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Fig. 6 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of Tachysoma pellionellum during divisional morphogenesis (after protargol staining). (A, B) Ventral views of early dividers, note the basal bodies in the oral primordia forming an elongated field; arrows show the postoral ventral cirri which remain intact. (C, D) Ventral views of early dividers. In C, arrow in the proter marks the paroral which is dedifferentiating; arrow in the opisthe shows the anlage of the undulating membranes, and arrowhead indicates the right marginal anlage; in D, arrows show the first frontal cirri separating from the anlagen of the undulating membranes, and arrowheads mark the left marginal anlagen. (E–G) Ventral and dorsal view of a middle-stage divider. In E, arrowhead shows the first frontal cirrus and arrows mark the right marginal anlagen; in G, double-arrowheads show the first frontal cirrius, arrowheads mark the left marginal anlagen, and arrows show the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 1. (H, I) Ventral and dorsal view of a late divider; arrows show the dorsal kineties 6. II–VI, FVT-anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; OP, oral primordium; 2–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 20 µm (B, D, F) and 45µm (I).

Fig. 5 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 5. Middle and late dividers of Tachysoma pellionellum, after protargol staining. (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of a middle-stage divider. In A, arrowheads show the first frontal cirri and arrows mark the left marginal anlagen; in B, arrows mark the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 4. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal view of a mid-divider. In C, arrowheads show the first frontal cirri, arrows mark the left marginal anlagen and double-arrowheads show the anlagen of dorsal kineties; in D, arrows mark the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kinety anlagen 4. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of a late divider; double-arrowheads show the dorsomarginal kineties (dorsal kineties 6) and arrowheads show the left marginal row. (G, H) Ventral and dorsal view of a late-stage divider; arrowheads show the dorsomarginal kineties (dorsal kineties 6). DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; RMA, right marginal anlage; RMR, right marginal row; 1–6, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 45 µm.

Fig. 4 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 4. Microphotographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. from life (A–L). (A, C, D) Ventral views of different cells, showing variation of body shape, arrow shows cilia in AZM1. (B) Dorsal view showing inclusions, a small spur-like protrusion (arrow in B), and anterior membranelles (arrow in D). (E) Partially lateral view. (F) Anterior portion showing spur-like bulge (arrow) at anterior margin of body and AZM1. (G) Ventral view of posterior part showing AZM2, and small left marginal cirrus (arrow). (H) Ventral view of anterior part, showing frontal cirri. (I) Ventral view of posterior part, showing the fine rightmost transverse cirrus (arrow) and left marginal cirri. (J) Ventral view, showing two fine ventral cirri (arrows). (K) Depicting dorsal bristles. (L) Dorsal view, to show caudal cirri located at concave area and dorsal grooves (arrows). AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 5 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 5. Photomicrographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–I). (A–C, I) Ventral and dorsal views of specimens at interphase, showing ciliature and macronuclear nodules, arrow showing the small left marginal cirrus. (D, E) Anterior view, to show AZM1 and frontal cirri. (F) Arrows show two fine ventral cirri. (G, H) Depicting AZM2 and left marginal cirri. AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; DK3, dorsal kinety 3; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodule; PM, paroral membrane; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 3 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 3. Morphogenesis of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–F). (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, showing migration of new structures and the formation of spherical fused macronucleus. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, five new membranelles combine with six retained membranelles to form anterior part of adoral zone of membranelles in the proter, the macronucleus dividing once. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same daughter cell just after fusion, showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 2 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 2. Morphogenesis of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–F). (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of the same specimen, arrows in A and B show cirral anlagen and two caudal cirri in the rightmost dorsal kinety anlagen of both proter and opisthe, respectively, arrowheads in A and B mark left marginal anlagen and replication bands, respectively. (C) Ventral view of a middle divider, arrowheads mark the development of left marginal anlagen. (D) Ventral view of a middle divider, showing the formation of paroral membrane anlagen and the segmentation of cirral anlagen (arrows), dedifferentiation of the old paroral membrane. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, showing the formation of new membranelles and cirri and other dorsal kineties anlagen, arrows show de novo formation of a frontal cirrus beside new paroral membrane OP, opisthe's oral primordium; PMA, paroral membrane anlage; POP, proter's oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 1. Uronychia xinjiangensis n in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 1. Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. in vivo (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral and dorsal view of the holotype specimen, showing the ciliature and nuclear apparatus. Frontal-midventral-transverse cirri which originate from the same anlage are connected by a broken line. (D) Ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of cirral anlagen and OP. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same early divider, showing the development of cirral anlagen and OP as well the formation of proter's oral primodirum, left marginal anlagen (arrows in E) and replication bands (arrow in F) and dorsal kinety anlagen in the two rightmost old structures; arrowhead indicates short cirral anlage. AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CA, cirral anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodule; OP, opisther's oral primodium; PM, paroral membrane; POP, proter's oral primordium; TC, transverse cirri; VC, ventral cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 7 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 7. Photomicrographs of dividers of Parakahliella macrostoma pop. 2 during divisional morphogenesis (after protargol staining). (A) ventral view of early divider showing oral primordium, arrowheads point to the left frontoventral cirri. (B, C) ventral views of late divider, arrows mark the left frontoventral row anlagen, white arrow indicates the oral primordium, arrowheads mark the right frontoventral row anlagen (B) arrowheads in C point to the undulating membrane anlage. (D–G) ventral views of late dividers of proter, arrows indicate the newly formed left frontoventral row, arrowheads mark the newly formed right frontoventral row. (H) ventral view of late divider of opisthe, arrow indicates the newly formed left frontoventral row, arrowhead marks the newly formed right frontoventral row. (I) dorsal view of anterior portion showing the dorsal kineties anlagen, arrowheads mark new caudal cirri. (J–M) dorsal views of the body portion showing the macronuclear nodules fused to a single mass (J) and divider (K–M). LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlagen; UMA, undulating membrane anlage; I–III, frontoventral transverse cirral anlagen I–III. Scale bars: 25 μm in A, C, 30 μm in D, G and 20 μm in J.

