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FIGURE 7 in Description of three new species of the genus Mata Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Oncotympanini) with notes on their natural history from Indian state of Meghalaya, India

FIGURE 7. Mata ruffordii sp. nov. A: Close up lateral view of paratype in habitus (NCBS-BI002). B: Close up of the front of the head of paratype in habitus (NCBS-BI002). C: A bat that has been captured while hunting this cicada. D: Habitat of the holotype (NCBS-BI001). (Copyright and photographed by Vivek Sarkar.)

FIGURE 6 in Description of three new species of the genus Mata Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Oncotympanini) with notes on their natural history from Indian state of Meghalaya, India

FIGURE 6. Mata ruffordii sp. nov. A: Lateral view of paratype in habitus (NCBS-BI002). B: Dorsal view of paratype in habitus (NCBS-BI002). C: Ventral view of paratype in habitus (NCBS-BI002). D: Close up dorsal view of paratype in habitus (NCBS-BI002). (Copyright and photographed by Vivek Sarkar.)

FIGURE 4 in Description of three new species of the genus Mata Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Oncotympanini) with notes on their natural history from Indian state of Meghalaya, India

FIGURE 4. Mata lenonia sp. nov. A: Dorsal view of holotype (NCBS-AH292). B: Ventral view of holotype (NCBS-AH292). C: Lateral view of male timbal cover (NCBS-AH292). D: Dorsal view of male timbal cover (NCBS-AH292). (Copyright: NCBS and photographed by Vivek Sarkar.)

FIGURE 3 in Description of three new species of the genus Mata Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Oncotympanini) with notes on their natural history from Indian state of Meghalaya, India

FIGURE 3. Mata lenonia sp. nov. A: Lateral view of holotype in habitus (NCBS-AH292). B: Dorsal view of holotype in habitus (NCBS-AH292). C: Habitat of the holotype. (Copyright and photographed by Vivek Sarkar.)

FIGURE 2. Mata rama Distant, 1912 A in Description of three new species of the genus Mata Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Oncotympanini) with notes on their natural history from Indian state of Meghalaya, India

FIGURE 2. Mata rama Distant, 1912 A: Dorsal view of holotype. B: Ventral view of holotype. C: Dorsal view of the timbal cover. (Copyright: Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. Photographed by BW Price and EL Allan.)

FIGURE 1 in Description of three new species of the genus Mata Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Oncotympanini) with notes on their natural history from Indian state of Meghalaya, India

FIGURE 1. Mata kama (Distant, 1881) A: Dorsal view of holotype. B: Ventral view of holotype. C: Dorsal view of the timbal cover. (Copyright: Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. Photographed by BW Price and EL Allan.)

FIGURE 6 in Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae)

FIGURE 6. Achaeta singularis sp. nov. A. Juvenile specimen with primordial testis (2) and ovary (3), dorsal view. Dotted areas mark perikarya in brain and ventral nerve cord. The perikarya of the ganglia in II and III are concentrated on the lateral sides. Note nephridia in VI and VII, the oesophageal appendage in V, the dorsal blood vessel in VI, and the winding intestine. From XII on the ganglia are fused among segments; 4: posterior growth zone. The outer pair of postpharyngeal bulbs was not distinguished in this specimen (comp. B). B. Anterior end, lateral view. Perikarya of ventral nerve cord, brain, and prostomial epithelial thickenings are drawn in. Ganglia of II and III are not completely separate, but there is no uniform suboesophageal ganglion over II–IV as in other Achaeta species (comp. Fig. 3B). 1: Prostomial papilla. 2: Oesophageal appendage. 3: Dorsal blood vessel origin. C. Prostomium and first segment, dorsal view. Note the brain, deeply incised anteriorly and posteriorly, and the conspicuous prostomial papillae. Here dotted areas mark the perikarya-free areas. Laterally and posteriad, the prostomial epithelial protrusions gradually merge into the lateral line. D. The brain as seen in living specimens. E. Anterior nephridia, lateral view. - F. Posterior nephridia, ventral view. G. Coelomocytes and piles of rod-shaped structures. D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts.

