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292 results for “Livestock”
THE IMPACT OF LOCAL PRODUCT BRANDING ON THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK AGRO-PROCESSING INDUSTRIES IN VLORA
<p>This study aims to examine the impact of local product branding on the economic performance of the agricultural and livestock agro-processing industries in the region of Vlora. Based on the data collected from local agro-processing and agro-tourism industries, the purpose of this research is to analyze how branding strategies contribute to increasing the level of sales, the level of income, creating a strong identity, and improving the performance of businesses and the territory where these businesses are concentrated. The study includes in the analysis the influence of the local brand in the creation of the identity, in the level of sales, in the income, the profit margins, and the improvement of the economic performance of the agricultural and livestock agro-processing industries. For this reason, the research was conducted with the inclusion of over 100 industries/agritourism, and the analysis of the questionnaire data was conducted with the STATA program. From the results of the research, it is clear that investment in the branding of products with local indicators is necessary to stimulate economic development and to strengthen the market positioning of businesses in the agricultural and livestock sectors. Also, this research provides important recommendations for improving branding practices as a strategic tool for the development and consolidation of agro-processing industries in the region.</p>
FIG. 3 in Rodents in grassland habitats: does livestock grazing matter? A comparison of two Alpine sites with different grazing histories
FIG. 3. — Rank/abundance plots for the Carex sempervirens (CS) and Dactylis glomerata (DG) pastoral types. Plots are based on data published by Cavallero et al. (2003, 2007) and refer to: A, the pastoral type of the lightly grazed areas (CS type); B, the abandoned, formerly intensively grazed areas (DG type).
FIG. 2 in Rodents in grassland habitats: does livestock grazing matter? A comparison of two Alpine sites with different grazing histories
FIG. 2. — Box and whisker plots showing the median, first and third quartile and the minimum and maximum values for the log of the captured animals in each plot. Outliers are plotted as open circles.
FIG. 1 in Rodents in grassland habitats: does livestock grazing matter? A comparison of two Alpine sites with different grazing histories
FIG. 1. — Simplified land use in the study area overlaid onto a topographic map. Sampling plots were located within the lightly grazed and in the intensively grazed areas. For the latter areas, in particular, plots were located in sites not used by cattle at present. Plot locations are approximate since we could not leave traps unattended between sessions, with the result that, for each session, plots were not exactly in the same locations as the one before.
Livestock management promotes bush encroachment in savanna systems by altering plant-herbivore feedback
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Livestock activity shifts large herbivore temporal distributions to their crepuscular edges
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Sagebrush plant community response to livestock grazing in the context of abiotic variability
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Data from: Evaluating the effects of wolf culling on livestock predation when considering wolf population dynamics in an individual-based model
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Livestock Exclosure Study: Plant Species Composition in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2004-2007)
Grazing in grasslands creates changes in plant community structure. The magnitude of these changes depends on the productivity and the intensity of grazing. Low productivity grasslands coupled with high grazing intensity may lead to shrub encroachment in some aridland ecosystems. We examined the effects of cattle grazing in arid grassland at the Sevilleta LTER site in central New Mexico USA where cattle were removed in 1973 and an area just north of the Sevilleta LTER where grazing by cattle still occurs. At each site we measured plant species composition and cover in permanent plots in the spring and fall from 2004 to 2007. Quadrats were clipped annually to quantify aboveground standing crop to answer the following questions: 1) Does cattle grazing affect plant species composition and standing crop? 2) Does grazing alter community response to inter-annual climate variability? and 3) How does grazing impact the abundance of native grasses?
Livestock Exclosure Study: Aboveground Standing Crop from a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2005-2007)
Grazing in grasslands creates changes in plant community structure. The magnitude of these changes depends on the productivity and the intensity of grazing. Low productivity grasslands coupled with high grazing intensity may lead to shrub encroachment in some aridland ecosystems. We examined the effects of cattle grazing in arid grassland at the Sevilleta LTER site in central New Mexico USA where cattle were removed in 1973 and an area just north of the Sevilleta LTER where grazing by cattle still occurs. At each site we measured plant species composition and cover in permanent plots in the spring and fall from 2004 to 2007. Quadrats were clipped annually to quantify aboveground standing crop to answer the following questions: 1) Does cattle grazing affect plant species composition and standing crop? 2) Does grazing alter community response to inter-annual climate variability? and 3) How does grazing impact the abundance of native grasses?
