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179 results for “Osmia”
Figure 10 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 10 Chaetodactylus osmiaemale. TEM. (A) Spermatocyte more advanced than those in Figure 9B, embedded in stroma cell (SC). Note thicker spongy layer (SpL) covering the cell surface, large nucleus (n) and nuage material (asterisks). Peripheral cytoplasm contains many mitochondrial derivatives (md): they are roundish and possess one circular crista. A Golgi body (Gb) is present under the spongy layer neighboring spermatocyte (right bottom). (B) Peripheral parts of two spermatocytes separated by a stroma cell (SC). Compare the thickness
Figure 9 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 9 Chaetodactylus osmiaemale. TEM. (A) Closer view of developing spermatogonium surrounded by a stroma cell (SC). Nucleus (n is roundish and contains a prominent nucleolus (nu). There are a number of ribosomes in the cytoplasm, as well as dispersed mitochondria (m
Figure 8 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 8 Chaetodactylus osmiaemale, two aspects (A,B) of germarium. TEM. (A) Early spermatogonia assembled in germarium adhere tightly to each other. They possess a large nucleus (n) with prominent, usually central nucleolus (nu) and mitochondria (m) dispersed in the cytoplasm. Nuage material (asterisks) is present in several sites around the nuclei. (B) Early spermatogonia in germarium show features as in (A), whereas developing spermatogonium separated from germarium (right upper corner) is larger, roundish and has a larger nucleus (n') with peripheral nucleolus (nu). Spaces between developing spermatogonium and germarium are filled with a somatic stroma cell (SC). Scale bars A – 2 μm, B – 5 μm.
Figure 7 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 7 Light micrographs of cross sections through idiosoma of Chaetodactylus osmiaemale at levels as indicated in Figure 6. Outlines of testes are marked. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: IV – leg IV; asterisk – germarium; a – anal slit; AG – male accessory gland; col – postcolon; DE – ejaculatory duct; OG – opisthonotal gland; LVD – left deferent duct.
Figure 6 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 6 Light microscopic images of Chaetodactylus osmiaemale. Male in ventral view (A) and the rear part of idiosoma (B). Scale bars:
Figure 4 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 4 Chaetodactylus osmiaefemale. TEM. (A) Advanced previtellogenic oocyte showing nucleus (n) with nucleolus (nu). The nuclear envelope has concavities in sites rich in pores, with adhering nuage material (asterisk). Mitochondria (m) are grouped around the nucleus. Another oocyte sectioned tangentially (po) is also present. In the stroma cell (SC), an arrow marks a conspicuous ER cisterna. (B) Enlarged fragment of the oocyte marked in (A): note nucleus (n), a Golgi body (Gb), nuage (asterisks) and mitochondria (m). Note the different appearance of nuage material which is not granular as in the nutritive cell and early oocytes (compare with 2B and 3A-B).. (C) A gap between a nutritive
Figure 5 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 5 Chaetodactylus osmiaefemale. TEM. (A) Vitellogenic oocyte in upper (forward-running) part of oviduct (Od), containing yolk spheres in subsequent stages of development (Y', Y'' and Y''') and lipid droplets (L) surrounded by glycogen. Lamellar vitelline envelope (VE) covers the surface of the oocyte. Inset: Higher magnification of vitelline envelope adhering to oviduct (Od). Vesicle delivering vitelline envelope material from Golgi body is indicated by an arrow. (B) More advanced vitellogenic oocyte covered with thin and homogeneous chorion (Ch) in the upper oviduct (Od). Yolk (Y) spheres of two types, larger and less dense and smaller and more dense, containing cristalline electron-lucid inclusions. Inset: Yolk sphere with electron-lucid inclusions and meandering structure (arrow). Scale bars: A,B – 5 μm, A inset
Figure 2 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 2 Chaetodactylus osmiaefemale, two aspects (A,B) of nutritive ovarian cell. TEM. Sections through multilobular nucleus (n) containing large nucleoli (nu). Cytoplasm filled with ribosomes also contains lipid droplets (L), many lysosomes (Ly), groups of mitochondria (m) and small vesicular Golgi bodies (Gb). Granular nuage material (asterisk) is usually present in concavities of the nuclear envelope. Scale bars: A –
Figure 3 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 3 Chaetodactylus osmiaefemale, two aspects (A, B) of the peripheral part of the nutritive ovarian cell. TEM. (A) Nutritive cell (NOC)
Figure 1 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees
Figure 1 Light microscopic images of a Chaetodactylus osmiaefemale. Female in dorsal view (A) and the rear part of the idiosoma (B) with marked position of ovaries (OV), nutritive ovarian cells (NOC), spermatheca (receptaculum seminis) (RS) and inseminatory canal (ic). C-F – Semithin cross sections of idiosoma marked approx. at levels on (A). Note the spherical shape of nutritive cells (NOC) and irregular, wrinkled outline of previtellogenic oocytes (po) (C, D). Early vitellogenic oocytes (vo') located in the backward running oviduct are spherical (D, E)
Abb. 4 in Neststandort und Nestarchitektur der in leeren Schneckengehäusen nistenden Mauerbiene Osmia andrenoides (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)
Abb. 4. Röntgenbild eines zweizelligen Nestes von Osmia andrenoides mit gut sichtbarer Eingangsbarriere. Aufgrund der geringen Röntgendichte sind die beiden Imagines nur schemenhaft und die Pflanzenmörtelwände nicht zu erkennen.
