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Figs 39-49. 39 in A review of the Bironium Csiki, 1909 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) of New Guinea and the Moluccas

Figs 39-49. 39–41, Bironium riedeli sp. nov.: 39 – Paramere, ventral view, scale = 0.1 mm; 40 – Internal sac, scale = 0.1 mm; 41 – Gonocoxite, scale = 0.05 mm. 42–45, Bironium rufulum sp. nov.: 42, 43 – Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral views, scale = 0.2 mm; 44 – Paramere in ventral view, scale = 0.1 mm; 45 – Gonocoxite, scale = 0.05 mm. 46–49, Bironium striatum sp. nov.: 46, 47 – Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral views, scale = 0.2 mm; 48 – Paramere in ventral view, scale = 0.1 mm; 49 – Gonocoxite, scale = 0.05 mm.

Figs 20-29. 20 in A review of the Bironium Csiki, 1909 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) of New Guinea and the Moluccas

Figs 20-29. 20 - Bironium longipes (Reitter): gonocoxite, scale = 0.1 mm. 21 - Bironium maculatum Löbl: gonocoxite, scale = 0.1 mm. 22-25, Bironium maindai sp. nov.: 22, 23 - Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral views, scale = 0.1 mm; 24 - Paramere in ventral view, scale = 0.1 mm; 25 - Internal sac, scale = 0.1 mm. 26-29, Bironium ornatum sp. nov.: 26, 27 - Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral views, scale 0.2 mm; 28 - Paramere in ventral view, scale = 0.2 mm; 29 - Internal sac, scale = 0.1 mm.

Figs 11-19. 11-14 in A review of the Bironium Csiki, 1909 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) of New Guinea and the Moluccas

Figs 11-19. 11-14, Bironium biroi (Pic): 11 - Aedeagus in lateral view, scale = 0.2 mm; 12 - Internal sac, scale = 0.05 mm; 13 - Paramere in ventral view, scale = 0.1 mm; 14 - Gonocoxite, scale = 0.05 mm. 15-19, Bironium grande sp. nov.: 15, 16 - Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral views, scale = 0.4 mm; 17 - Paramere in ventral view, scale = 0.2 mm; 18 - Internal sac, scale = 0.05 mm; 19 - Gonocoxite, scale = 0.05 mm.

Figs 1-10. 1-6 in A review of the Bironium Csiki, 1909 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) of New Guinea and the Moluccas

Figs 1-10. 1-6, Bironium albertisi sp. nov.: 1, 2 - Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral views, scale = 0.2 mm; 3 - Tip of median lobe in lateral view, scale = 0.1 mm; 4 - Internal sac, scale = 0.1 mm; 5 - Paramere in ventral view, scale 0.1 mm; 6 - Gonocoxite, scale = 0.05 mm. 7-10, Bironium bicolor sp. nov.: 7, 8 - Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral views, scale = 0.2 mm; 9 - Internal sac, scale = 0.1 mm; 10 - Paramere in ventral view, scale = 0.1 mm.

Figs 50-53 in A review of the Bironium Csiki, 1909 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) of New Guinea and the Moluccas

Figs 50-53. Bironium taurus sp. nov.: 50, 51 – Aedeagus in dorsal and lateral views, scale = 0.2 mm; 52 – Paramere and apical half of median lobe, in ventral view, scale = 0.2 mm; 53 – Apical part on median lobe, in lateral view, scale = 0.1 mm.

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Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages. in Suidae

Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages.

Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, some Lesser Sunda Is (Lombok and Timor) and Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, and Kai Is), New Guinea and some nearby islands (Waigeo I, Manus I in Admiralty Is, New Ireland I in Bismarck Archipelago, and D'Entrecasteaux Is), and Solomon Is; possibly this species also recorded on mainland SE Asia (Thailand, S Cambodia, and S Vietnam). in Miniopteridae

Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, some Lesser Sunda Is (Lombok and Timor) and Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, and Kai Is), New Guinea and some nearby islands (Waigeo I, Manus I in Admiralty Is, New Ireland I in Bismarck Archipelago, and D'Entrecasteaux Is), and Solomon Is; possibly this species also recorded on mainland SE Asia (Thailand, S Cambodia, and S Vietnam).

