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FIGURE 1 in A new bathyal ophiacanthid brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthidae) with Caribbean affinities from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Mediterranean

FIGURE 1. Map showing the position of the Punta Mazza section at Capo Milazzo, NE Sicily, Italy, marked by a star. Maps redrawn from publicly available material by Sémhur/Wikimedia Commons.

FIGURE 4 in A new bathyal ophiacanthid brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthidae) with Caribbean affinities from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Mediterranean

FIGURE 4. Lateral arm plates of various extant species of Ophiacanthidae (black-rimmed area) and Ophiotomidae, all shown with dorsal edges upwards, and with external view (left), internal view (middle) and the same internal view with the vertebral articular structures marked in red (right) for every species. Colours of background correspond to clade colours in Fig. 5. White background means the species are not included in the tree on Fig. 5. Scale bars equal 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new bathyal ophiacanthid brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthidae) with Caribbean affinities from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Mediterranean

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree of the Ophiacanthidae modified from O'Hara et al. (2017), with clades informally designated and colour-coded as in Figs. 3–4. Species represented in Figs. 3–4 in bold.

FIGURE 3 in A new bathyal ophiacanthid brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthidae) with Caribbean affinities from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Mediterranean

FIGURE 3. Lateral arm plates of various extant species of Ophiacanthidae, all shown with dorsal edges upwards, and with external view (left), internal view (middle) and the same internal view with the vertebral articular structures marked in red (right) for every species. Colours of background correspond to clade colours in Fig. 5. White background means the species are not included in the tree on Fig. 5. Scale bars equal 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A new bathyal ophiacanthid brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthidae) with Caribbean affinities from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Mediterranean

FIGURE 2. Ophiacantha oceani sp. nov. (A–F) from the Piacenzian to Gelasian, latest Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene (approximately 2.6 mya) of Punta Mazza, Capo Milazzo, NE Sicily, Italy, A–B: MnhnL OPH074, holotype, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views; C–D: MnhnL OPH075, paratype, proximal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views; E–F: MnhnL OPH076, paratype, distal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. Recent Ophiacantha stellata (G–J) from the tropical NW-Atlantic as closest living relative of Ophiacantha oceani sp. nov., G: complete skeleton in ventral view; H: detail of arm in lateral view; I–J: lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. Abbreviations: ckv: central knob of the vertebral articular structures; di: distal; do: dorsal; pr: proximal; prv: proximal ridge of the vertebral articular structures; sa: spine articulation; sp: spur; ve: ventral.

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Supplementary material 1 from: Nethupul H, Stöhr S, Zhang H (2022) Review of Ophioplinthaca Verrill, 1899 (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiacanthidae), description of new species in Ophioplinthaca and Ophiophthalmus, and new records from the Northwest Pacific and the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1099: 155-202. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1099.76479

List of 36 references that use the name Ophiophthalmusas a valid ophiuroid genus name between 1971 and 2021

FIGURE 1 in Morphological distinction of the Ophioderma Müller & Troschel, 1840 species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthida: Ophiodermatidae) from the Algerian west coast

FIGURE 1. Geographical location of the sampling stations of the Ophioderma species. (Salamndre ●, Stidia-East □ and StidiaWest +).

FIGURE 2 in Morphological distinction of the Ophioderma Müller & Troschel, 1840 species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthida: Ophiodermatidae) from the Algerian west coast

FIGURE 2. Measurements taken from dorsal (A) and ventral (B) side of Ophioderma species. IW: Interraduis Width. AW: Arm Width. d1 and d2: large and small disc diameters. M: Madreporite. W: Width and L: Length of oral shield and madreporite. OS: Oral Shied. AdShL: Adoral Shield Length. GS: Genital Slit. VAP: Ventral Arm Plates. Small black narrow: white spots on VAP. Scale bare = 5 mm

FIGURE 7 in Morphological distinction of the Ophioderma Müller & Troschel, 1840 species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthida: Ophiodermatidae) from the Algerian west coast

FIGURE 7. Photomicrograph of Ophioderma female gonads. A: overview of brooding gonads. B: Embryo at the gastrula stage. C: ovary at mature stage. D: partially spawned stage. E: post-spawned stage. F: recovery stage. E: Embryo, IO: Immature Oocyte, MO: Mature Oocyte, OS: Outer Sac, IS: Inner Sac, L: Luman, R: Relic, SOv: Spent Ovary, NC: Nutritional Cells. Scale bar = 100 µm.

