. </span></span></p> <p><span><span><b><i>Methods </i></b></span></span></p> <p><span><span>We collected faecal samples from the Terai-Arc landscape of north India and identified 56 unique individuals using a panel of 13 microsatellite markers. We merged this data with already available 143 leopard individuals and assessed genetic structure at country scale. Subsequently, we investigated the demographic history of each identified subpopulations and compared genetic decline analyses with countrywide local extinction probabilities. </span></span></p> <p><span><span><b><i>Results </i></b></span></span></p> <p><span><span>Our genetic analyses revealed four distinct subpopulations corresponding to Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau-Semi Arid, Shivalik and Terai region of the north Indian landscape, each with high genetic variation. Coalescent simulations with microsatellite loci revealed a possibly human-induced 75-90% population decline between ∼120-200 years ago across India. Population-specific estimates of genetic decline are in concordance with ecological estimates of local extinction probabilities in these subpopulations obtained from occupancy modeling of the historic and current distribution of leopards in India. </span></span></p> <p><span><span><b><i>Conclusions </i></b></span></span></p> <p><span><span>Our results confirm the population decline of a widely distributed, adaptable large carnivore. We re-iterate the relevance of indirect genetic methods for such species in conjunction with occupancy assessment and recommend that detailed, landscape-level ecological studies on leopard populations are critical to future conservation efforts. Our approaches and inference are relevant to other widely distributed, seemingly unaffected carnivores such as the leopard.</span></span></p>
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Leopard (Panthera pardus)
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Leopard (<i>Panthera pardus</i>) from http://braincatalogue.org/Leopard</p>
Benin Leopard Mask
Materials: Ivory, Lead. Dims: H18.5 x W10 x D4.4. Accession no: JB 008. Current Location: [The Hunt Museum](https://www.huntmuseum.com/), [Limerick](https://www.geonames.org/7778675/limerick-city.html). This lead and ivory head of a leopard is an Edo ceremonial costume attachment from the [royal court of of Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin), now incorporated into the modern [republic of Nigeria](http://www.geonames.org/2328926/federal-republic-of-nigeria.html). Much Benin art was looted following the violent Benin Expedition of 1897. The expedition was mounted to avenge the defeat by the Binis of a British invasion force that had violated Benin territory earlier in 1896. The number of Edo killed are unknown but acknowledged as very numerous. The story of Benin artwork is at the heart of an ongoing debate about cultural restitution. [Learn more about our research.](https://www.huntmuseum.com/explore/item/f5671099-babd-3639-a320-c3376506b347/?s%3Dbenin&pos=1) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Live capture and handling of Taiwanese leopard cats_Data
<p>This data set forms the basis of a scientific open access publication in Wildlife Biology:</p> <p><strong>van der Meer E, Dullemont H, Chen WL, Chang AM, Chen CC, Pei KJC, Lai YC (2022) Live capture and handling of Taiwanese leopard cats (<em>Prionailurus bengalensis</em>): an evaluation of trap designs and capture protocol. Wildlife Biology.</strong></p> <p>It contains data on trap characteristics, leopard cat visits, domestic dog visits and bycatch for various trap designs used for the live trapping of leopard cats in Taiwan. It also includes data on leopard cat movement in the first six days after trapping and handling, based on triangulation of the signal from the VHF collars of the study animals.</p> <p> </p>
Quantifying the relationship between prey density, livestock and illegal killing of leopards
<p>Many large mammalian carnivores are facing population declines due to illegal killing (e.g., shooting) and habitat modification (e.g., livestock farming). Illegal killing occurs cryptically and hence is difficult to detect. However, reducing illegal killing requires a solid understanding of its magnitude and underlying drivers, while accounting for the imperfect detection of illegal killing events. Despite the importance of illegal killing of large carnivores in comparison with other causes of mortality, its relationship with <span>potential</span> drivers such as livestock density and wild prey abundance is rarely described.</p> <p>Using ranger-collected data (2007-2019) of leopard killing events and data on covariates (livestock density, wild prey abundance, road length, protected area size, elevation) across Iran, we applied a single-visit N-mixture model to jointly model variation in detection probability and expected annualized number of leopard killing events.</p> <p>Over the study period, we estimated 428 leopard mortalities (95% CI 184–1014), which was 45% larger than the observed number. Expected intensity of leopard killing was positively related to protected area size, livestock density and wild prey abundance. Detection of leopard killing was higher in areas with more developed road networks.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis and applications</strong></p> <p>Ranger based monitoring data on poaching of carnivores are cost-effective, but traditional analysis does not take into account imperfect detection. We show that innovative statistics (single-visit N-mixture modeling) can reliably quantify poaching events and address their drivers, at large geographical scales. We used the example of the Persian leopard across Iran, but our approach is also applicable to understand killing dynamics of other species. Results suggest that a high frequency of leopard killing is likely to occur in areas with > 100 livestock per km<sup>2</sup> and > 450 individuals of wild prey per km<sup>2</sup>. This highlights the need for improved management of livestock grazing and effective measures around high-risk protected areas to mitigate human-leopard conflict and reduce killing of leopards.</p>
