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Text-fig. 1. Relief map of Africa to show the location of the Cheringoma Plateau at the southern extremity of the African Rift System. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 1. Relief map of Africa to show the location of the Cheringoma Plateau at the southern extremity of the African Rift System.

Text-fig. 6. Correlation of the Cheringoma and Mazamba formations on the basis of benthic foraminiferans and mammals respectively. Identifications of foraminiferans are from Newton (1924) and Abrard (1928), and the ranges of foraminiferans are from Sella-Kiel et al. (1998). The time scale is from Gradstein et al. (2020). The distribution of Nummulites atacicus is included, but it is not known whether it is reworked from older deposits. If the identification is valid, it would support the thesis that there was a period of Ypresian deposition in the vicinity during which remains of the species were fossilised. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 6. Correlation of the Cheringoma and Mazamba formations on the basis of benthic foraminiferans and mammals respectively. Identifications of foraminiferans are from Newton (1924) and Abrard (1928), and the ranges of foraminiferans are from Sella-Kiel et al. (1998). The time scale is from Gradstein et al. (2020). The distribution of Nummulites atacicus is included, but it is not known whether it is reworked from older deposits. If the identification is valid, it would support the thesis that there was a period of Ypresian deposition in the vicinity during which remains of the species were fossilised.

Text-fig. 21. Femur head from White Patch Bone Site belonging to a large mammal approximately the size of a pygmy hippopotamus, probably an embrithopod. View of ligamentary fossa. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 21. Femur head from White Patch Bone Site belonging to a large mammal approximately the size of a pygmy hippopotamus, probably an embrithopod. View of ligamentary fossa.

Text-fig. 20. Proximal right ulna of an embrithopod from White Patch Bone Site. a: lateral view; b: proximal view (anterior to the left); c: stereo view of the articular surface for the humerus. Note the damaged medial and lateral sides of the articular surface (dotted lines) which makes the distal part of the articular surface look narrower than it would have been in life. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 20. Proximal right ulna of an embrithopod from White Patch Bone Site. a: lateral view; b: proximal view (anterior to the left); c: stereo view of the articular surface for the humerus. Note the damaged medial and lateral sides of the articular surface (dotted lines) which makes the distal part of the articular surface look narrower than it would have been in life.

Text-fig. 17. White Patch fossil sites (18°56′10.9″S: 34°38′41.0″E) Gorongosa National Park, south of the 4×4 vehicle track from Urema to Muanza. 1 – Marine molluscs, 2 – Bones, 3 – Bones, 4 – Marine snails (these sites were subsequently named GPL 12 and GPL 12b by d'Oliveira Coelho et al. 2021). Image modified from Google Earth. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 17. White Patch fossil sites (18°56′10.9″S: 34°38′41.0″E) Gorongosa National Park, south of the 4×4 vehicle track from Urema to Muanza. 1 – Marine molluscs, 2 – Bones, 3 – Bones, 4 – Marine snails (these sites were subsequently named GPL 12 and GPL 12b by d'Oliveira Coelho et al. 2021). Image modified from Google Earth.

Text-fig. 7. Geology of the Muaredzi-Muanza sector of the Cheringoma Plateau showing the location of fossil occurrences. White stars – fossiliferous localities mapped by Pickford (2012, 2013), Black stars – fossil sites mapped by Habermann et al. (2019) and d'Oliveira Coelho et al. (2021) (GPL 12 and GPL 12b correspond to the White Patch sites). TTI – Cheringoma Formation, TTs1 – Mazamba Formation, TTs1a – Palaeopan facies, TTs2 – Inhaminga Formation, Qc – Quaternary sediments. The base map is modified from Google Earth. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 7. Geology of the Muaredzi-Muanza sector of the Cheringoma Plateau showing the location of fossil occurrences. White stars – fossiliferous localities mapped by Pickford (2012, 2013), Black stars – fossil sites mapped by Habermann et al. (2019) and d'Oliveira Coelho et al. (2021) (GPL 12 and GPL 12b correspond to the White Patch sites). TTI – Cheringoma Formation, TTs1 – Mazamba Formation, TTs1a – Palaeopan facies, TTs2 – Inhaminga Formation, Qc – Quaternary sediments. The base map is modified from Google Earth.

Text-fig. 9. Fossil wood localities 4 and 5 close to the palaeopan on the north flank of the Muaredzi Gorge. Image modified from Google Earth. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 9. Fossil wood localities 4 and 5 close to the palaeopan on the north flank of the Muaredzi Gorge. Image modified from Google Earth.