Fig. 4. A–F in Morphogenesis and Molecular Characterization of a Little Known Soil Ciliate, Oxytricha nauplia Berger et Foissner, 1987 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Fig. 4. A–F. Morphogenesis of Oxytricha nauplia after protargol staining. (A, B) Ventral and dorsal views of the same mid-divider, arrowheads in A mark the dorsomarginal kineties anlagen and in B show the posterior fragmentation of the third dorsal kinety anlage (counted from left to right), arrows in B show the old caudal cirri. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal views of the same late divider, (C) shows the completely formed frontoventral-transverse cirri and (D) shows the caudal cirri (arrowheads). (E, F) Ventral and dorsal views of the same late divider just before cell division, to show the newly built ciliature and nuclear apparatus. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, 2, 3, 4, 5 = dorsal kinety 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; LMC = left marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; I to VI represent anlagen I to VI. Scale bars = 30 μm.

Fig. 7 in Morphogenesis and Molecular Characterization of a Little Known Soil Ciliate, Oxytricha nauplia Berger et Foissner, 1987 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Fig. 7. Drawings (A–C) and photomicrographs (D–G) of original population of Oxytricha nauplia after protargol staining. (A) Ventral ciliature (redrawing from the holotype). (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of the holotype from Berger (1999), arrowhead shows a misinterpreted frontoventral cirrus. (D) Ventral ciliature of the holotype. (E) Magnification of frontoventral cirri of the holotype. (F) Ventral view of the anterior portion of a paratype, to show the arrangement of frontoventral cirri. (G) Dorsal view of the right portion of another paratype, to show dorsal kineties 5 and 6.

