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FIG. 4. — P4 in Un nouveau Rhinopomatidae (Chiroptera) du Paléokarst miocène de Baixas (Pyrénées- Orientales, France); apport zoogéographique
FIG. 4. — P4 dex. (Baixas2, collecte Pierre Mein n°35) inv. de Corbarhina handae n. gen., n. sp. Échelle: 1 mm.
Fig. 1. P4 and M1 in A New Eocene Rodent from the Lower Arshanto Formation in the Nuhetingboerhe (Camp Margetts) Area, Inner Mongolia
Fig. 1. P4 and M1 of Archetypomys erlianensis. a, V14623.2, left P4 (or dP4); b, V14622.1, right M1 with metacone broken; c, V14623.1, right M1 (holotype); d, V14622.2, left M1; e, V14622.3, right M1; f, V14622.4, left M1; g, V14622.5, right M1; h, left M1 of Tribosphenomys minutus from the Late Paleocene Subeng locality, Inner Mongolia. All teeth in figures 1–6 are on the same scale.
Text-fig. 7. p4 of U. deningeri from Šandalja I compared with other bear species. a: Šandalja I (specimen H; 1 – occlusal, 2 – lingual view), b: U. etruscus, Casa Frata (private collection), c: U. etruscus, Olivola (IGF 4605), d: U. deningeri, C 718 cave (NM-Rv 20003), e: U. t. mediterraneus, Azykh cave (ZIN 32549) (all in occlussal view). Specimens coated by ammonium chloride; d reversed. in Šandalja I (Croatia) And
Text-fig. 7. p4 of U. deningeri from Šandalja I compared with other bear species. a: Šandalja I (specimen H; 1 – occlusal, 2 – lingual view), b: U. etruscus, Casa Frata (private collection), c: U. etruscus, Olivola (IGF 4605), d: U. deningeri, C 718 cave (NM-Rv 20003), e: U. t. mediterraneus, Azykh cave (ZIN 32549) (all in occlussal view). Specimens coated by ammonium chloride; d reversed.
Text-fig. 1. Dental material of ursids from the locality Šandalja I (Croatia) in occlusal view. U. t. mediterraneus – a: m2 dex. (specimen A), b: m2 dex., c: m3 dex. (both specimen B), d: distal fragment of m1 dex. (specimen C); U. deningeri – e: mesial fragment of m2 dex. (specimen G), f: p4 sin. (specimen H). in Šandalja I (Croatia) And
Text-fig. 1. Dental material of ursids from the locality Šandalja I (Croatia) in occlusal view. U. t. mediterraneus – a: m2 dex. (specimen A), b: m2 dex., c: m3 dex. (both specimen B), d: distal fragment of m1 dex. (specimen C); U. deningeri – e: mesial fragment of m2 dex. (specimen G), f: p4 sin. (specimen H).
Text-fig. 9. Photo of a cave lion (Panthera spelaea) upper premolar P4 root cut. The approximate age of individual is 11 years (No 1 in Tabs 6, 7). Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková. in The Mammalian Fauna Of Barová Cave (Moravian Karst, The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 9. Photo of a cave lion (Panthera spelaea) upper premolar P4 root cut. The approximate age of individual is 11 years (No 1 in Tabs 6, 7). Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková.
Text-fig. 6. Photo of cave lion lower premolar p4 root cut. The approximate age of individual is 9.5 years (No 3 in Tabs 6, 7). The thin layers on the edge of root are the dental cement increments; number 1 marks winter increment, number 2 marks summer increment. Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková. in The Mammalian Fauna Of Barová Cave (Moravian Karst, The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 6. Photo of cave lion lower premolar p4 root cut. The approximate age of individual is 9.5 years (No 3 in Tabs 6, 7). The thin layers on the edge of root are the dental cement increments; number 1 marks winter increment, number 2 marks summer increment. Photo by M. Nývltová Fišáková.
Text-fig. 17. Scatter diagram of length and width of Promephitis species from Late Miocene faunas of southern Europe and western Asia. a – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, Gaverdovsky, GIN-1144-301: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. b – P. maeotica, p4, sin, reversed, Novoelizavetovka, PIN-355: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. Scale 1 mm. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 17. Scatter diagram of length and width of Promephitis species from Late Miocene faunas of southern Europe and western Asia. a – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, Gaverdovsky, GIN-1144-301: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. b – P. maeotica, p4, sin, reversed, Novoelizavetovka, PIN-355: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. Scale 1 mm.
Text-fig. 14. Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum. Volchaya Balka. Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – P4, b – M1, c – M2, GIN-1143-131, occlusal view. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 14. Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum. Volchaya Balka. Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – P4, b – M1, c – M2, GIN-1143-131, occlusal view.