FIGURE 5 in Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae)

FIGURE 5. Achaeta paranensis sp. nov. A. Anterior body region, lateral view, mature specimen. Spermatheca (1) and nephridium (2) are shaded grey here. The prostomial epithelium is drawn as seen in sagittal optical section; the left prostomial papilla as seen in parasagittal optical section is indicated by a dotted line (3). The region above the dotted line in the brain (4) is filled with perikarya; beneath is the neuropile. Dorsal (5) and ventral (6) epidermal glands are different; lateral glands are not shown here. The circumferal intestinal diverticulum (7) is enclosed by mesodermal tissue and blood lacunae (8); 9: oesophageal appendage; 10: dorsal blood vessel. B. Prostomium with brain and prostomial papillae (1) of a juvenile specimen. C. Coelomocyte, ca. 27 µm long. D, E. Segments IV–VII, lateral view (D) and dorsal view (E), with circumferal intestinal diverticulum and spermathecae. F. Posterior body region with nephridium and pars tumida of midgut epithelium (1); 2: intestinal lumen; 3: ventral nerve cord; 4: chloragocytes. G, H. Hindmost segments with pygidium, in sagittal (G) and parasagittal (H) optical section; sketches from same whole-mounted specimen. I. Clitellar region, lateral view. C–E freehand sketches from living specimens, A, B, F–I from stained whole mounts. Bars =100 µm, bar in A valid also for B, F, I; one bar for G, H. C-E without bar.

FIGURE 1 in Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae)

FIGURE 1. Location of the 'Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira', study area and type locality of Achaeta hanagarthi, A. paranensis and A. singularis spp. nov.

FIGURE 2. Achaeta piti Bittencourt, 1974, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. B in Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae)

FIGURE 2. Achaeta piti Bittencourt, 1974, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. B is a freehand sketch from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. Bar = 100 µm, valid for A, C, D. A. Submature specimen, side view, anterior 9 segments, with thick body wall and dorsally thick cuticle (1). There are dorsal, lateral and ventral pyriform glands (2,3,4, respectively; only glands of left body side shown). The ventral glands insert more posteriorly than dorsal and lateral glands. The dorsal blood vessel (5) begins at 1/3 VIII in this specimen. The thickened septa in 4/5–7/8 are a constant feature of this species. 6: Oesophageal appendage; 7: pharyngeal gland; 8: postpharyngeal bulb; 9: brain; 10: suboesophageal ganglion; 11: ganglion of segment V. Perikarya are omitted here, they are as in Figs 3B, 4A. 12: nephridia; 13: intestine with chloragocytes; 14: spermatheca with ectal asymmetry; 15: recesses in frontal prostomial epithelium. B. Oesophageal appendage and pharyngeal glands, dorsal view, as seen in a living specimen. The two separately winding canals in IV, one for each glomerulus in V, were already mentioned in the original description. C. Postclitellar nephridia, side view. The organs lie in consecutive segments, one to the left, one to the right. D. Clitellum and male reproductive system, side view, specimen with thick body wall and cuticle. The dorsal pyriform gland of XI is drawn in (1). The clitellar border cells (2) extend farther ventrally than the granulocytes.

FIGURES 20–25 in Four new species of Saetherocladius Andersen et Mendes from Mata Atlântica, Brazil (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)

FIGURES 20–25. Saetherocladius urubiciensis sp. n., male. 20—tentorium, stipes and cibarial pump; 21—thorax; 22— wing; 23—anal point and tergite IX and dorsal aspect of left gonocoxite and gonostylus; 24—hypopygium with tergite IX and anal point removed, dorsal aspect to the left, ventral aspect to the right; 25—gonostylus with crista dorsalis projecting upwards.

FIGURES 14–19 in Four new species of Saetherocladius Andersen et Mendes from Mata Atlântica, Brazil (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)

FIGURES 14–19. Saetherocladius triangulatus sp. n., male. 14—tentorium, stipes and cibarial pump; 15—thorax; 16— wing; 17—anal point and tergite IX and dorsal aspect of left gonocoxite and gonostylus; 18—hypopygium with tergite IX and anal point removed, dorsal aspect to the left, ventral aspect to the right; 19—gonostylus with crista dorsalis projecting upwards.

FIGURES 9–13 in Four new species of Saetherocladius Andersen et Mendes from Mata Atlântica, Brazil (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)

FIGURES 9–13. Saetherocladius fusus sp. n., male. 9—tentorium, stipes and cibarial pump; 10—thorax; 11—wing; 12—anal point and tergite IX and dorsal aspect of left gonocoxite and gonostylus; 13—hypopygium with tergite IX and anal point removed, dorsal aspect to the left, ventral aspect to the right.