Livestock and kangaroo grazing have little effect on biomass and fuel hazard in semi-arid woodlands
<ol> <li>Using livestock grazing as a tool to manage biomass and reduce fuel hazard has gained widespread popularity, but examples from across the globe demonstrate that it often yields mixed, context-dependent results. Grazing has potential to deliver practical solutions in systems where grazing reduces not only biomass but also reduces fuel hazard by altering vegetation connectivity or composition.</li> <li>We assessed the extent to which recent rainfall, rabbit and kangaroo grazing and recent and historic livestock grazing alters and accounts for variation in above-ground biomass, biomass composition and fuel hazard ratings across three broad communities in eastern Australia. We used nested linear models to assess biomass in three vertical vegetation strata, that matched the strata assessed in the Overall Fuel Hazard Assessment guide (i.e. litter/surface fuel; groundstorey vegetation/near surface fuel; and midstorey vegetation/elevated fuel) and Ordinal Logistic Regression to assess categorical fuel hazard ratings.</li> <li>Only recent kangaroo grazing reduced groundstorey biomass across all communities. Kangaroo grazing altered litter mass and significantly reduced surface fuel hazard in one community. Recent livestock grazing did not reduce fuel hazard, and despite significantly reducing half of our measures of biomass, these were not practical reductions. For instance, livestock grazing significantly reduced litter mass, however our model predicts that doubling our assessment of livestock grazing intensity only reduces total litter mass by 0.8 %, or 8 kg per hectare in landscapes where average litter loads ranged from 3,600 to 12,600 kg per hectare. Furthermore, long-term livestock grazing increased shrub biomass and in one community this increased elevated fuel hazard. There were few effects of rabbits. The effects of rainfall on biomass were up to an order of magnitude greater than any effects due to grazing.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications:</i> Our data suggest that management practices that seek to use livestock grazing to reduce biomass in these systems will not achieve practical reductions in biomass and or fuel hazard.</li> </ol>
Data from: Assessing the relationship between illegal hunting of ungulates, wild prey occurrence and livestock depredation rate by large carnivores
1. Illegal hunting of ungulates can reduce the prey base of carnivores, which can increase human-carnivore conflict (HCC) through livestock depredation. However, the relationship between ungulate poaching, wild prey abundance and livestock depredation has rarely been empirically studied. 2. We surveyed 18 sites across the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran; a global biodiversity hotspot under pressure of illegal hunting of ungulates, prey depletion, livestock grazing and HCC. We conducted three field surveys across 1204 km in 93 4×4 km cells to count signs of ungulate poaching as well as encounters with livestock and prey species of the Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor and the grey wolf Canis lupus. We documented sheep/goat and cattle depredation from interviews with 201 herders and analysed the effects of illegal hunting of ungulates, forest cover, IUCN categories of reserves, elevation, distance to villages, and wild prey and livestock encounter rates on carnivore depredation rates using generalized linear models. 3. Illegal hunting of ungulates was the most influential depredation predictor. An increase in the illegal hunting of ungulates by one sign/km significantly increased depredation by up to four times. We also found significantly lower levels of ungulate poaching in national parks (IUCN category II) compared to protected areas (V), wildlife refuges (IV) and no-hunting areas, though poaching signs were frequently found in most cells (58%). Encounters with livestock was inversely linked to wild prey species, but positively coupled with signs of ungulate poaching. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study reveals that: (i) an increase in the intensity of illegal hunting of ungulates can intensify livestock depredation by carnivores; (ii) future efforts in reducing human-carnivore conflict (HCC) to acceptable levels require a combination of law enforcement, prey recovery approaches and mitigation measures; (iii) there is an urgent need to better understand the root causes of poaching of ungulates to help minimize HCC.
