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Fig. 2 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 2. Maps of China and Guangxi (A) adapted from "Croquant" on Wikimedia (licensed under CC BY 3.0). B. Map showing the region of machaeridian locality (asterisk); adapted from Google Maps.

Fig. 5 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 5. Overview of the other objects found in the sample. A. Object 3 could not be identified with certainty, but is likely part of a sclerite from the flank. B. Sclerite 9 might be from the dorsal articulation. C. Objects 15 and 16 might belong to the same, incomplete sclerite. D. Sclerite 11 preserves only the dorsal flange. E. Objects 8, 12, 13, and 14 might actually be parts of two sclerites as indicated by the white lines.

Fig. 6 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 6. View of a pair of 3D-prints of articulated right (1) and left (2) sclerites from obliquely posterior (A) and dorsal (B) views. Note the perfect fit of the sclerites. Within the hinge of sclerite 1 in B, the indentation on the right of the hinge flange is an artefact from tresholding (probably, the shell was too thin in that place). Sclerites 1 and 2 were enlarged 25 times (for original dimensions see Fig. 4).

Fig. 1 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 1. Machaeridian annelid Lepidocoleus kuangguoduni sp. nov., Nandan Formation, Eifelian, near Napiao, Guangxi (China). A. The main plate containing most machaeridian sclerites. B. The counterplate of the same specimen (it was glued back onto the slab prior to CT-scanning); note the limonitic filling of the rugae and the chaotic arrangement of the plates.

Fig. 8 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 8. Orientation of the 70 dacryoconarids in the sample. A. Rose diagram showing the lineations of the dacryoconarids (numbers 5 and 8 refer to dacryoconarid counts; note that both the tip and aperture where counted of each object resulting in double counts). B. Rose diagram showing dacryoconarids whose apices are higher (open rectangles) and lower (closed rectangles) positioned than their corresponding open ends in relation to an imagined x-y-plane.

Fig. 9 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 9. Comparison between the known species of Lepidocoleus and L. kuangguoduni sp. nov. with number of sclerites, age, and geographic occurrence indicated; lateral (A) and dorsal (E) views of the fossils, images of sclerites (B), outlines of sclerites (C), cross sections, to show the proportions of the dorsal depression (D).

Fig. 4 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 4. Overview of the almost complete sclerites from the 3D-analysis (orthographic perspective). Group I: sclerites 1, 4, 6 (A–C) and group II: sclerites 2, 5, 7, 10 (D–G). Internal (A1–G1), lateral (A2–G2), dorsal (A3–G3), posterior (A4–G4), and anterior (A5–G5) views.

Fig. 7 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 7. Overview of objects interpreted as dacryoconarids surrounding the machaeridian sclerites. A. All objects including the ones discarded for further analysis (light grey). B. Dacryoconarids selected for measurements (red).

Fig. 3 in A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis

Fig. 3. Overview over the assemblage of the sixteen 3D-objects which were created from different viewpoints. Orthographic top (A) and front (B) views. Orthographic top view (C), projected on the sample to show the position of the 3D-model in the correct position on the x-y-plane and corresponding viewing directions. Orthographic left side (D) and right side (E) views.

Fig. 3 in A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance

Fig. 3. Interpretative camera lucida drawings of the pleurocystitid blastozoan Regulaecystis testudineus sp. nov., Nims Member of the Junkerberg Formation (Eifelian, Middle Devonian), Prüm Syncline (Rhenish Massif, Germany). A. Paratype GIK−2277, abanal face showing the plate names (A1) and anal face showing the shape of the periproct and the organisation of the primary opening area (A2). B. Holotype GIK−2276, anal face showing the insertion of the ornamented stem (B1) and lateral view showing the strengthening of the thecal margins due to strong ornamentation in thick ridges and thick granules (B2). C. Abanal face of the paratype GIK−2278 showing the dense granulation. Cup and isolated plates of Stylocrinus tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1839) are preserved in the anal face. Plate names abbreviations follow Kesling (1967). Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance

Fig. 2. Pleurocystitid blastozoan Regulaecystis testudineus sp. nov., Nims Member of the Junkerberg Formation (Eifelian, Middle Devonian), Prüm Syncline (Rhenish Massif, Germany). A. Paratype GIK−2277, lateral view showing the flattened thecal flange and the rounded shape of the theca (A1), dorsal view showing the arched organisation of the plates (A2), lateral view showing the single pectinirhomb located at L3/L4 suture (A3), ventral view showing the organisation of the oral area (A4). B. Isolated plate GIK−2280, showing the slits of the pectinirhomb. C. Pluricolumnals adjacent to a reversed basal plate GIK−2279, showing the typical alternation of external and internal columnal in the proximal stem of the glyptocystitids. D. Paratype GIK−2278, dorsal view of the theca showing the reticulate ornamentation (D1), lateral view showing the intercalation of the circlets of plates (D2), aboral view showing the stem insertion and the organisation of the basals (D3). E. Holotype GIK−2276, lateral view showing the flattening of the theca, and the strong ornamentation (E1), ventral view showing the ornamentation at the margin of the theca and the elongate proximal portion and the thin ornamented distal portion of the stem (E2), and oblique dorsal view on the stem insertion and basal plates (E3). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance

Fig. 1. Geographical location of the fossiliferous sites near Prüm, Eifel (Rhenish Massif, Germany).

Fig. 4 in A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance

Fig. 4. Pleurocystitida gen. et sp. indet. C from Hunsrückschiefer (Emsian, Lower Devonian), Bundenbach (Rhenish Massif, Germany). A. SMF−HS− 422, abanal face. B. SMF−HS−420, anal face. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance

Fig. 5. Strict consensus tree of the four shortest trees (45 steps) derived from PAUP and based on character data set in Appendix 2. The numbers adjacent to the nodes denote the respective support values: bold numbers being Bremer indices, italic numbers being bootstrap values> 50%. Major apomorphies have been reported on branches of the supported clades (see text and Appendix 1).

Fig. 6 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 6. Spionid polychaete symbionts in the Recent cheilostome bryozoan Celleporaria brunnea (Hincks, 1884), Point Loma, San Diego, California. A. Living associations showing two long palps emerging from a spionid tube (arrowed), shorter tentacles of the bryozoan and black opercula. B. Spionid palps extending above level of bryozoan lophophores. C. Scanning electron microscope of bleached colony (NHM 2010.11.30.1) showing numerous spionid worm bioclaustrations varying in shape and size but consistently larger than the bryozoan orifices and new buds. D. Scanning electron micrograph of dried, unbleached colony showing mud tube constructed by a spionid worm surrounded by calcareous tube formed by the bioclaustrating bryozoan (NHM 2010.11.30.1).

Fig. 3 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 3. Fistuliporid bryozoan Stellatoides muellertchensis gen. et sp. nov., Middle Devonian (Lower Givetian, Ahbach Formation) of the abandoned "Müllertchen Quarry" (Hillesheim Syncline, Eifel, Rhenish Massif, northwestern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). A. Paratype SMF 21.115, goblet-shaped colony, side view. B. Paratype SMF 21.110, fragment of goblet-shaped colony showing maculae.

Fig. 2 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 2. Lowermost Lower Givetian stratigraphy of the "Type Eifelian Profile" sensu Struve (1982); light grey: biostratigraphic distribution of fistuliporid bryozoan Stellatoides muellertchensis gen. et sp. nov.; dark grey: maximum distribution.

Fig. 1 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 1. Map showing location of the abandoned Müllertchen Quarry within the Hillesheim Syncline. Geological overview of the Rhenish Massif (A), showing the studied area (taken from Bohatý et al. 2012; modified from Korn 2008 after Walter 1995) and detailed view of the Eifel Synclines (B) with the fossil locality 1 (modified after Struve 1996c).

Fig. 5 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 5. Cylindrical embedment trace (bioclaustration) Chaetosalpinx tapanilai ichnosp. nov., Middle Devonian (Lower Givetian) of the Rhenish Massif, north-western Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. A. Paratype SMF 21.115, colony surface of fistuliporid bryozoan Stellatoides muellertchensis gen. et sp. nov. showing tubes of C. tapanilai. B. Paratype SMF 21.122, tangential section of tubes of C. tapanilai. C. Holotype SMF 21.118, longitudinal section of a tube.

Fig. 4 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 4. Fistuliporid bryozoan Stellatoides muellertchensis gen. et sp. nov., Middle Devonian (Lower Givetian) of the Rhenish Massif, north-western Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. A. Holotype SMF 21.108, transverse section showing autozooecial chambers and vesicular skeleton (A), tangential sec1 tions showing autozooecial apertures with lunaria and vesicles (A 2 –A 5). B. Paratype SMF 21.113, longitudinal section showing multilayered secondary overgrowths.