Fig. 4 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.2 from life (A–E) and after protargol staining (F–J). (A) ventral view of typical individual. (B, C) ventral views of the anterior portion showing adoral zone of membranelles in B and contractile vacuole in C. (D) a different individual under the polarizing microscope (POL) showing the crystals in the cytoplasm. (E) lateral view in vivo. (F) anterior body portion in ventral view; dotted ellipses indicate the buccal and parabuccal cirri; also showing the frontal cirri, endoral, paroral, and adoral zone of membranelles. (G) a part of body in ventral view, arrow indicates the left frontoventral row, arrowhead marks the right frontoventral row. (H) dorsal view of the posterior portion showing caudal cirri. (I) body portion in dorsal view showing macronuclear nodules, arrowheads mark the dorsal kineties. (J) anterior body portion in dorsal view showing dorsal kineties. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirri; CC, caudal cirri; CV, contractile vacuole; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PBC, parabuccal cirri; 1–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 80 μm in A, 60 μm in D, E and 30 μm in F.

Fig. 3 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.1 from life (A–G) and after protargol staining (H–M). (A) ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) ventral views of a different individuals in B and food vacuoles (arrowheads). (D) lateral view in vivo. (E, F) body portion in ventral views showing adoral zone of membranelles and contractile vacuole position. (G) detail of crystals (arrowheads) in the cytoplasm. (H) anterior body portion in ventral view showing adoral zone of membranelles. (I) anterior body in ventral view showing macronuclear nodules. (J) dorsal view of anterior body portion showing the dorsal kineties. (K–M) ventral and dorsal views of a mid-stage divide. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronuclear nodules; 1–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 130 μm in A, H and 20 μm in F.

Fig. 6 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 6. Late dividers of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.2, after protargol staining. (A–D) late divider, arrows mark the newly formed left frontoventral row and arrowheads indicate the newly formed right frontoventral row (A, C); arrowheads mark the newly formed caudal cirri (B, D); short lines connect buccal cirri, dotted ellipses indicate the parabuccal cirri; asterisks mark the additional frontoventral streak (A, C). DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; RMA, right marginal anlagen; 1–3, dorsal kineties anlagen. Scale bars: 120 μm.

Fig. 5 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 5. Morphogenesis in Parakahliella macrostoma pop.2 from early to late stages (after protargol staining). (A) early divider, showing the oral primordium. (B–G) middle divider. (H, I) late divider. Arrows in (B) mark the left marginal anlagen; arrows point to the left frontoventral row primordia (D, F, H), arrowheads indicate the right frontoventral row primordia (D, F, H) and the newly formed caudal cirri (E, G, I); short lines connect buccal cirri (F, H), dotted ellipses indicate the parabuccal cirri (F, H); asterisks mark the additional frontoventral streaks (D, F, H). DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlagen; UMA, undulating membrane anlage; 1–3, dorsal kineties anlagen. Scale bars: 100 μm in A, D, E and 120 μm in F–I.

Fig. 3. A–G in Morphogenesis and Molecular Characterization of a Little Known Soil Ciliate, Oxytricha nauplia Berger et Foissner, 1987 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Fig. 3. A–G. Morphogenesis of Oxytricha nauplia after protargol staining. (A) A section of ventral side of an early divider to show the three parts of oral primordium (arrowheads). (B) Ventral view of an early divider to show that basal bodies in oral primordium start mixing together (arrowhead) and a little group of basal bodies formed de novo at the right of postoral ventral cirrus V/4 (arrow). (C) Ventral view of an early divider to show the cirrus IV/2 is disorganized and the basal bodies at the right of postoral ventral cirrus V/4 are proliferated into a larger region (arrowhead). (D, E) Ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen, arrows in D show the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage arisen, arrowheads show that the right marginal anlage of the opisthe and proter, and hollow arrow depicts the newly formed membranelles; arrowheads in E show dorsal kineties anlagen. (F, G) Ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen, showing the 6 streaks of frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage, arrowheads show the left marginal anlage of the opisthe and proter. DK, dorsal kinety; I to VI represent anlagen I to VI. Scale bars = 30 μm.