Distribution. Patchy records in S Asia (Nepal and S India), much of mainland SE Asia (Myanmar, S China including Hainan I, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia), and part of insular SE Asia (Nicobar Is, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, and Moluccas); a record from Borneo requires confirmation. in Miniopteridae

Distribution. Patchy records in S Asia (Nepal and S India), much of mainland SE Asia (Myanmar, S China including Hainan I, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia), and part of insular SE Asia (Nicobar Is, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, and Moluccas); a record from Borneo requires confirmation.

Distribution. Sulawesi (including Talaud, Sangihe, Togian, and Peleng Is), N & C Moluccas (Halmahera, Seram, and Ambon), Kai Is, New Guinea including Raja Ampat Is (Waigeo, Batanta), Karkar I, Bismarck Archipelago, Nissan I, Solomon Is, D'Entrecasteux Is (Normanby), Southeast Is, and Vanuatu (Malakula I). in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Sulawesi (including Talaud, Sangihe, Togian, and Peleng Is), N & C Moluccas (Halmahera, Seram, and Ambon), Kai Is, New Guinea including Raja Ampat Is (Waigeo, Batanta), Karkar I, Bismarck Archipelago, Nissan I, Solomon Is, D'Entrecasteux Is (Normanby), Southeast Is, and Vanuatu (Malakula I).

Distribution. Nepal, E & NE India (including Sikkim), Bhutan, Myanmar, SE China (Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi), SE Asia, Borneo (including Bunguran Is), Sumatra (including Simeulue, Nias, and Sipora Is), Java, Bali, Lesser Sundas (Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Flores Is), and C Moluccas (Ambon I). in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Nepal, E & NE India (including Sikkim), Bhutan, Myanmar, SE China (Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi), SE Asia, Borneo (including Bunguran Is), Sumatra (including Simeulue, Nias, and Sipora Is), Java, Bali, Lesser Sundas (Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Flores Is), and C Moluccas (Ambon I).

Distribution. Philippines (Mountain and Benguet provinces on Luzon I, and Surigao del Norte and Davao del Sur provinces on Mindanao I), Borneo (Crocker Range in Sabah, and Kubah National Park in Sarawak), NE & C Sulawesi, and Moluccas (Buru and Ambon Is). A record from Mt Isarog (Camarines Sur Province on Luzon I) is assigned to the Pipustrellusjavanicus complex. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Philippines (Mountain and Benguet provinces on Luzon I, and Surigao del Norte and Davao del Sur provinces on Mindanao I), Borneo (Crocker Range in Sabah, and Kubah National Park in Sarawak), NE & C Sulawesi, and Moluccas (Buru and Ambon Is). A record from Mt Isarog (Camarines Sur Province on Luzon I) is assigned to the Pipustrellusjavanicus complex.

Distribution. Moluccas (Halmahera and Bacan), West Papuan Is (Gebe), Schouten Is (Numfor, Supiori, and Biak), and W New Guinea (Bird's Head Peninsula). in Hipposideridae

Distribution. Moluccas (Halmahera and Bacan), West Papuan Is (Gebe), Schouten Is (Numfor, Supiori, and Biak), and W New Guinea (Bird's Head Peninsula).

Subspecies and Distribution. H.a.aterTempleton,1848-IndiaandSriLanka. H.a.amboinensisPeters,1871—AmbonI,Moluccas. H.a.antricolaPeters,1861—Philippines. H.a.aruensisj.E.Gray,1858—NewGuinea,BismarckArchipelago,WoodlarkI,andEAustralia(Queensland). H.a.gilbertiD.H.Johnson,1959-WesternAustraliaandNorthernTerritory,Australia. H.a.naUamalaensis.Srinivasulu&B.Srinivasulu,2006-EasternGhats,AndhraPradesh,India. H. a. saevus K. Andersen, 1918 -Myanmar S to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, N Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Kai Is. Range of this subspecies is tentative and needs revision in Hipposideridae