Text-fig. 10. Amblycoptus oligodon, Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – A1, sin, GIN-1143-182; b – P4, sin, GIN- 1143-183; c – M1, dex, GIN-1143-184; d – I sup, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-181; e – i inf, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-186; f – fragment of mandible with m1–m2, dex, occlusal view, GIN- 1144-181; g – fragment of mandible, dex, condilar view, GIN- 1143-185. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 10. Amblycoptus oligodon, Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – A1, sin, GIN-1143-182; b – P4, sin, GIN- 1143-183; c – M1, dex, GIN-1143-184; d – I sup, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-181; e – i inf, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-186; f – fragment of mandible with m1–m2, dex, occlusal view, GIN- 1144-181; g – fragment of mandible, dex, condilar view, GIN- 1143-185.
Text-fig. 7. Bivariate plots of the upper teeth (M2, M1, P4) and lower teeth (m3, m2, p4) of large Miocene hyaenodonts from Eurasian and African localities. Data source: Stromer (1926), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Ginsburg (1999), Holroyd (1999), Morales et al. (2003, 2007, 2008, 2010), Morlo et al. (2007), Rasmussen and Gutiérrez (2009), Borths et al. (2016). in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)
Text-fig. 7. Bivariate plots of the upper teeth (M2, M1, P4) and lower teeth (m3, m2, p4) of large Miocene hyaenodonts from Eurasian and African localities. Data source: Stromer (1926), Savage (1965), Barry (1988), Ginsburg (1999), Holroyd (1999), Morales et al. (2003, 2007, 2008, 2010), Morlo et al. (2007), Rasmussen and Gutiérrez (2009), Borths et al. (2016).
Text-fig. 19. ONHM TQ 15, right P4/ of a palaeomastodontoid from Taqah, Dhofar Governorate, Oman. a) stereo radicular view, b) stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds
Text-fig. 19. ONHM TQ 15, right P4/ of a palaeomastodontoid from Taqah, Dhofar Governorate, Oman. a) stereo radicular view, b) stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm).
Text-fig. 14. Upper cheek teeth of Omanitherium dhofarense. a) ONHM TN 2017-16, left P3/, stereo occlusal view; b) ONHM TN 2017-17, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; c) ONHM TN 2017-44, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; d) ONHM TN 2017-18, right M1/ stereo occlusal view; e and f) ONHM TN 2017-45, fragments of left M2/, stereo occlusal view; g) ONHM TN 2017-79, right M3/, stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds
Text-fig. 14. Upper cheek teeth of Omanitherium dhofarense. a) ONHM TN 2017-16, left P3/, stereo occlusal view; b) ONHM TN 2017-17, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; c) ONHM TN 2017-44, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; d) ONHM TN 2017-18, right M1/ stereo occlusal view; e and f) ONHM TN 2017-45, fragments of left M2/, stereo occlusal view; g) ONHM TN 2017-79, right M3/, stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm).
Text-fig. 3. Eomys helveticus n. sp. from Rigi 1. a) P4 – M3; P4 sin.: Rgi 11, M1 dext. (reversed): Rgi 14, M2 dext. (reversed): Rgi 12, M3 dext. (reversed): Rgi 17. b) P – M; P sin.: Rgi 2, M sin.: Rgi 3 (holotype), M sin.: Rgi 4, M sin.: Rgi 7. All figures at 4 3 4 1/2 1/2 3 magnification 35×. in Eomys Helveticus N. Sp. And Eomys Schluneggeri N. Sp., Two New Small Eomyids Of The Chattian (Mp 25/Mp 26) Subalpine Lower Freshwater Molasse Of Switzerland
Text-fig. 3. Eomys helveticus n. sp. from Rigi 1. a) P4 – M3; P4 sin.: Rgi 11, M1 dext. (reversed): Rgi 14, M2 dext. (reversed): Rgi 12, M3 dext. (reversed): Rgi 17. b) P – M; P sin.: Rgi 2, M sin.: Rgi 3 (holotype), M sin.: Rgi 4, M sin.: Rgi 7. All figures at 4 3 4 1/2 1/2 3 magnification 35×.
Text-fig. 6. Eomys molassicus E, 1987 from Rigi 2. a) P4 – M3; P4 dext. (reversed): DKRgi7, M1 sin.: Rgi 45, M2 sin.: DKRgi8, NGESSER M3 dext. (reversed): DKRgi9. b) P – M; P sin.: DKRgi9, M sin.: DKRgi10, M sin.: DKRgi11, M sin.: DKRgi12. All figures at 4 3 4 1 2 3 magnification 35×. in Eomys Helveticus N. Sp. And Eomys Schluneggeri N. Sp., Two New Small Eomyids Of The Chattian (Mp 25/Mp 26) Subalpine Lower Freshwater Molasse Of Switzerland
Text-fig. 6. Eomys molassicus E, 1987 from Rigi 2. a) P4 – M3; P4 dext. (reversed): DKRgi7, M1 sin.: Rgi 45, M2 sin.: DKRgi8, NGESSER M3 dext. (reversed): DKRgi9. b) P – M; P sin.: DKRgi9, M sin.: DKRgi10, M sin.: DKRgi11, M sin.: DKRgi12. All figures at 4 3 4 1 2 3 magnification 35×.