Fig. 2 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 2. Morphology of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.1 (A–C) and pop.2 (D–E) from life (A, D) and after protargol staining (B, C, E, F). (A, D) Ventral views of a representative individual. (B, C, E, F) Infraciliature of ventral and dorsal sides and macronuclear apparatus of specimens, arrowheads mark the right frontoventral row (B, E) and arrow marks the left frontoventral row (B). AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; CV, contractile vacuole; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; LMR1, 2, left marginal row 1, 2; LVR, left frontoventral row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PBC, parabuccal cirri; RMR1–3, right marginal row 1–3; RVR, right frontoventral row; 1–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 70 μm in A–C and 60 μm in D–F.

Fig. 2 in Morphogenesis and Molecular Characterization of a Little Known Soil Ciliate, Oxytricha nauplia Berger et Foissner, 1987 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Fig. 2. Morphology of Oxytricha nauplia in vivo (A, D, E–J) and after protargol staining (B, C, K–N). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the same specimen, to show ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (D) Two different individuals to show that diversity of body shape depends on ingestion situation. (E–G) Ventral views of different individuals showing variation of body shapes. (H) Two macronuclear segments (arrowheads). (I) To show the bacterial plaques (arrowhead). (J) To show contractile vacuole and dorsal cilia (arrowheads). (K) Ventral view, to show the ciliature. (L) Dorsal view, to show the dorsal kineties, caudal cirri (arrowheads) and nuclear apparatus. (M) Magnification of the anterior ventral portion, showing the frontal, buccal, frontoventral cirri, paroral (arrowhead) and endoral membranlles. (N) Macronuclear segments and micronuclei (arrowheads). Ma, macronuclear segment. Scale bars = 45 μm.

Fig. 6 in Morphogenesis and Molecular Characterization of a Little Known Soil Ciliate, Oxytricha nauplia Berger et Foissner, 1987 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Fig. 6. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree inferred from SSU rDNA sequences of 70 hypotrichs, and phylogenetic position of Oxytricha nauplia (red arrow). Black circle indicates four SSU rDNA sequences that include Uroleptopsis citrina (FJ870094), Nothoholosticha fasciola (FJ377548), Heterokeronopsis pulchra (JQ083600) and Anteholosticha monilata (KJ958488). Black triangle represents two SSU rDNA sequences that include Protogastrostyla sterkii (FJ870099) and Protogastrostyla pulchra (EF194082). Black square indicates two Trachelostylidae SSU rDNA sequences: Spirotrachelostyla tani (FJ870093) and Trachelostyla pediculiformis (DQ057346). Disagree- ment between ML and BI (*).

Fig. 5 in Morphogenesis and Molecular Characterization of a Little Known Soil Ciliate, Oxytricha nauplia Berger et Foissner, 1987 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Fig. 5. Magnified photomicrographs of Oxytricha nauplia after protargol staining. (A) Ventral view of an early divider to show the three parts of oral primordium (arrowheads). (B) Ventral view of an early divider to show the cirrus IV/2 is disorganized and the basal bodies at the right of postoral ventral cirrus V/4 proliferated into a larger region (arrowhead). (C) Ventral view of an early middle divider, showing the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage arisen. (D) Ventral view of a middle divider, showing the six streaks of the frontoventral–transverse cirral anlagen of proter. (E, F, G, H) Same specimen of a middle divider. (E) Ventral view of the anterior portion, showing unitized frontal–ventral–transverse cirri anlagen and the dorsomarginal kineties anlagen (arrowheads) in proter. (F) Ventral view of adoral zone of the opisthe, showing the frontal–ventral–transverse cirri of the opisthe. (G, H) Showing the fused macronucleus and the dividing micronuclei, arrowheads show the posterior fragmentation of the third dorsal kinety analge. (I) Another middle divider, arrowhead shows the anlage of cirrus I at the anterior end of undulating membranes anlagen. (J, K) The same specimen, showing the dividing of nuclear apparatus and ventral ciliature. Ma= macronuclear segments.

Fig. 8 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 8. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. Numbers at nodes represent the bootstrap values of maximum likelihood analysis out of 1,000 replicates and the posterior probability of Bayesian analysis. "*" indicates the disagreement between BI tree and the reference ML tree. All branches are drawn to scale; scale bar corresponds to two substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.