Data from: Highly diversified crop-livestock farming systems reshape wild bird communities
<p>Agricultural intensification is a leading threat to bird conservation. Highly diversified farming systems that integrate livestock and crop production might promote a diversity of habitats useful to native birds foraging across otherwise-simplified landscapes. At the same time, these features might be attractive to non-native birds linked to a broad range of disservices to both crop and livestock production. We evaluated the influence of crop-livestock integration on wild bird richness and density along a north-south transect spanning the U.S. west coast. We surveyed birds on 52 farms that grew primarily mixed vegetables and fruits alone or integrated livestock into production. Crop-livestock systems harbored higher native bird density and richness relative to crop only farms, a benefit more pronounced on farms embedded in non-natural landscapes. Crop-livestock systems bolstered native insectivores linked to the suppression of agricultural pest insects but did not bolster native granivores that may be more likely to damage crops. Crop-livestock systems also significantly increased the density of non-native birds, primarily European starlings (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>) and house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) that may compete with native birds for resources. Models supported a small, positive correlation between non-native density and overall native bird density as well as between non-native density and native granivore density.<a name="_Hlk19446924">Relative to crop-only farms, on average crop-livestock systems exhibited 1.5 times higher patch richness, 2.4 times higher density of farm structures, 7.3 times smaller field sizes, 2.4 times greater integration of woody crops, and 5.3 times greater integration of pasture/hay habitat on farm.</a> Wild birds may have responded to this habitat diversity and/or associated food resources. Individual farm factors had significantly lower predictive power than farming system alone (ΔCIC = 80.2), suggesting crop-livestock systems may impact wild birds through a suite of factors that change with system conversion. Collectively, our findings suggest that farms that integrate livestock and crop production can attract robust native bird communities, especially within landscapes devoted to intensified food production. However, additional work is needed to demonstrate persistent farm bird communities through time, eco-physiological benefits to birds foraging on these farms, and net effects of both native and non-native wild birds in agroecosystems. </p>
Data from: Livestock overgrazing disrupts the positive associations between soil biodiversity and nitrogen availability
Livestock overgrazing influences both microbial communities and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the role of overgrazing in regulating the relationship between soil biodiversity and nitrogen availability remains largely unexplored. We performed long-term grazing exclusion experiments across eight sites along precipitation gradient covering three major types of grassland in northern China to compare the linkage between soil microbial diversity and N availability in overgrazed versus non-grazed conditions. We found a positive association between fungal diversity and soil available N in non-grazed grasslands. However, the positive association was absent in overgrazed environments. Bacterial diversity is not related to soil available N in either non-grazed or overgrazed grasslands. Moreover, in bacterial community, we found a positive link between the relative abundance of Actinobacteria with soil available N in non-grazed, but not overgrazed, grasslands. Instead we found the links between relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria with soil available N in overgrazed grasslands, but not non-grazed, grasslands. Our work provides evidence that the relationships between microbial diversity and ecosystem functions are context-dependent, and so microbial community diversity is likely not the major driver of soil N mineralization in overgrazed grasslands. Our study suggests that high intensity anthropogenic activities in grasslands restrains the capacity of diverse soil microbial communities to sustain ecosystem function, and more broadly the capacity of entire ecosystems to maintain important ecosystem processes such as plant production. Our study also indicates that the fundamental microbial communities associated with N availability change with differing land management strategies (e.g. livestock grazing).
Annual global grided livestock mapping from 1961 to 2021
<p>We release <strong>annual global livestock density maps (1961–2021) at 5-km resolution</strong> for eight groups: <strong>cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, chickens, and ducks</strong>. Each raster represents <strong>heads per km²</strong> on a 5-km grid and is produced by a Random Forest workflow trained on multi-source predictors and constrained by theoretical suitability masks. We also provide a matched <strong>per-pixel, per-year uncertainty layer</strong> (0–1) that integrates (i) temporal extrapolation with local sample support, (ii) feature completeness by species/year, and (iii) MESS-like environmental similarity to the training domain. Uncertainty is<strong> </strong>higher in earlier decades (1960s–1990s) and data-sparse regions; users should consult the accompanying uncertainty layers when analyzing long-term trends or making regional inferences.</p>
Livestock guardian dogs establish a landscape of fear for wild predators: implications for the role of guardian dogs in reducing human-wildlife conflict and supporting biodiversity conservation