Text-fig. 10. Extant pans east of Inhaminga (18°26′28″'S: 35°35′45″E) surrounded by woodland. The pans typically have an arid, vegetation-free, marginal zone and a water-logged sump. Some pans are connected to each other by shallow overflow valleys. Image modified from Google Earth. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 10. Extant pans east of Inhaminga (18°26′28″'S: 35°35′45″E) surrounded by woodland. The pans typically have an arid, vegetation-free, marginal zone and a water-logged sump. Some pans are connected to each other by shallow overflow valleys. Image modified from Google Earth.

Text-fig. 2. E-W cross section of the Urema Graben from Gorongosa to Inhaminga adapted from Flores (1973: fig. 5). Note that in this schema the Mazamba Sandstone directly overlies the Cheringoma Limestone. I.P.CO No. 5 is a bore hole. Vertical exaggeration ×10. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 2. E-W cross section of the Urema Graben from Gorongosa to Inhaminga adapted from Flores (1973: fig. 5). Note that in this schema the Mazamba Sandstone directly overlies the Cheringoma Limestone. I.P.CO No. 5 is a bore hole. Vertical exaggeration ×10.

Text-fig. 15. Photomicrographs of thin sections of holotype BP/16/1738, Sorindeioxylon gorongosense gen. et sp. nov. from Muaredzi site 5, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS, note the irregularly spaced and very narrow bands of parenchyma and mostly solitary vessel elements; b: TS at higher magnification with narrow rays; c: radial longitudinal section (RLS), rather oblique but shows the alternate, small-to-medium inter-vessel pits; d: tangential longitudinal section (TLS), rays are 1–3 cells wide but maintain the same width. Small arrow towards the right hand ray indicates a prismatic crystal in the ray cell; e: TLS rays with fibres in between; f: RLS showing mixed ray cells (upright, square and procumbent) poorly preserved. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 15. Photomicrographs of thin sections of holotype BP/16/1738, Sorindeioxylon gorongosense gen. et sp. nov. from Muaredzi site 5, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS, note the irregularly spaced and very narrow bands of parenchyma and mostly solitary vessel elements; b: TS at higher magnification with narrow rays; c: radial longitudinal section (RLS), rather oblique but shows the alternate, small-to-medium inter-vessel pits; d: tangential longitudinal section (TLS), rays are 1–3 cells wide but maintain the same width. Small arrow towards the right hand ray indicates a prismatic crystal in the ray cell; e: TLS rays with fibres in between; f: RLS showing mixed ray cells (upright, square and procumbent) poorly preserved.

Text-fig. 5. East-west cross section of the Urema Graben and Cheringoma Plateau adapted from Pfaffhuber et al. (2009). The Urema Graben is ca. 45–50 km broad. Note that in this scheme, the Eocene Limestone (i.e., the Cheringoma Fm) is overlain by Oligocene sandstone in the position mapped as Mazamba Formation by Real (1966) and by Tinley (1977). in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 5. East-west cross section of the Urema Graben and Cheringoma Plateau adapted from Pfaffhuber et al. (2009). The Urema Graben is ca. 45–50 km broad. Note that in this scheme, the Eocene Limestone (i.e., the Cheringoma Fm) is overlain by Oligocene sandstone in the position mapped as Mazamba Formation by Real (1966) and by Tinley (1977).

Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus.

Figure 9 in Facies, origin, and palaeontological inventory of an Early Carboniferous neptunian dyke in the Devonian reef limestone near Rösenbeck (Brilon Anticline, Rhenish Mountains)

Figure 9. Schematic diagram illustrating the genesis of the dykes and their sediments in the Rösenbeck quarry. (a) Early Late Devonian: end of reef limestone sedimentation. (b) Late Devonian to Tournaisian: collapse of the carbonate platform, formation of fissures and dykes. (c) Late Tournaisian to Viséan: accumulation of carbonates on top of the reef ruin, widening of the dykes. (d) Late Viséan: begin of filling of the dykes by shales. (e) Latest Viséan to early Serpukhovian: transport of eroded sediment blocks from the top of the reef ruin into the dykes. (f) Serpukhovian to Recent: complete filling of the dykes with mud, erosion of the reef complex.

Figure 8 in Facies, origin, and palaeontological inventory of an Early Carboniferous neptunian dyke in the Devonian reef limestone near Rösenbeck (Brilon Anticline, Rhenish Mountains)

Figure 8. Chondrichthyan teeth from the Early Carboniferous dyke sediments of Rösenbeck. (a–c) Thrinacodus cf. gracia (Grogan and Lund, 2008). A, C, in lingual views, sample C; B, in lingual view, sample C. (d)?Squatinactis sp., in occlusal (D1), lingual (D2), and labial (D3) views, sample C. (e–j) Denaea cf. fournieri Pruvost, 1922, in lingual (E1, F1, G1, H2, I1, J1), occlusal (E2, F2, G2, I2, J2), and labial (E3, F3, G3, H1, I3) views, sample C. (k) Holocephali gen. et sp. indet. in lingual view, sample C. Scale bars: 0.4 mm.