FIGURES 3–8 in Four new species of Saetherocladius Andersen et Mendes from Mata Atlântica, Brazil (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)

FIGURES 3–8. Saetherocladius fusticulus sp. n., male. 3—tentorium, stipes and cibarial pump; 4—thorax; 5—wing; 6—anal point and tergite IX and dorsal aspect of left gonocoxite and gonostylus; 7—hypopygium with tergite IX and anal point removed, dorsal aspect to the left, ventral aspect to the right; 8—gonostylus with crista dorsalis projecting upwards.

FIGURES 1–2 in Four new species of Saetherocladius Andersen et Mendes from Mata Atlântica, Brazil (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)

FIGURES 1–2. Saetherocladius hirtus Andersen et Mendes, 2007, male. 1- anal point and tergite IX and dorsal aspect of left gonocoxite and gonostylus; 2—hypopygium with tergite IX and anal point removed, dorsal aspect to the left, ventral aspect to the right.

FIGURE 8 in Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus Černosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta)

FIGURE 8. Schematic representation of taxonomic differences of species described here. The following traits are shown: Genus level: Chaetal pattern, shape of epidermal gland cells (eg, only shown in a few anterior segments, except in E), presence/ absence of prostomial ganglion (g) in front of brain (br), prostomial papillae (p), and frontal recess in prostomial epithelium (r). Species level: Distribution of epidermal gland cells, pattern of secondary ventral pharyngeal gland lobes (pg), presence/absence of oesophageal appendages (oa) and intestinal diverticula (id), extension of the latter, distribution of preclitellar nephridia (ne). A. Guaranidrilus andreolii sp. nov., B. G. m a rq u e s i sp. nov. C. G. cingulatus sp. nov. D. G. h o e f e r i sp. nov. E. Xetadrilus maacki sp. nov. F. X. aphanus sp. nov. G. X. fabryi sp. nov.

FIGURE 5 in Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus Černosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta)

FIGURE 5. Xetadrilus maacki gen. nov. sp. nov. A. Anterior body end, lateral view. B. Anterior body end, dorsal view. C. Segments XI–XIV, latero-ventral view. D. Spermatheca. E. Posterior body end with anus, lateral view. F. Coelomocyte. G. Preclitellar nephridium. H. Sperm funnel and ventral body wall with chaeta (XI), male glandular bulb and transverse copulatory muscles. dp, dorsal pore; fr, frontal recess in prostomial epithelium.

FIGURE 4 in Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus Černosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta)

FIGURE 4. Guaranidrilus hoeferi sp. nov. A. Anterior 13 segments, lateral view. Shaded grey: Spermatheca (left), spermfilled seminal vesicle (right). Specimen submature with small egg. The seminal vesicle can extend over 2 more segments. B. Segments IV–VIII, dorsal view. C–F and H, K show details of A. C. Spermatheca, ectal duct and ectal dilatation of ampulla. D,E. Spermatheca, connecting tube. In D the epithelium is cylindrical; sperm is present as a central strand in the lumen. In E sperm is embedded in epithelium with undulating inner walls. F. Histological section (optical longitudinal section) from body surface to inner lumen of spermatheca; cl, coelom; ct, cuticle; eg, epidermal gland cells; lm, longitudinal muscles; rm, ring muscles; se, epithelium of spermathecal ental dilatation with inclusions of irregular outline; sp, sperm in lumen of ental dilatation. G. Coelomocytes. H. Detail of clitellum, lateral view. I. Preclitellar nephridium. J. Postclitellar nephridium. K. Detail of copulatory pad in XIII, optical longitudinal section. G from living specimens, rest from whole mounts.

FIGURE 3 in Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus Černosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta)

FIGURE 3. Guaranidrilus cingulatus sp. nov. A. Segments IV–IX, lateral view. B. Anterior (left) and caudal (right) chaeta. C. Segments IV–VIII, dorsal to dorso-lateral view. D. Spermatheca. E. Clitellum dorsally. F. Preclitellar nephridium. G. Postclitellar nephridium. H. Male efferent apparatus. Male pore in ventral view. I. Male pore in lateral view, same specimen as in H. All drawings from whole mounts.

FIGURE 7 in Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus Černosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta)

FIGURE 7. Xetadrilus fabryi gen. nov. sp. nov. A. Anterior body end, dorsal view. B. Segments III–X, lateral view. Epidermal gland cells are shown only in III and IV. C. Anterior nephridium. D. Posterior nephridium. E. Head reagion, dorsal view. Shaded grey: body wall, and its papillae. F. Male efferent apparatuses; sperm funnel and vas deferens omitted once.