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FIGURE 4 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 4. Representation of East Asian and European vegetation types and formations as delivered by Drudges 1 and Drudge 2 for the IPR Similarity, Taxonomic Similarity (TS), and Results Mix. See also Appendix 8.

FIGURE 8 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 8. Mean annual temperature (MAT), warm-month mean temperature (WMMT), and cold-month mean temperature (CMMT) based on CLAMP and the Coexistence Approach (CA) for the fossil plant record (sources are Kvaček et al., 2011; Teodoridis and Kvaček, 2015; Teodoridis et al., 2009, 2012, 2015, 2017). black columns: minimum CA. light grey columns: maximum CA, narrow, dark grey columns: CLAMP result. For more comprehensive climate data see Appendix 10.

FIGURE 9 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 9. Climate parameters of the modern European vegetation Formations F, G, and H based on Bohn et al. (2004) and Traiser and Mosbrugger (2004) represented as columns spanning the minimum and maximum of the respective data. Vegetation of Formation F tends to lower temperatures (note, however, that climate data for formations F.3 – F.1 are more complex). Vegetation of Formation G tends to lower MAP. Asterisks indicate single data points (no climate interval was available). The data are listed in Appendix 11. Abbreviations: MAT = mean annual temperature; WMMT = warm-month mean temperature; CMMT = cold-month mean temperature; MAP = mean annual precipitation.

Fig. 6 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 6. Isolated elements assigned to a pike Esox spp. from Southeastern Europe; late Miocene (A–J), Pliocene (N–Q), and Pleistocene (K–M, R–T). A–G, I–T. Tooth, lateral view. A. NMNHU-P 41/3472, Palievo. B. NMNHU-P 33/561, Mykhailivka 2. C. NMNHU-P 29/1708, Popovo 3. D. NMNHU-P 29/1045, Verkhnya Krynitsya 2. E. NMNHU-P 41/4498, Egorovka 2. F. NMNHU-P 41/4329, Egorovka 1. G. NMNHU-P 38/1964, Novoukrainka 1. I. NMNHU-P 41/2466, Pontian Lectostratotype. J. NMNHU-P 41/2742, Vinogradovka 1. K. NMNHU-P 53/4395, Bol'shevik 2. L. NMNHU-P 29/380, Lysa Gora 1. M. NMNHU-P 53/4388, Semibalka 1. N. NMNHU-P 42/2458, Vinogradovka 2. O. NMNHU-P 53/4281, Obukhovka 2. P. NMNHU-P 53/4344, Zhevakhova Gora. Q. NMNHU-P 29/627, Verkhnya Krynitsya 1. R. NMNHU-P 42/2463, Kotlovina 2. S. NMNHU-P 53/4406, Medzhibozh. T. NMNHU-P 42/2472, Kotlovina 3. H. Left palatine (NMNHU-P 33/517), Andreevka, occlusal view. Scale bars: C, D, H–O, R, S, T, 5 mm; A, B, E, F, P, Q, 4 mm; G, 3 mm.

Fig. 1 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 1. Map showing location of Ukraine in Europe (B). Localities with fossil pike remains in southeastern Europe in Ukraine (A), detailed view of area near Odessa (C). 1, Popovo; 2, Mykhailivka; 3, Frunzovka; 4, Palievo; 5, Lobkovo; 6, Cherevichne; 7, Vasylivka; 8, Verkhnya Krynitsya; 9, Egorovka; 10, Novoukrainka; 11, Andreevka; 12, Orekhovka; 13, Pontian Lectostratotype; 14, Vinogradovka; 15, Novopetrovka; 16, Obukhovka; 17, Kamenskoe; 18, Kotlovina; 19, Zhevakhova Gora; 20, Kryzhanovka; 21, Tiligul; 22, Nova Etuliya; 23, Sinyaya Balka; 24, Nogaisk; 25, Kairy; 26, Protopopovka; 27, Semibalka; 28, Lysa Gora; 29, Bol'shevik; 30, Medzhibozh.