Molecular tracking and prevalence of the red colour morph restricted to a harvested leopard population in South Africa
<p>The red leopard (<em>Panthera pardus</em>) colour morph is a colour variant that occurs only in South Africa, where it is confined to the Central Bushveld bioregion. Red leopards have been spreading over the past 40 years, which raises the speculation that the prevalence of this phenotype is related to low dispersal of young individuals owing to high off-take in the region. Intensive selective hunting tends to remove large resident males from the breeding population, which gives young males the chance to mate with resident females that are more likely to be their relatives, eventually increasing the frequency of rare genetic variants. To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the red coat colour morph in leopards, and whether its prevalence in South Africa relates to an increase in genetic relatedness in the population, we sequenced exons of six colour coat associated genes and 20 microsatellite loci in twenty wild-type and four red leopards. The results were combined with demographic data available from our study sites. We found that red leopards own a haplotype in homozygosity identified by one non-synonymous SNP and a 1 bp deletion that causes a frameshift in the Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (TYRP1), a gene known to be involved in the biosynthesis of melanin. Microsatellite analyses indicate clear signs of a population bottleneck and a relatedness of 0.11 among all pairwise relationships, eventually supporting our hypothesis that a rare colour morph in the wild has increased its local frequency due to low natal dispersal. This was backed by a high human-induced mortality rate (40%).</p>
Data from: Transcriptomic evidence for visual adaptation during the aquatic to terrestrial metamorphosis in leopard frogs
<p>Data from: Transcriptomic evidence for visual adaptation during the aquatic to terrestrial metamorphosis in leopard frogs</p>
Data associated with manuscript titled "Landscape predictors of Human-Leopard conflicts in and around Annapurna Conservation Area."
<p>The data set belongs to the research conducted in Annapurna Conservation Area regarding Human Leopard Conflict (HLC). </p>
Figure 1 in Diet selection of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Chitral, Pakistan
Figure 1. Location of study area in Chitral District, Pakistan.
Figure 2 in New record of the Western leopard gecko, Eublepharis angramainyu Anderson & Leviton, 1966 (Sauria: Eublepharidae) from southeastern Iran
Figure 2. Habitat of Eublepharis angramainyu.
Figure 1 in New record of the Western leopard gecko, Eublepharis angramainyu Anderson & Leviton, 1966 (Sauria: Eublepharidae) from southeastern Iran
Figure 1. Eublepharis angramainyu.
Data from: Whiskers provide time-series of toxic and essential trace elements, Se:Hg molar ratios, and stable isotope values of an apex Antarctic predator, the leopard seal
<p>In an era of rapid environmental change and increasing human presence, researchers need efficient tools for tracking contaminants to monitor the health of Antarctic flora and fauna. Here, we examined the utility of leopard seal whiskers as a biomonitoring tool that reconstructs time-series of significant ecological and physiological biomarkers. Leopard seals (<em>Hydrurga leptonyx</em>) are a sentinel species in the Western Antarctic Peninsula due to their apex predator status and top-down effects on several Antarctic species. However, there are few data on their contaminant loads. We analyzed leopard seal whiskers (n = 18 individuals, n = 981 segments) collected during 2018–2019 field seasons to acquire longitudinal profiles of non-essential (Hg, Pb, and Cd) and essential (Se, Cu, and Zn) trace elements, stable isotope (ẟ<sub>15</sub>N and ẟ<sub>13</sub>C) values and to assess Hg risk with Se:Hg molar ratios. Whiskers provided between 46 and 286 cumulative days of growth with a mean ~125 days per whisker (n = 18). Adult whiskers showed variability in non-essential trace elements over time that could partly be explained by changes in diet. Whisker Hg levels were insufficient (<20 ppm) to consider most seals being at "high" risk for Hg toxicity. Nevertheless, maximum Hg concentrations observed in this study were greater than that of leopard seal hair measured two decades ago. However, variation in the Se:Hg molar ratios over time suggest that Se may detoxify Hg burden in leopard seals. Overall, we provide evidence that the analysis of leopard seal whiskers allows for the reconstruction of time-series ecological and physiological data and can be valuable for opportunistically monitoring the health of the leopard seal population and their Antarctic ecosystem during climate change.</p>
Figure 5 in The spatial structure of а snow leopard population (Panthera uncia, Felidae, Carnivora) in east Kyrgyzstan
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of snow leopards in the Sarychat–Ertash Reserve.
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