Text-fig. 11. Lower teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 641, left p4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 220, right p4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 233, right m1; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) MGL 665, right m1; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) MGL 225, holotype, right m2; e1 – occlusal view, e2 – buccal aspect, e3 – lingual aspect. f) MGL 222, left m1; f1 – lingual aspect, f2 – occlusal view, f3 – buccal aspect. g) MGL 231, right m2; g1 – occlusal view, g2 – buccal aspect, g3 – lingual aspect. h) MGL 646, left m3; h1 – buccal aspect, h2 – lingual aspect, h3 – occlusal view. i) MGL 619, right m3; i1 – buccal aspect, i2 – lingual aspect, i3 – occlusal view. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 11. Lower teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 641, left p4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 220, right p4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 233, right m1; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) MGL 665, right m1; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) MGL 225, holotype, right m2; e1 – occlusal view, e2 – buccal aspect, e3 – lingual aspect. f) MGL 222, left m1; f1 – lingual aspect, f2 – occlusal view, f3 – buccal aspect. g) MGL 231, right m2; g1 – occlusal view, g2 – buccal aspect, g3 – lingual aspect. h) MGL 646, left m3; h1 – buccal aspect, h2 – lingual aspect, h3 – occlusal view. i) MGL 619, right m3; i1 – buccal aspect, i2 – lingual aspect, i3 – occlusal view. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 7. Teeth of Masillamys parvus TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11), HLMD-Me 625, holotype. a) left upper M2, protocone damaged, occlusal view. b) left upper M3, occlusal view. c) left lower p4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) left lower m2, metaconid damaged; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) right m3, occlusal view. f) left m3; f1 – occlusal view, f2 – buccal aspect, base of crown lacking, f3 – lingual aspect; g) SMF-ME 2099A: right lower tooth row with dp4 to m3, g1 – occlusal view, g2 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 7. Teeth of Masillamys parvus TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11), HLMD-Me 625, holotype. a) left upper M2, protocone damaged, occlusal view. b) left upper M3, occlusal view. c) left lower p4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) left lower m2, metaconid damaged; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) right m3, occlusal view. f) left m3; f1 – occlusal view, f2 – buccal aspect, base of crown lacking, f3 – lingual aspect; g) SMF-ME 2099A: right lower tooth row with dp4 to m3, g1 – occlusal view, g2 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 6. Teeth of Masillamys krugi TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11). a) HLMD-Me 910, holotype, upper teeth; a1 – left upper tooth row, P3–P4–M1–3, occlusal view; a2 – id. lingual aspect, a3 – buccal aspect of P4, a4 – right upper P4–P3, lingual aspect. b) HLMD-Me 910, holotype, right lower tooth row, p4–m1–3; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 6. Teeth of Masillamys krugi TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11). a) HLMD-Me 910, holotype, upper teeth; a1 – left upper tooth row, P3–P4–M1–3, occlusal view; a2 – id. lingual aspect, a3 – buccal aspect of P4, a4 – right upper P4–P3, lingual aspect. b) HLMD-Me 910, holotype, right lower tooth row, p4–m1–3; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 5. Teeth of Masillamys beegeri TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11). a) HLMD-Me 1, holotype, lower tooth row, p4–m1; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect. b) HLMD-Me 1, holotype, upper tooth row, P3–P4–M1–3; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – lingual aspect. c) SMF-ME 1287A buccal view of teeth, right side of a juvenile, upper M1–DP4–DP3, and lower protoconid of m2–m1–dp4. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 5. Teeth of Masillamys beegeri TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11). a) HLMD-Me 1, holotype, lower tooth row, p4–m1; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect. b) HLMD-Me 1, holotype, upper tooth row, P3–P4–M1–3; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – lingual aspect. c) SMF-ME 1287A buccal view of teeth, right side of a juvenile, upper M1–DP4–DP3, and lower protoconid of m2–m1–dp4. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 10. Upper teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 624, right DP4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 634, right DP4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 608, right P4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – lingual aspect, c3 – buccal aspect. d) MGL 610, right P4; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – lingual aspect, d3 – buccal aspect. e) MGL 609, left P4; e1 – lingual aspect, in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 10. Upper teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 624, right DP4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 634, right DP4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 608, right P4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – lingual aspect, c3 – buccal aspect. d) MGL 610, right P4; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – lingual aspect, d3 – buccal aspect. e) MGL 609, left P4; e1 – lingual aspect,
Text-fig. 4. Tooth replacement by the barbary ground squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus). a – right maxillary with DP3–M3 (MNCN- 5522) showing the relative position of the two deciduous teeth; b – right maxillary with P3–M3 (MNCN-5538) showing the replacement of the DP4 by the P4 (not erupted). Blue: DP4; green: P4; yellow DP3; red: P3. in Dental Anomaly In A Middle Miocene Fossil Of The Genus Spermophilinus (Rodentia, Sciuridae) From Southern Germany
Text-fig. 4. Tooth replacement by the barbary ground squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus). a – right maxillary with DP3–M3 (MNCN- 5522) showing the relative position of the two deciduous teeth; b – right maxillary with P3–M3 (MNCN-5538) showing the replacement of the DP4 by the P4 (not erupted). Blue: DP4; green: P4; yellow DP3; red: P3.
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