Fig. 3 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 3. Isolated elements assigned to a pike Esox moldavicus Sytchevskaya, 1974 from Southeastern Europe; Pliocene (A, C–E, G), and Pleistocene (B, F, H). A. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 45/6017), Cherevichne 2, occlusal view. B. Right palatine (NMNHU-P 41/2556), Kotlovina 3, ventral view. C. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 42/513), Kamenskoe, occlusal view. D. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 53/4248), Kryzhanovka, occlusal (D1) and medial (D2) views. E. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 53/4245), Obukhovka 1, occlusal view. F. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 41/2452), Kotlovina 2, occlusal view. G. Palatine fragment (NMNHU-P 53/4246), Obukhovka 2, ventral view. H. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 41/2454), Kotlovina 3, occlusal view. E, D2, anterior to right; C, D1, A, F, H, anterior to left; G, B, anterior towards top. Scale bars: E, D, 10 mm; C, G, F, H, B, 5 mm; A, 2 mm.

Fig. 5 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 5. Isolated elements assigned to the Northern Pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 from Southeastern Europe; Pleistocene. A. Left cleithrum (NMNHU-P 53/4249), Nova Etuliya, lateral view. B. Left palatine (NMNHU-P 53/4253), Semibalka 1, ventral view. C. Right palatine (NMNHU-P 53/4255), Medzhibozh, dorsal view (C1), ventral view (C2). D. Fragment of cleithra (NMNHU-P 53/4250), Sinyaya Balka, lateral view. E. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 53/4387), Semibalka 1, occlusal view. F. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 53/4264), Medzhibozh, occlusal view. G. Parashenoid (NMNHU-P 53/4254), Medzhibozh, dorsal view. A, D, E, anterior to right; F, anterior to left; B, C, G, anterior towards top. Scale bars: A–F, 5 mm; G, 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 2. Isolated elements assigned to a pike Esox sibiricus Sytchevskaya, 1976 from Southeastern Europe; late Miocene (A–J), Pliocene (K), and Pleistocene (L). A. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 29/1679), Popovo 3, occlusal view. B. Dentary fragment with teeth (NMNHU-P 29/1680), Popovo 3, medial view. C. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 29/3965), Lobkovo, occlusal view. D. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 45/5690), Cherevichne 3, occlusal view. E. Parasphenoid (NMNHU-P 29/1033), Verkhnya Krynitsya 2, dorsal view. F. Dentary fragment (NMNHU-P 29/1034), Verkhnya Krynitsya 2, lateral view. G. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 41/4324), Egorovka 2, occlusal view. H. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 41/2847), Orekhovka, occlusal view. I. Right articular (NMNHU-P 41/4525), Egorovka 2, lateral view. J. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 41/2741), Vinogradovka 1, occlusal view. K. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 37/2554), Novopetrovka, occlusal view. L. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 29/1583), Popovo 2, occlusal view. C, D, H, I, K, L, anterior to right; A, B, F, G, J, anterior to left; E, anterior towards top. Scale bars 5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 3. Modern vegetation types/formations delivered as proxies by Drudges 1 and 2 for the test set of fossil assemblages. Shown are the five best fitted results for the Taxonomic Similarity (TS) and the overall scores (synthesis of all similarity approaches), i.e., 25 proxies for every plant assemblage. Pastel colours represent East Asian vegetation types, bright colours European vegetation formations. For more detailed information see Appendix 4 which provides interactive colour signature (moving the cursor over the columns provides the designation of the proxies and their relevance for every fossil assemblage).

FIGURE 2 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 2. Modern vegetation types/formations delivered as proxies by Drudges 1 and 2 for the test set of fossil assemblages. Shown are the five best fitted results for the IPR Similarities based on Drudge 1 and Drudge 2 and for the Results Mix based on Drudge 1 and Drudge 2. Pastel colours represent East Asian vegetation types, bright colours European vegetation formations. For more detailed information see Appendix 4 which provides interactive colour signature (moving the cursor over the columns provides the designation of the proxies and their relevance for every fossil assemblage).