FIGURE 6 in Morphological distinction of the Ophioderma Müller & Troschel, 1840 species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthida: Ophiodermatidae) from the Algerian west coast

FIGURE 6. Covered (a), naked (b) and mixed (c) radial shield. CRS: Covered Radial Shield. NRS: Naked Radial Shield. Scale bare = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological distinction of the Ophioderma Müller & Troschel, 1840 species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthida: Ophiodermatidae) from the Algerian west coast

FIGURE 4. Dorsal disc colour of the Ophioderma species. Roman numerals refer to the description in Table 3. I: The general description olive (a) and brown (b) discs of type I. (c) olive disc with white spots, (d) degradation of dark brown to cream. III: (a) The general description of type III, (b) As dorsal disc but turns to creamy. IV: (a) The general description of type IV, (b) Cream yellow to orange disc. VIII: (a) The general description of type VIII, (b) disc with an orange pattern. CRS: Covered Radial Shield. NRS: Naked Radial Shield. Scale bare = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological distinction of the Ophioderma Müller & Troschel, 1840 species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthida: Ophiodermatidae) from the Algerian west coast

FIGURE 3. Morphological variation of the dorsal arm plates distal edge of Ophioderma species. Letters refer to the description in Table 2. The black arrows show dark spots. The white arrows show white spots. The red arrows show the white spots surrounded by dark. Scale bare = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Morphological distinction of the Ophioderma Müller & Troschel, 1840 species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthida: Ophiodermatidae) from the Algerian west coast

FIGURE 8. Canonical variates analysis scatter plot (A) and parameters used (B) in the morphometric study of Ophioderma species collected from Salamndre (●), Stidia-East (□) and Stidia-West (+). AL: Arm Length, AW: Arm Width, ML: Madreporite Length, MW: Madreporite Width, R: Madreporite Ratio, OSL: Oral Shield Length, OSW: Oral Shield Width, WS: the presence or absence of white spots on the ventral arm plates IW: Interraduis Width, AdSh-L: Adoral Shield Length.

Fig. 12 in A New Fissiparous Brittle Star, sp. nov. (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiacanthida), from Jeju Island, Korea.

Fig. 12. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) tree based on 663 bp of mitochondrial COI for 17 species of Ophiacantha and other ophiuroids as outgroup. The values of bootstrap support (ML) and posterior probability (BI) are indicated on each node as ≤ 100 and ≤ 1.00, respectively.

Fig. 10 in A New Fissiparous Brittle Star, sp. nov. (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiacanthida), from Jeju Island, Korea.

Fig. 10. Ophiacantha scissionis sp. nov., regenerating specimens with five arms, stereo-microscopic images. Arrow marks split points for disk division.

Fig. 9 in A New Fissiparous Brittle Star, sp. nov. (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiacanthida), from Jeju Island, Korea.

Fig. 8 in A New Fissiparous Brittle Star, sp. nov. (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiacanthida), from Jeju Island, Korea.

Fig. 8. Ophiacantha scissionis sp. nov., tentacle scales, SEM images. A, first tentacle scale and tentacle pore; B, second tentacle scale; C, third tentacle scale; D, tentacle scale on distal part of arm. tp, tentacle pore; ts, tentacle scale.

Fig. 6 in A New Fissiparous Brittle Star, sp. nov. (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiacanthida), from Jeju Island, Korea.

Fig. 6. Ophiacantha scissionis sp. nov., vertebrae, SEM images. A, proximal cross section of arm skeleton; B, proximal side of vertebra; C, distal side of vertebra; D, proximal side of first vertebra; E, distal side of first vertebra; F, dorsolateral side of vertebra from proximal part of arm; G, lateral side of vertebra from middle part of arm; H, ventral side of vertebra from middle part of arm. di, distal; do, dorsal; p, proximal; v, ventral.

Fig. 3 in A New Fissiparous Brittle Star, sp. nov. (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiacanthida), from Jeju Island, Korea.

Fig. 3. Ophiacantha scissionis sp. nov., scales and spines of disk, SEM images. A, B, disk scales; C, disk spines.