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83 results for “Litopterna”
FIG. 2 in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)
FIG. 2. — Upper dentition of Megadolodus molariformis McKenna, 1956 (VPPLT 1588): A, left P1 in labial (top), occlusal (middle) and distal (bottom) views; B, left P2 in labial (top), occlusal (middle) and distal (bottom) views; C, left P3 or P4 in labial (top), occlusal (middle) and lingual (bottom) views; D, fragment of left maxilla with M1-3 in labial (top), occlusal (middle) and lingual (bottom) views; E, right P3 or P4 in labial (top), occlusal (middle) and lingual (bottom) views; the photos were digitally reversed to show the same orientation as the left dentition; F, detail of M1-3 in occlusal view; G, reconstruction of the left upper cheekteeth of M. molariformis based on VPPLT 1588. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 10 in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)
FIG. 10. — Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships within Didolodontidae and Litopterna based on the analysis of the reduced matrix and using maximum parsimony. Strict consensus of the 580 most parsimonious trees resulting from the analysis. The numbers at the nodes indicate the Bremer support. The numbers at the nodes indicate the Bremer support. The nodes indicated with letters are discussed in the text.
FIG. 7 in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)
FIG. 7. — Mandible and lower dentition of Neodolodus colombianus Hoffstetter & Soria, 1986: A, partial mandible (VPPLT 1696) in left lateral view; B, partial mandible (VPPLT 1696) in dorsal view; C, holotype (MNHN.F.VIV9) in occlusal (top), labial (middle) and lingual (bottom) views; D, detail of the left lower dentition (c-m3) of VPPLT 1696 in occlusal view. Scale bars: 1 cm.
FIG. 9 in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)
FIG. 9. — Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships within Didolodontidae and Litopterna based on the analysis of the extended matrix. Strict consensus of the 281 most parsimonious trees resulting from the analysis. The numbers at the nodes indicate the Bremer support. The nodes indicated with letters are discussed in the text.
FIG. 6 in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)
FIG. 6. — Detail of upper dentition of Neodolodus colombianus Hoffstetter & Soria, 1986: A, left upper cheekteeth in occlusal view (VPPLT 1696); B, right M1 (VPPLT 183) in occlusal (top), lingual (middle) and distal (bottom) views. Scale bars: 1 cm.
low Cerro Gordo; StL 2, Cerro Gordo sandstone; StL 3, between Cerro Gordo and Chunchullo; StL 4, Chunchullo sandstone; StL 5, bed set between Chunchullo and Tatacoa; StL 6, Tatacoa sandstone; StL 7, bed set below Cerbatana conglomerate; StL 8, Cerbatana conglomerate; StL 9, Monkey beds; StL 10, bed set above Monkey beds; StL 12, bed set above Fish bed; StL 14, bed set below La Venta red beds; StL 15, La Venta red beds; StL 16, bed set between La Venta red beds and El Cardón red beds; StL 17, El Cardón red beds; StL 18, San Francisco sandstone; StL 19, Polonia red beds; D, reconstruction of the head of Neodolodus colombianus based on the 3D model of the almost complete skull of the specimen VPPLT 1696. Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; St m, Stratigraphic meter. Reconstruction of N. colombianus made by Tatsuya Shimura. in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)
low Cerro Gordo; StL 2, Cerro Gordo sandstone; StL 3, between Cerro Gordo and Chunchullo; StL 4, Chunchullo sandstone; StL 5, bed set between Chunchullo and Tatacoa; StL 6, Tatacoa sandstone; StL 7, bed set below Cerbatana conglomerate; StL 8, Cerbatana conglomerate; StL 9, Monkey beds; StL 10, bed set above Monkey beds; StL 12, bed set above Fish bed; StL 14, bed set below La Venta red beds; StL 15, La Venta red beds; StL 16, bed set between La Venta red beds and El Cardón red beds; StL 17, El Cardón red beds; StL 18, San Francisco sandstone; StL 19, Polonia red beds; D, reconstruction of the head of Neodolodus colombianus based on the 3D model of the almost complete skull of the specimen VPPLT 1696. Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; St m, Stratigraphic meter. Reconstruction of N. colombianus made by Tatsuya Shimura.
Fig. 9 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina
Fig. 9 (See legend on previous page.)
Fig. 8 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina
Fig. 8 (See legend on previous page.)
Supporting Information and Data from: A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates
<p>This is the Supporting Information and Data from: H. P. Püschel, S. L. Shelley, T. E. Williamson, F. A. Perini, J. R. Wible, S. L. Brusatte. 2024. A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘archaic’ South American ungulates. It contains the following files:</p> <p>Table S1: OCCURENCES OF LITOPTERNS BY SALMAS</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S1: OTHER EARLY UNGULATES OF INTEREST</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S2: TAXON SAMPLING AND TAXONOMIC COMMENTS</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S3: CHARACTER LIST</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S4: NEXUS FILE WITH H1 MATRIX AND SCRIPTS FOR REPLICATING THE ANALYSES IN MRBAYES</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S5: NEXUS FILE WITH H2 MATRIX AND SCRIPTS FOR REPLICATING THE ANALYSES IN MRBAYES</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S6: SALMAS’/STAGES’ LOWER AND UPPER LIMITS IN MA </p> <p>Supplementary Information File S7: LIST OF SYNAPOMORPHIES AND AUTAPOMORPHIES</p> <p>Supplementary Information File S8: ADDITIONAL TIP-DATED BAYESIAN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES RESULTS</p>
Figure 18 in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 18. Cerebellar views of virtually reconstructed petrosals (translucent) of UFRJ-DG 119-M, Proterotherium (MNHN- F-SCZ 205), Diadiaphorus (MNHN-F-SCZ 3), and Macrauchenia (MNHN-F-PAM 69) (from right to left), showing the relatively smaller size of the inner ear in larger specimens. Anterior to the left, ventral to the top.
