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FIGURE 3. Haplotype network for P in Phylogeny and genetic variation within the widely distributed Bluntnose Minnow, Pimephales notatus (Cyprinidae), in North America

FIGURE 3. Haplotype network for P. notatus. Median-joining haplotype network for the mitochondrial (cytb) gene examined for P. notatus. Each circle represents a different haplotype; circle sizes are proportional to the number of individuals possessing a particular haplotype. Major drainages are represented by different colors. Small red dots represent missing (unsampled or extinct) haplotypes. Lines between circles represent one mutational step, and numbers presented are the number of mutations between haplotypes. Dotted-square-lines depict two major lineages resolved in mtDNA phylogenetic analyses. Dotted-circle depicts a subclade represented in detail (inset). One specimen from P. tenellus was included for comparisons.

FIGURE 6 in Psilorhynchus tysoni, a new species of torrent minnow from the Salween River drainage, western Thailand (Teleostei: Psilorhynchidae)

FIGURE 6. Maximum likelihood phylogram (-In L -10337.71589) obtained from analysis of concatenated COI+cyt b dataset for 12 species of Psilorhynchus and one outgroup taxon. Numbers above branches represent bootstrap values obtained in ML and MP analyses (ML/MP).

FIGURE 5. Hue Mae Song, 600 in Psilorhynchus tysoni, a new species of torrent minnow from the Salween River drainage, western Thailand (Teleostei: Psilorhynchidae)

FIGURE 5. Hue Mae Song, 600 meters upstream from confluence with Mae Nam Moei at highway 105 road crossing, Tak Province, Thailand. Known locality of Psilorhynchus tysoni. Photographs by Jens Kühne.

FIGURE 3 in Psilorhynchus tysoni, a new species of torrent minnow from the Salween River drainage, western Thailand (Teleostei: Psilorhynchidae)

FIGURE 3. Psilorhynchus tysoni, photographed alive; Thailand: Hue Mae Song. (a) TCWC 17185.01, 45.0 mm SL, lateral view. (b) TCWC 17185.02, 53.8 mm SL, dorsal view. Photographs by Jens Kühne.

FIGURE 2 in Psilorhynchus tysoni, a new species of torrent minnow from the Salween River drainage, western Thailand (Teleostei: Psilorhynchidae)

FIGURE 2. Ventral surface of head (a) and mouthparts (b) of Psilorhynchus tysoni, CAS 237342, holotype, 27.7 mm SL; Thailand: Mae Nam Moei. Abbreviations: LL, lower lip; Pap, globular papillae; RC, rostral cap; SF, skin fold; UL, upper lip.

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Epidermal club cell densities in fathead minnows: assessment of method and application to a case study

Abstract Many fishes possess epidermal club cells that are the presumptive source of chemical alarm cues and also play a role in innate immune defense. Club cell density has been estimated in some studies but a standardized method for quantifying these cells is lacking. Here, we assess the repeatability of estimating club cell density in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Thin-sectioned histological samples of fathead minnows were stained and mounted on slides and then digitally scanned for scoring. We estimated epidermal area using the segment tool in ImageJ to simulate the traditional method of scoring microscope slides using an ocular micrometer, where epidermal area was estimated by the lengths of straight-line segments of epidermal thickness and length of the tissue sample. The second approach measured epidermal area using the freehand tool in ImageJ. The R2 value for repeated estimates of club cell density (club cells/mm2) ranged from 0.959 and 0.969, depending on the method used to estimate epidermal area. Measurement error in estimates of epidermal area was greater than measurement error in cell counts and the freehand tool was more repeatable than the segment tool as a method to measure epidermal area. We applied these methods to test differences in club cell densities between two sources of fathead minnows; wild-caught fish versus lab-reared fish provided by the Environmental Protection Agency. Lab-reared fish had higher densities of club cells than wild-caught fish did, likely reflecting differences in body condition.epidermal club cells

Supplementary material 3 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696

Meristic and qualitative characters of Phoxinus adagumicus sp. nov., P. chrysoprasius, P. colchicus and other Phoxinus species published in the literature

Supplementary material 2 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696

Primary morphological data of Phoxinus adagumicus sp. nov. from type locality (Pryamaya Shchel River)

Supplementary material 1 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696

Additional material on Phoxinus adagumicus sp. nov. and comparative material on Phoxinus chrysoprasius and P. colchicus

Supplementary material 7 from: Artaev ON, Turbanov IS, Bolotovskiy AA, Gandlin AA, Levin BA (2024) Taxonomic revision of Phoxinus minnows (Leuciscidae) from Caucasus, with description of a new narrow-ranged endemic species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.115696

ML phylogenetic tree of concatenated COI and cytb mtDNA sequences representing all available species in Genabnk combined with our data set

Figure 1. A in Systematics and phylogeography of the Taiwanese endemic minnow Candidia barbatus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) based on DNA sequence, allozymic, and morphological analyses