Subspecies and Distribution. H.a.aterTempleton,1848-IndiaandSriLanka. H.a.amboinensisPeters,1871—AmbonI,Moluccas. H.a.antricolaPeters,1861—Philippines. H.a.aruensisj.E.Gray,1858—NewGuinea,BismarckArchipelago,WoodlarkI,andEAustralia(Queensland). H.a.gilbertiD.H.Johnson,1959-WesternAustraliaandNorthernTerritory,Australia. H.a.naUamalaensis.Srinivasulu&B.Srinivasulu,2006-EasternGhats,AndhraPradesh,India. H. a. saevus K. Andersen, 1918 -Myanmar S to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, N Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Kai Is. Range of this subspecies is tentative and needs revision

Subspecies and Distribution. C.j.jobensisG.S.Miller,1902—Moluccas(SeramI),YapenI,ENewGuinea,andBismarckArchipelago(NewBritainI). C. j. colonicus Thomas, 1906 — N Australia fromjust N of Geraldton in Western Australia E to Rockhampton in C Queensland, including major offshore Is. in Molossidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C.j.jobensisG.S.Miller,1902—Moluccas(SeramI),YapenI,ENewGuinea,andBismarckArchipelago(NewBritainI). C. j. colonicus Thomas, 1906 — N Australia fromjust N of Geraldton in Western Australia E to Rockhampton in C Queensland, including major offshore Is.

Distribution. New Guinea, including Yapen, Mios Num, and Roon Is in Cenderawasih (= Geelvink) Bay, Karkar and Walis Is off the N coast, Raja Ampat Is of Salawati, Sorong, and Misool, SE Papua New Guinea Is of Samarai (= Dinner) and Dufaure (= Dufour), and Aru Is. It is present on many islands of C & S Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, Pulau Pandjang, Buru, and the Tayandu and Kai archipelagos). It has been introduced to Selayar I between Sulawesi and Flores (W occurrence of the species), and there are vague records from Flores and Sulawesi, which may also refer to the Selayar population. This species was also apparently introduced to Mussau (St. Matthias Group, NE Bismarck Archipelago) in prehistoric times and to New Ireland I (Bismarck Archipelago) in the 20™ century. in Phalangeridae

Distribution. New Guinea, including Yapen, Mios Num, and Roon Is in Cenderawasih (= Geelvink) Bay, Karkar and Walis Is off the N coast, Raja Ampat Is of Salawati, Sorong, and Misool, SE Papua New Guinea Is of Samarai (= Dinner) and Dufaure (= Dufour), and Aru Is. It is present on many islands of C & S Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, Pulau Pandjang, Buru, and the Tayandu and Kai archipelagos). It has been introduced to Selayar I between Sulawesi and Flores (W occurrence of the species), and there are vague records from Flores and Sulawesi, which may also refer to the Selayar population. This species was also apparently introduced to Mussau (St. Matthias Group, NE Bismarck Archipelago) in prehistoric times and to New Ireland I (Bismarck Archipelago) in the 20™ century.

Distribution. Obi, Bisa, and Obilatu (= Obi-Latoe) Is in the NC Moluccas, Indonesia. Descriptiveor notes. Head-body 36-39 cm, tail 30-33.5 cm; weight 1.1-1.4 kg. The Obi Cuscus is a relatively small cuscus (condylobasal length 65-69 mm). Skull of the Obi Cuscus is similar to that of the Moluccan Cuscus (P. ornatus) and the Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae), and it bears a prominent diastema between incisor and canine but is smaller than those species and has smaller teeth. The Obi Cuscus has two color morphs: orange-brown or gray dorsal fur with dark underfur. Ventral fur is white to yellow. Dark dorsal stripe extends from head to mid-back or rump. in Phalangeridae

Distribution. Obi, Bisa, and Obilatu (= Obi-Latoe) Is in the NC Moluccas, Indonesia. Descriptiveor notes. Head-body 36-39 cm, tail 30-33.5 cm; weight 1.1-1.4 kg. The Obi Cuscus is a relatively small cuscus (condylobasal length 65-69 mm). Skull of the Obi Cuscus is similar to that of the Moluccan Cuscus (P. ornatus) and the Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae), and it bears a prominent diastema between incisor and canine but is smaller than those species and has smaller teeth. The Obi Cuscus has two color morphs: orange-brown or gray dorsal fur with dark underfur. Ventral fur is white to yellow. Dark dorsal stripe extends from head to mid-back or rump.