Figure 7 in Facies, origin, and palaeontological inventory of an Early Carboniferous neptunian dyke in the Devonian reef limestone near Rösenbeck (Brilon Anticline, Rhenish Mountains)

Figure 7. Conodonts from the Early Carboniferous dyke sediments of Rösenbeck. (a) Gnathodus girtyi girtyi Haas, 1953, sample C. (b) Lochriea commutata (Branson and Mehl, 1941), sample C. (c) Lochriea nodosa (Bischoff, 1957), sample C. (d) Gnathodus praebilineatus Belka, 1985, sample E. (e) Gnathodus bilineatus Roundy, 1926, sample E. (f) "Gnathodus"homopunctatus (Ziegler, 1960), sample E. (g) Lochriea nodosa (Bischoff, 1957), sample F. (h) Gnathodus bilineatus Roundy, 1926, sample F. (i) Gnathodus girtyi girtyi Haas, 1953, sample F. (j) Gnathodus girtyi girtyi Haas, 1953, sample F. (k) Gnathodus bilineatus Roundy, 1926, sample H. (l) "Gnathodus"homopunctatus (Ziegler, 1960), sample H.

Figure 5 in Facies, origin, and palaeontological inventory of an Early Carboniferous neptunian dyke in the Devonian reef limestone near Rösenbeck (Brilon Anticline, Rhenish Mountains)

Figure 5. Carbonate microfacies of selected samples from the Rösenbeck quarry; all ×2. A – Middle Devonian reef limestone; B–F – Early Carboniferous dyke sediments. (a) Sample A: Stromatopora–Tabulata rudstone. Bioclast- and lithoclast-supported facies with fragments of stromatoporoids, tabulate corals (Thamnopora), and fragments of rugose corals and bivalves without preferred orientation. (b) Sample B: ammonoid packstone. Densely packed fragments of ammonoids within micritic matrix; some areas are filled with pseudosparite. Bioclast voids are filled with sparry calcite and displaying geopetal orientation. Ammonoids of various sizes from the initial stage (1 mm in diameter) up to 20 mm (but then fragmentary) are packed without preferred orientation. Numerous mollusc shell fragments (probably also mostly from ammonoids); less abundant are remains of ostracods, trilobites, and foraminifera. (c) Sample C: thin section with two successive carbonate facies. The lower part is a mollusc packstone with micritic matrix in which particularly small ammonoids up to 2 mm diameter are present; larger specimens are fragmented. Separated by a sharp boundary follows (in the upper part of the thin section) an ammonoid rudstone with densely packed ammonoids up to approximately 8 mm conch diameter. (d) Sample C: densely packed bioclastic and lithoclastic packstone with strongly fragmented mollusc shells and well-rounded clasts of phosphoritic nodules up to 10 mm length. Further biogens include ostracods, foraminifera, and conodonts. (e) Sample E: mollusc packstone with micritic matrix, which in some places is replaced by pseudosparite. Bioclast voids are filled with sparry calcite and show geopetal orientation. Most of the bioclasts are probably ammonoid shell remains; only one specimen is rather well preserved with internal whorls (Calygirtyoceras sp.). Further biogens are orthoconic cephalopods, ostracods, and trilobites. (f) Sample G: wackestone with occasionally occurring ammonoid conchs.

Figure 6 in Facies, origin, and palaeontological inventory of an Early Carboniferous neptunian dyke in the Devonian reef limestone near Rösenbeck (Brilon Anticline, Rhenish Mountains)

Figure 6. Stratigraphic column for the Viséan with the ammonoid stratigraphy and the presumed positions of the samples (timescale after Korn and Kaufmann, 2009).

Figure 4 in Facies, origin, and palaeontological inventory of an Early Carboniferous neptunian dyke in the Devonian reef limestone near Rösenbeck (Brilon Anticline, Rhenish Mountains)

Figure 4. Polished slab of sample E showing a breccia structure with various carbonate and phosphorite components; ×1.

Figure 2 in Facies, origin, and palaeontological inventory of an Early Carboniferous neptunian dyke in the Devonian reef limestone near Rösenbeck (Brilon Anticline, Rhenish Mountains)

Figure 2. Examples of neptunian dykes in the Middle Devonian limestone in the Rösenbeck quarry. (a) Funnel-shaped dyke largely filled with debris and mud. (b) Cave-like dyke filled with Early Carboniferous shales.

Figure 3 in Facies, origin, and palaeontological inventory of an Early Carboniferous neptunian dyke in the Devonian reef limestone near Rösenbeck (Brilon Anticline, Rhenish Mountains)

Figure 3. The position of the studied samples in the outcrop at the south-eastern margin of the limestone quarry. Sample A is from the top of the Middle Devonian reef limestone, and samples B to G are Early Carboniferous dyke sediments.