Figure 1. A, image of Candidia barbatus; B, map of Taiwan showing the late Pleistocene (dashed line) shoreline, the current shoreline (solid line) (modified from Boggs et al., 1979 and Wu et al., 2007), the sampling sites of Candidia barbatus, the native species range (shaded area), and mtDNA lineages recovered. Geographical ranges of allozyme clusters are demarcated by arrows. Numerical codes for each sampling site: 1, Wulaokeng River (WL); 2, Shuangshi River (SS); 3, Masu River (MS); 4, Shandiaoling River (SD); 5, Sifen River (SF); 6, Waishuangshi River (WS); 7, Dahan River (DH); 8, Beishi River (BS); 9, Ayu River (AY); 10, Hapen River (HP); 11, Chingmei River (CM); 12, Fengshan River (FES); 13, Houlong River (HL); 14, Daan River (DA); 15, Dajia River (DJ); 16, Dadu River (DD); 17, Choshui River (CS); 18, Puzi River (PZ); 19, Tsengwen River (TW); 20, Nanzishan River (NZ); 21, Laonong River (LN); 22, Ailiao River (AL); 23, Lili River (LL); 24, Fanshan River (FAS); 25, Fengang River (FG); 26, Sichong River (SH) (also see Table 1).

Figure 4 in Systematics and phylogeography of the Taiwanese endemic minnow Candidia barbatus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) based on DNA sequence, allozymic, and morphological analyses

Figure 4. The marginal posterior probability distributions for the migration rate of Candidia barbatus between northern and central Taiwan.

Figure 3 in Systematics and phylogeography of the Taiwanese endemic minnow Candidia barbatus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) based on DNA sequence, allozymic, and morphological analyses

Figure 3. Detection of the number of groups by STRUCTURE. A, L(K) as a function of K; B, DK following Evanno et al. (2005) as a function of K.

Figure 2 in Systematics and phylogeography of the Taiwanese endemic minnow Candidia barbatus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) based on DNA sequence, allozymic, and morphological analyses

Figure 2. The neighbor-joining (NJ) tree corrected by the Hasegawa–Kishino–Yano (HKY) + Gamma (0.1719) model based on the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence. The times to the most recent common ancestor for major splitting events are shown below branches with their 95% highest posterior density in parentheses. Numbers above the branches, from top to bottom, are bootstrap values derived from maximum likelihood, Bayesian, NJ, and maximum parsimony methods, respectively. Candidia sieboldii and Candidia temminckii were included as outgroups. H01–H05: lineage A, recovered from Masu River, Shandiaoling River, Sifen River, Waishuangshi River, Dahan River, Beishi River, Hapen River, and Chingmei River. H06, H07: Lineage B, recovered from Wulaokeng River, Shuangshi River, Masu River, Ayu River, Chingmei River, Fengshan River, Houlong River, and Daan River. H08: Lineage C, recovered from Masu River, Shandiaoling River, Sifen River, Beishi River, Ayu River, Dajia River, Dadu River, and Choshui River. H09–H11: Lineage D, recovered from Puzi River, Tsengwen River, and Nanzishan River. H12: Lineage E, recovered from Nanzishan River and Laonong River. H13–H19: Lineage F, recovered from Ailiao River, Lili River, Fanshan River, Fengang River, and Sichong River.

FIGURE 6 in Two new species of small minnow mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from a mine-tailing dam disaster area in Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 6. Rivudiva watu sp. nov., holotype (INPA). A, labrum (left d.v., right v.v.); B, left mandible; C, right mandible; D, left maxilla; E, hypopharynx; F, labium (left d.v., right v.v.); G, shape of distal rows of setae of glossa.

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of small minnow mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from a mine-tailing dam disaster area in Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Apobaetis irai sp. nov. holotype (INPA). A, labrum (left d.v., right v.v.); B, labrum (detail of median setae); C, left mandible; D, right mandible; E, hypopharynx; F, left maxilla; G, labium (left d.v., right v.v.).

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of small minnow mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from a mine-tailing dam disaster area in Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Apobaetis irai sp. nov. holotype (INPA). A, dorsal habitus of larvae female; B, lateral view; C, ventral view.

FIGURE 2. Sample sites. A and B in Two new species of small minnow mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from a mine-tailing dam disaster area in Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Sample sites. A and B sample sites of Apobaetis irai sp. nov.; C and D sample sites of Rivudiva watu sp. nov.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of small minnow mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from a mine-tailing dam disaster area in Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Map of species distribution in Rio Doce basin. Red circle Apobaetis irai sp. nov.; Blue circle Rivudiva watu sp. nov.

FIGURE 7 in Two new species of small minnow mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from a mine-tailing dam disaster area in Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 7. Rivudiva watu sp. nov., holotype (INPA). A, foreleg (femur on anterior surface); B, posterior surface of forefemur; C, hind leg (femur on anterior surface); D, posterior surface of hind femur.