<ol> <li>Livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) are increasingly used to protect livestock from predators, but their effects on the distribution and behaviour of wild predators are mostly unknown. A key question is whether LGDs exclude predators from grazing land, or if predators continue to use areas with LGDs but modify their behaviour in ways that reduce impacts on livestock.</li> <li>We studied effects of LGDs (Maremma sheepdogs) on distribution and behaviour of red foxes Vulpes vulpes in north-eastern Victoria, Australia. We mapped the activity of LGDs across the study areas using GPS tracking and measured fox activity using remote cameras. We also measured risk-sensitive foraging in foxes to test if they reduced feeding time at sites regularly used by LGDs.</li> <li>Foxes occurred throughout areas occupied by LGDs, but their probability of detection was negatively related to probability of LGD presence. Foxes extracted fewer food items from experimental food stations in proportion to the intensity of local activity of LGDs. This indicates that though foxes overlapped with LGDs, they responded to risk of encountering LGDs by allocating less time to foraging. </li> <li>While LGDs do not necessarily exclude wild predators from areas used for livestock production, they can have strong effects on predator behaviour. Reduction in time allocated to foraging in areas regularly used by LGDs could lead to suppression of hunting behaviour and therefore a reduction in attacks on livestock. The flexible response of predators to LGDs should facilitate coexistence of wild predators with livestock farming, by allowing predators to continue to use areas occupied by livestock while still preventing attacks on those livestock. Our results therefore strengthen the case for use of LGDs in the conservation of predators threatened by conflict with farming. Suppression of hunting behaviour should also mean that prey species experience reduced rates of predation on farmland with LGDs. This effect could be valuable for conservation of threatened species of prey.</li> </ol>
Livestock increasingly drove global agricultural emissions in 1910-2015
<p>supplementary material</p>
Genomic epidemiology of Escherichia coli: antimicrobial resistance through a One Health lens in sympatric humans, livestock and peri-domestic wildlife in Nairobi, Kenya
<p><strong><span>Background</span></strong></p> <p><span>Livestock systems have been proposed as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria and AMR genetic determinants that may infect or colonise humans, yet quantitative evidence regarding their epidemiological role remains lacking. Here we used a combination of genomics, epidemiology and ecology to investigate patterns of AMR gene carriage in <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em>, regarded as a sentinel organism.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods</span></strong></p> <p><span>We conducted a structured epidemiological survey of 99 households across Nairobi, Kenya, and whole genome sequenced <em>E</em>. <em>coli</em> isolates from 311 human, 606 livestock, and 399 wildlife faecal samples. We used statistical models to investigate the prevalence of AMR carriage and characterise AMR gene diversity and structure of AMR genes in different host populations across the city. We also investigated house-hold level risk factors for exchange of AMR genes between sympatric humans and livestock.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Findings</span></strong></p> <p><span>We detected 56 unique acquired genes along with 13 point mutations present in variable proportions in human and animal isolates, known to confer resistance to nine antibiotic classes. We find that AMR gene community composition is not associated with host species, but AMR genes were frequently co-located, potentially enabling the acquisition and dispersal of multi-drug resistance in a single step. We find that whilst keeping livestock had no influence on human AMR gene carriage, the potential for AMR transmission across human-livestock interfaces is greatest when manure is poorly disposed of and in larger households.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Conclusions</span></strong></p> <p><span>Findings of widespread carriage of AMR bacteria in human and animal populations, including in long-distance wildlife species, in community settings, highlight the value of evidence-based surveillance to address antimicrobial resistance on a global scale. Our genomic analysis provided in-depth understanding of AMR determinants at the interfaces of One-Health sectors that will inform AMR prevention and control.</span></p>
Can livestock grazing dampen density dependent fluctuations in wild herbivore populations?
<p>Conservation policy for the high mountains of Asia increasingly recognises the need to encompass large multi-use landscapes beyond the protected area network. Due to limited long-term research in this region, our understanding of even fundamental processes, such as factors regulating large mammal populations is poor.</p> <p>Understanding the factors that regulate animal populations, especially those generating cyclicity, is a long-standing problem in ecology. Long-term research across multiple taxa (mainly from Europe and North America) has focused on the relative roles of food and predation in generating cyclicity in population dynamics. It remains unclear how trophic interactions that are influenced by anthropogenic stressors can affect population dynamics in human-modified landscapes. </p> <p>We present a 10-year study to compare the effects of livestock grazing on density dependent dynamics in two populations of bharal, <em>Pseudois nayaur</em>, in the Himalaya. We combine this with a mechanistic understanding of whether density dependence in these two sites acts predominantly by affecting adult survival or recruitment. We compared and quantified density dependence in the bharal population by fitting Bayesian Gompertz state‐space (GSS) models.</p> <p>We found evidence for negative density dependence which indicates possible cyclic dynamics in the bharal population of the site (Tabo) with low livestock density. The population dynamics of this site were driven by recruited offspring – with a 2-year density dependent lag effect – rather than adult survival. In the site with high livestock density (Kibber), this density dependence was not detected. We postulate the potential role of excessive grazing by livestock in affecting offspring recruitment, thereby affecting the bharal population in Kibber.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Our results suggest that conservation action to facilitate wild herbivore population recovery, such as the development of protected areas and village reserves, needs to account for density dependent regulation. Sites with trophy hunting require continuous monitoring to understand the effects of density dependence so that appropriate hunting quotas can be formulated.</p>
Map of livestock density in Central Appenines: a standardised protocol
<p>Shapefile and final table of the distribution of the grazing livestock in a mid-mountain area of Central Apennines, relatives to the paper entitled "A standardised protocol for mapping grazing density: a case study from Central Italy"</p>
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