Figure 19 in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 19. Allometric relationship between the inner ear height (IEH) and the petrosal (PET) size in a sample of 45 mammalian specimens (see Material and Methods and Table S2), with an equation of the regression line. Empty circles represent litoptern specimens.
Figure 16. Virtual 3D in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 16. Virtual 3D reconstruction and outline drawing of the petrosal of Proterotherium (MNHN-F-SCZ 205), (postero)lateroventral view. Abbreviations: a.b.X n., notch/sulcus for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (X); acan n, notch housing the external aperture of the cochlear canaliculus; acf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpa, crista parotica; fi, fossa incudis; fs, facial sulcus; fv, fenestra vestibuli; ias, internal carotid artery sulcus; ips, sulcus of inferior petrosal sinus; md.ips, crest-like mediodorsal border of sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus; pg, posterior occipital groove; pps, postpromontorial tympanic sinus; pr, promontorium; rtp, rostral tympanic process; sqs, squamosal articulation surface of petrosal; stf, stapedial fossa; stl n, stylomastoid notch; thl, tympanohyal; tt, tegmen tympani; ttf, tensor tympani fossa; v.e.m., ventral extent of mastoid surface.
Figure 15 in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 15. Strict consensus cladogram (528 steps, consistency index = 0.347, retention index = 0.692) of the constrained 49 taxa analysis, with UFRJ-DG 119-M, 275-M, 347-M, and 1035−1038-M petrosals as pertaining to Miguelsoria; Litopterna constrained for monophyly.
Figure 14 in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 14. Strict consensus cladogram (551 steps, consistency index = 0.33, retention index = 0.67) of the unconstrained 49 taxa analysis, with UFRJ-DG 119-M, 275-M, 347-M, and 1035−1038-M petrosals scored as pertaining to Miguelsoria.
Figure 13 in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 13. View of the large group of resembling petrosals held at the Departamento Nacional de Produçao Mineral from the 'brownish fossil fissure' (see text), with a close-up of some specimens; lateral views.
Figure 12 in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 12. Second upper molars (M2) area vs. promontorium area in a sample of 14 Palaeogene early diverging placental specimens with associated petrosal and teeth remains (Table S1).
Figure 11 in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 11. Strict consensus cladogram (62 steps, consistency index = 0.45, retention index = 0.61) of the reduced analysis (19 taxa and petrosal and inner ear characters only) searching for the relationships of the UFRJ-DG petrosals under study; Bremer support values are indicated at the nodes.
Figure 4. Virtual 3D in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 4. Virtual 3D reconstruction and outline drawing of petrosal UFRJ-DG 1036-M (mirrored), details of anatomy; A, ventral view; B, anterior view. Abbreviations: a.b.X n., notch/sulcus for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (X); acf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpa, crista parotica; epr, epitympanic recess; fi, fossa incudis; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hf, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ias, internal carotid artery sulcus; lv.ips, crest-like lateroventral border of sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus; obl.g, oblique groove; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, posterior occipital groove; pmc, petromastoid canal; pps, postpromontorial tympanic sinus; pr, promontorium; pts, post-temporal sulcus; rsup f, foramen for the ramus superior of stapedial artery; rtp, rostral tympanic process; stf, stapedial fossa; st. s., stapedial artery sulcus; tnn, tympanic nerve notch; tt, tegmen tympani; ttf, tensor tympani fossa; v.e.m., ventral extent of mastoid surface.
Figure 3. Virtual 3D in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 3. Virtual 3D reconstruction and outline drawing of petrosal UFRJ-DG 1036-M (mirrored), details of anatomy; A, posterior view; B, posteroventral view. Abbreviations: a.b.X n., notch/sulcus for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (X); acan n, notch housing the external aperture of the cochlear canaliculus; acf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; a.e. fv, anterior edge (salient) of fenestra vestibuli; br.thyl, broken tympanohyal; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpa, crista parotica; epr, epitympanic recess; exs, exoccipital articulation surface of petrosal; fs, facial sulcus; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hf, hiatus Fallopii; ips, sulcus of inferior petrosal sinus; lv.ips, crest-like lateroventral border of sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus; md.ips, crest-like mediodorsal border of sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus; pg, posterior occipital groove; pps, postpromontorial tympanic sinus; pr, promontorium; ptn, post-temporal notch; rsup f, foramen for the ramus superior of stapedial artery; rtp, rostral tympanic process; stf, stapedial fossa; tnn, tympanic nerve notch; tt, tegmen tympani; v.e.m., ventral extent of mastoid surface; vss, vertical sulcus for sigmoid sinus.
Figure 7. Virtual 3D in Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia)
Figure 7. Virtual 3D reconstruction and outline drawing of the bony labyrinths of UFRJ-DG 1035-M and 347-M (outline drawing only); A, anterior (a) view; B, dorsal (d) view; C, lateral (l) view; D, posteromedial (p) view. Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; acf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; asc, anterior semicircular canal; av, vestibular aqueduct; can, cochlear canaliculus; cc, common crus; cf, cochlear fossula; co, cochlear canal; fsg, foramen singulare; fv, fenestra vestibuli; la, lateral ampulla; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pl. s., primary bony lamina sulcus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; scc, secondary common crus; sl. s., secondary bony lamina sulcus; vasc. sulc., impression of vascular sulci left on the bony cochlear canal.
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