Abb. 3 in Neststandort und Nestarchitektur der in leeren Schneckengehäusen nistenden Mauerbiene Osmia andrenoides (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)
Abb. 3. Aufpräparierte Nester von Osmia andrenoides in Gehäusen von Zebrina detrita. a) Äussere Nestabschlusswand an der Gehäusemündung. b) Innere Nestabschlusswand mit wenigen Steinchen und Erdbröckchen im Zwischenraum zur (entfernten) äusseren Nestabschlusswand. c) Nestverschluss aus äusserer und innerer Nestabschlusswand, die unmittelbar hintereinander liegen, und vorderer Bereich der Barriere. d) Barriere aus Steinchen und Erdbröckchen. e) Abschlusswand der äussersten Brutzelle. f) Brutzelle mit Kokon. g) Überwinterndes Weibchen von O. andrenoides in Brutzelle. h) Äussere Nestabschlusswand gefolgt von einem dicht mit Pflanzenmörtelpäckchen gefüllten Zwischenraum vor der am rechten Rand knapp sichtbaren inneren Nestabschlusswand.
Abb. 1. Osmia andrenoides. a in Neststandort und Nestarchitektur der in leeren Schneckengehäusen nistenden Mauerbiene Osmia andrenoides (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)
Abb. 1. Osmia andrenoides. a) Weibchen an Stachys recta (Foto A. Krebs). b) Lebensraum im bündnerischen Domleschg. c) Neststandort in Nische unter vorspringendem Fels mit d) vier verschlossenen Nestern in Gehäusen von Zebrina detrita und einem leeren Zebrina -Gehäuse. e–f) Mit Pflanzenmörtel verschlossene Nester in Gehäusen von Zebrina detrita.
More than mesolectic: Characterizing the nutritional niche of Osmia cornifrons
<p>Characterizing the nutritional needs of wild bee species is an essential step to better understanding bee biology and providing suitable supplemental forage for at-risk species. Here, we aim to characterize the nutritional needs of a model solitary bee species, <em>Osmia cornifrons</em> (Radoszkowski), by using dietary protein-to-lipid ratio (P:L ratio) as a proxy for nutritional niche and niche breadth. We first identified the mean target P:L ratio (~3.02:1) and P:L collection range (0.75 to 6.26:1) from pollen provisions collected across a variety of sites and time points. We then investigated the P:L tolerance range of larvae by rearing bees in vitro on a variety of diets. Multifloral and single-source pollen diets with P:L ratios within the range of surveyed provisions did not always support larval development, indicating that other dietary components such as plant secondary compounds and micronutrients must also be considered in bee nutritional experiments. Finally, we used pollen metabarcoding to identify pollen from whole larval provisions to understand how much pollen bees used from plants outside of their host plant families to meet their nutritional needs, as well as pollen from individual forager bouts, to observe if bees maintained strict floral constancy or visited multiple plant genera per foraging bout. Whole larval provision surveys revealed a surprising range of host plant pollen use, ranging from ~5–70% of host plant pollen per provision. Samples from individual foraging trips contained pollen from multiple genera, suggesting that bees are using some form of foraging decision-making. Overall, these results suggest that <em>O. cornifrons</em> have a wide nutritional niche breadth, but while pollen P:L ratio tolerance is broad, a tolerable P:L ratio alone is not enough to create a quality diet for <em>O. cornifrons</em>, and the plant species that make up these diets must also be carefully considered.</p>
More than mesolectic: Characterizing the nutritional niche of Osmia cornifrons
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Data from: Introduced bees (Osmia cornifrons) collect pollen from both coevolved and novel host-plant species within their family-level phylogenetic preferences
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Studying the pollen preferences of introduced bees allows us to investigate how species utilize host-plants when establishing in new environments. <i>Osmia cornifrons</i> is a solitary bee introduced into North America from East-Asia for pollination of crops in the Rosaceae. We investigated whether <i>O. cornifrons</i> 1) more frequently collected pollen from host-plant species they coevolved with from their geographic origin, or 2) prefer hosts-plant species of specific plant taxa independent of origin. To address this question, using pollen metabarcoding we examined the identity and relative abundance of pollen in larval provisions from nests located in different habitats with varying abundance of East-Asian and non-Asian plant species. Our results show that <i>O. cornifrons</i> disproportionately, yet not exclusively, collected