Distribution. Endemic to Gebe I, in the North Moluccas, Indonesia. A cuscus photographed on Uranie I (W of Gebe I and N of Waigeo I) by K. D. Bishop most closely resembles the Gebe Cuscus and suggests it may be more widespread on islands between Halmahera and Waigeo Is. in Phalangeridae

Distribution. Endemic to Gebe I, in the North Moluccas, Indonesia. A cuscus photographed on Uranie I (W of Gebe I and N of Waigeo I) by K. D. Bishop most closely resembles the Gebe Cuscus and suggests it may be more widespread on islands between Halmahera and Waigeo Is.

Subspecies and Distribution. P. b. breviceps Waterhouse, 1839 — E mainland Australia in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, extending into SE South Australia; also Tasmania (where may be introduced). P. b. ariel Gould, 1842 — N Western Australia through N Northern Territory, including Tiwi Is and Groote Eylandt. Pb. longicaudatus Longman, 1924 — N & E Queensland, including Normanby I (off Russell River, S of Cairns). P. b. papuanus Thomas, 1888 — Moluccas (Halmahera, Ternate I, Bacan Is, Gebe I, Kai Besar I); and New Guinea, including West Papuan Is (Misool, Salawati), Adi I (off S Bomberai = Fakfak Peninsula), islands in Cenderawasih (= Geelvink) Bay (Yapen, Numfoor), islands off N coast (Bagabag, Bam, Blup Blup, Kadovar, Karkar, Koil, Vokeo, Wei), Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, Duke of York), and islands off SE peninsula (Fergusson, Goodenough, Sudest, Woodlark, Misima, Normanby). in Petauridae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. b. breviceps Waterhouse, 1839 — E mainland Australia in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, extending into SE South Australia; also Tasmania (where may be introduced). P. b. ariel Gould, 1842 — N Western Australia through N Northern Territory, including Tiwi Is and Groote Eylandt. Pb. longicaudatus Longman, 1924 — N & E Queensland, including Normanby I (off Russell River, S of Cairns). P. b. papuanus Thomas, 1888 — Moluccas (Halmahera, Ternate I, Bacan Is, Gebe I, Kai Besar I); and New Guinea, including West Papuan Is (Misool, Salawati), Adi I (off S Bomberai = Fakfak Peninsula), islands in Cenderawasih (= Geelvink) Bay (Yapen, Numfoor), islands off N coast (Bagabag, Bam, Blup Blup, Kadovar, Karkar, Koil, Vokeo, Wei), Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, Duke of York), and islands off SE peninsula (Fergusson, Goodenough, Sudest, Woodlark, Misima, Normanby).

Subspecies and Distribution. O.b.beccariiPeters,1881—Moluccas(Hal-mahera,Seram,andAmbonIs)andSENewGuinea. O. b. astrolabiensis A. B. Meyer, 1899 — NE New Guinea (including Kairiru and Kadovar Is) and Bismarck Archipelago (Mussau and New Britain Is). Also present in D'Entrecasteaux Is (Fergusson), but race involved is not known. in Molossidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.b.beccariiPeters,1881—Moluccas(Hal-mahera,Seram,andAmbonIs)andSENewGuinea. O. b. astrolabiensis A. B. Meyer, 1899 — NE New Guinea (including Kairiru and Kadovar Is) and Bismarck Archipelago (Mussau and New Britain Is). Also present in D'Entrecasteaux Is (Fergusson), but race involved is not known.