FIGURE 7 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 7 (previous page). Representation of modern European vegetation formations for the test set of fossil assemblages as delivered by Drudges 1 and 2 in more detail (see also Appendix 9). Formation H: H001, Colchic lowland to submontane mixed oak forests, in black; H002, Hyrcanian lowland-colline mixed broadleaved forests, in dark grey; H003, Hyrcanian colline to montane oak forests, in light grey. Formation G: G.1 - Subcontinental thermophilous (mixed) pedunculate oak and sessile oak forests, in black; G.2 - Sub-Mediterranean-subcontinental thermophilous bitter oak and Balkan oak and mixed forests, in dark grey; G.3 - Sub-Mediterranean and meso-supra-Mediterranean downy oak and mixed forests, in light grey; G.4 - Iberian supra- and meso-Mediterranean oak forests, in white. Formation F: F.1 - Species-poor acidophilous oak and mixed oak forests, in black; F.2 - Mixed oak-ash forests, in dark grey; F.3 - Mixed oak-hornbeam forests, in light grey; F.4 Lime-pedunculate oak forests, in white; F.5 - Beech and mixed beech forests, hatched lower left to upper right; F.6 - Oriental beech forests and hornbeam-oriental beech forests, hatched upper left to lower right; F.7 - Caucasian mixed hornbeam-oak forests, hatched vertically. Formation F, F.5 - Beech and mixed beech forests: F.5.1.1 - Species-poor oligotrophic to mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, lowland(-colline) types, in black; F.5.1.2 - Species-poor oligotrophic to mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, colline-submontane types, in dark grey; F.5.1.3 - Species-poor oligotrophic to mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, montane-altimontane types, in light grey; F.5.2.1 - Species-rich eutrophic and eu-mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, colline-submontane types, in white; F.5.2.2 - Species-rich eutrophic and eu-mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, colline-submontane types, hatched lower left to upper right; F.5.2.3 and 4 - Species-rich eutrophic and eu-mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, montane-altimontane types, hatched upper left to lower right. Formation D: D.1 - Western boreal spruce forests, in black; D.2 - Eastern boreal pine-spruce and fir-spruce forests, in dark grey; D.3 - Hemiboreal spruce and fir-spruce forests with broad-leaved trees, in light grey; D.4 - Montane to altimontane, partly submontane fir and spruce forests in the nemoral zone, in white; D.5 - Boreal and hemiboreal pine forests, hatched lower left to upper right; D.6 - Montane to altimontane (subalpine) pine forests in the nemoral zone; hatched upper left to lower right.

TABLE 5 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies

<p>TABLE 5 — Fossil locations from Southern South America and age in million of years.Studied geological formations and sites used for comparison in the discussion.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Fossil Site</b></th><th><b>Geological Formation</b></th><th><b>Age (Ma)</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Pico Quemado</th><td>Ñirihuau</td><td>middle Miocene?</td><td>Caviglia 2018</td></tr><tr><th>Cancha Carreras, Estancia Tres Marías</th><td>Río Guillermo</td><td>≤21.7 ± 0.3 to ≤23.5 ± 0.3</td><td>Fosdick <i>et al.</i> 2011; 2015a, b</td></tr><tr><th>Aluminé Basin</th><td>Rancahué</td><td>25.0 ± 1.4 to 26.0 ± 1.5</td><td>Brea <i>et al.</i> 2015; Franzese <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Sierra Baguales</th><td>Río Leona</td><td>33.0 ± 2.8</td><td>Gutiérrez <i>et al.</i> 2017, 2019</td></tr><tr><th>Upper Río Turbio</th><td>Río Turbio</td><td>≤26.6 ± 0.2 to ≤33.4 to</td><td>Fosdick <i>et al.</i> 2015a</td></tr><tr><th>Lower Río Turbio</th><td>Río Turbio</td><td>≤46.3 ± 1.3 to ≤47.1 ± 2.7</td><td>Fosdick <i>et al.</i> 2015a</td></tr><tr><th>Río Pichileufú</th><td>Ventana</td><td>47.46 ± 0.05</td><td>Wilf <i>et al.</i> 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Laguna del Hunco</th><td>La Huitrera</td><td>51.91 ± 0.22</td><td>Wilf <i>et al.</i> 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Ligorio Márquez</th><td>Ligorio Márquez</td><td><57</td><td>Suárez <i>et al.</i> 2000; Hinojosa 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Palacio de los Loros</th><td>Salamanca</td><td>61.7</td><td>Iglesias <i>et al.</i> 2007</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 2 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies

<p>TABLE 2 — Estimated values of temperature and precipitation for the upper Río Turbio Formation member. *Scarce fossil material.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Upper RTF</b></th><th></th><th><b>Equation</b></th><th><b>Dataset</b></th><th><b>R</b> <b>2</b></th><th><b>Error</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>15.3</td><td colspan="2">MAT = 3.25 + 0.24*% non-tooth CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.1°C</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>14.3</td><td>MAT = 26.03pE + 1.31</td><td>SA</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8°C</td><td>Hinojosa <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>14.8</td><td>MAT = 0.204*E + 4.6</td><td>LMA</td><td>0.58</td><td>4.8°C</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>*</td><td>Ln(MAP) = 1.63 + 0.49*MLnA</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.6</td><td>Ln(0.5) cm</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>*</td><td>lnMAP = 0.283(MlnA) + 2.92</td><td>LAA</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.61</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 3 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies

<p>TABLE 3 — Estimated values of temperature and precipitation for the Río Guillermo Formation.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>RGF</b></th><th></th><th><b>Equation</b></th><th><b>Dataset</b></th><th><b>R</b> <b>2</b></th><th><b>Error</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>5.3</td><td>MAT = 3.25 + 0.24*% non-tooth</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.1°C</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>3.5</td><td>MAT = 26.03pE + 1.31</td><td>SA</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8°C</td><td>Hinojosa <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>6.3</td><td>MAT = 0.204E + 4.6</td><td>LMA</td><td>0.58</td><td>4.8°C</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>682</td><td>Ln(MAP) = 1.63 + 0.49*MLnA</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.6</td><td>Ln(0.5) cm</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>829</td><td>lnMAP = 0.283(MlnA) + 2.92</td><td>LAA</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.61</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 1 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies

<p>TABLE 1 — Estimated values of temperature and precipitation for the lower Río Turbio Formation member.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Lower RTF</b></th><th></th><th><b>Equation</b></th><th><b>Dataset</b></th><th><b>R</b> <b>2</b></th><th><b>Error</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>16.5</td><td>MAT = 3.25 + 0.24*% non-tooth</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.1°C</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>15.7</td><td>MAT = 26.03pE + 1.31</td><td>SA</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8°C</td><td>Hinojosa <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>15.6</td><td>MAT = 0.204E + 4.6</td><td>LMA</td><td>0.58</td><td>4.8°C</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Temperature (°C)</th><td>16.9</td><td>See manuscript (1)</td><td>DiLP</td><td>0.7</td><td>4°C</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>1764</td><td>Ln(MAP) = 1.63 + 0.49*MLnA</td><td>CLAMP 3B SA</td><td>0.6</td><td>Ln(0.5) cm</td><td>Hinojosa 2005; Hinojosa & Villagrán 2005</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>1435</td><td>lnMAP = 0.283(MlnA) + 2.92</td><td>LAA</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.61 cm</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr><tr><th>Precipitation (mm)</th><td>1303</td><td>See manuscript (2)</td><td>DiLP</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.6 cm</td><td>Peppe <i>et al.</i> 2011</td></tr></tbody></table>

FIG. 9 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 9. — Skull of the extant strap-toothed whale Mesoplodon layardii (unnumbered SAM specimen) showing the relationship between the large mandibular tusks, the depression in the dorsal surface of the rostrum, and the transverse constriction of the dorsal opening of the mesorostral groove. Note that except for the tusks the mandibles are made of plaster, and that the tusks are positioned slightly too posterior along the rostrum as compared to their in vivo position. Photos by G. Bianucci.

FIG. 1 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 1. — Locality maps: A, schematic map providing the position of Crozet and Kerguelen islands in the Southern Ocean; B, schematic map of the Crozet and Kerguelen islands area, including the main localities where fossil ziphiid specimens («) described in this work were found via longline fishing, as well as two ODP sites (l). Light grey shading for areas with a water depth lower than 1000 m; dark grey shading for islands and continents.

FIG. 2 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 2. — Partial cranium of Khoikhoicetus kergueleni n. sp. (MNHN.F.COI1): A, dorsal view; B, same view with interpretive line drawing; C, right lateral view; D, anterodorsal view. Scale bar: 100 mm.

FIG. 7 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 7. — Partial rostra of Hyperoodontinae indet. aff. Africanacetus: A, B, MNHN.F.COI3; C, D, MNHN.F.COI4; A, C, dorsal views; B, D, right lateral views. Scale bar: 100 mm.

FIG. 3 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 3. — Partial cranium of Khoikhoicetus kergueleni n. sp. (MNHN.F.COI13): A, dorsal view; B, detail of the vertex in dorsal view; C, anterodorsal view; D, right lateral view. Scale bars: 100 mm.