pollen from their native range. Plants in the family Rosaceae were their most preferred pollen hosts, where they differentially collected species native to East-Asia, Europe, or North America depending on the landscape. Our results suggest that while <i>O. cornifrons</i> more frequently collect pollen of East-Asian origin, the collection of pollen from novel species within their phylogenetic familial affinities can facilitate pollinator establishment. This phylogenetic preference highlights the effectiveness of <i>O. cornifrons</i> as crop pollinators of a variety of Rosaceae crops from different geographic origins. Ourresults imply that globalization of non-native plant species may ease the naturalization of their coevolved pollinators outside of their native range. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Osmia lignaria larval development response to heatwave treatments
<p>Heatwaves are expected to increase in frequency, intensity, and duration due to climate change. For organisms like insects with discrete development, sensitivity may differ among life stages. Thermal sensitivity is of particular concern for species like bees that provide critical ecosystem services. Although social bees moderate nest temperatures through worker behavior, solitary bees do not thermoregulate their nests, making immobile developing offspring especially vulnerable to such extreme events.</p> <p>We studied the effects of heatwaves on larval development in the solitary bee, <em>Osmia lignaria</em>, an important orchard pollinator and model species for solitary bee biology. We used a factorial design to assess the impacts of heatwave temperature and duration on larval mortality and development rate. Larvae were exposed to heatwaves under realistic diel temperature regimes, with daytime maxima of 31˚C or 37˚C for four or seven days at the beginning of development.</p> <p>Heatwave temperature strongly affected larval mortality. Exposure to 37˚C heatwaves increased larval mortality by 130%, but the cooler 31˚C heatwaves did not significantly impact mortality. Heatwave duration did not impact larval mortality.</p> <p>Larval development time also was affected by heatwave exposure. Compared to the no-heatwave-control, bees in the 31˚C heatwave developed faster, and bees in the 37˚C heatwave developed slower.</p> <p>Our study reveals the importance of stage-specific effects of extreme events and suggests that the timing and maximum temperature of projected heatwaves may be more detrimental to populations than heatwave duration.</p>
FIGURES 78–80 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
FIGURES 78–80. Last larval instar of Osmia
FIGURES 23–29 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
FIGURES 23–29. SEM micrographs of cocoons
Data from: Pollen specialization is associated with later phenology in Osmia mason bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
<p>1. Species exhibit a range of specialisation in diet and other niche axes, with specialists typically thought to be more efficient in resource use but more vulnerable to extinction than generalists. Among herbivorous insects, dietary specialists seem more likely to lack acceptable host plants during the insect's feeding stage, owing to fluctuations in host-plant abundance or phenology. Like other herbivores, bee species vary in host breadth from pollen specialisation (oligolecty) to generalisation (polylecty).</p> <p>2. Several studies have shown greater interannual variation in flowering phenology for earlier-flowering plants than later-flowering plants, suggesting that early-season bees may experience substantial year-to-year variation in the floral taxa available to them.</p> <p>3. We therefore reasoned that, among bees, early phenology could be a more viable strategy for generalists, which can use resources from multiple floral taxa, than for specialists. Consequently, we expected median dates of collection of adult specimens to be earlier for generalist species than for specialists. To test this, we obtained phenology data and pollen diet information on 67 North American species of the bee genus <em>Osmia</em>.</p> <p>4. Controlling for latitude and phylogeny, we find that dietary generalisation is associated with significantly earlier phenology, with generalists active, on average, 11–14 days earlier than specialists.</p> <p>5. This result is consistent with the generalist strategy being more viable than the specialist strategy for species active in early spring, suggesting that dietary specialisation may constrain the evolution of bee phenology—or vice versa.</p>
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