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173 results for “Paleozoic”
Fig. 33. A, X in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 33. A, X-ray of the head in a Pennsylvanian symmoriiform (possibly the same taxon represented by the ''Cobelodus'' braincase), from the Fayetteville Shale of Arkansas, OUZC 5300. B, same with orbit, palatoquadrate, and Meckel's cartilage outlined in white. Anterior to right.
Fig. 49 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 49. Stethacanthulus meccaensis FMNH PF 2621. A, braincase in oblique dorsolateral view, positive image from X-ray, anterior to right; B, C, reconstruction of braincase (after Williams, 1985); B, lateral view; C, ventral view. Note interorbital septum and fenestra in lateral view and midorbital notch in dorsal view. Dotted line defines cranial cavity, dashed line defines orbit.
Fig. 48 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 48. Reconstruction of the braincase in Cobelodus aculeatus, interpreted as tropibasic following comparison with the digital reconstruction of the ''Cobelodus'' neurocranium. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. The ''Cobelodus'' reconstruction was used as a template, and the shape and proportions were adjusted from features identified in dorsal and ventral views in X-rays and compression fossils. In lateral view, the braincase depth and positions of foramina in the back of the orbit were established from the cranial endocast.
Fig. 40 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 40. ''Cobelodus biscuit''; digitally flattened contour-based surface rendering (90% along the y axis, unaltered dimensions along x and z axes) for comparison with compression fossils. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, slightly tilted lateral view.
Fig. 34. A, X in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 34. A, X-ray of the head in a Pennsylvanian symmoriiform from the Fayetteville Shale of Arkansas, OUZC 5301. B, Same with orbit, palatoquadrate, and Meckel's cartilage outlined in white. Anterior to right. Large opaque structure running across the orbit is the palatoquadrate of the opposite side.
Fig. 52 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 52. Lateral view of AMNH 1734, a complete head referred to Stethacanthus altonensis, from the Sunbury Shale (5 ''Waverly Black Shale'', Tournaisian, Lower Mississippian) of Ohio. A, left side; B, right side. The specimen has a deep, round orbit, a deep postorbital otic process, and a slender palatine ramus. Scale bar 5 10 mm.
Fig. 57 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 57. Features of the head and braincase in Damocles serratus, from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Chesterian, late Pennsylvanian). All illustrations from Lund (1986) with annotations changed to agree with those used in this work and adjusted for scale. A, B, CM 35473. A, lateral view of head skeleton; B, lateral view of braincase. C, MV 7685, lateral view of braincase; D, CM 35472 (holotype), lateral view of braincase. Scale bar 5 5 mm (illustrations have been scaled according to information in original publication).
Fig. 12 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 12. Transverse CT scan slices through the orbit in the vicinity of the optic pedicel (arrowed). Star indicates bucco-hypophyseal fossa. A, ''Cobelodus'' FMNH PF 13242; B, Cladodoides; C, Notorynchus.
Fig. 11 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 11. FMNH PF 13242 (''Cobelodus''). Posterior view of contour-based surface rendering generated from CT-scan slices.
Fig. 10 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 10. FMNH PF 13242 (''Cobelodus''). Anterior view of contour-based surface rendering generated from CT-scan slices.
Fig. 9 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 9. FMNH PF 13242 (''Cobelodus''). Medial view made from sagittal section of contour-based surface rendering generated from CT-scan slices.
Fig. 8 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 8. FMNH PF 13242 (''Cobelodus''). Ventral view of contour-based surface rendering generated from CT-scan slices.
Fig. 5 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 5. Arkansas symmoriiform braincase FMNH PF 13242 (''Cobelodus''). A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view, right side. Scale bar 5 10 mm.
Fig. 2 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 2. Hypothetical contributions made by major embryonic cartilages in the chondrocranium of two Paleozoic sharks. A, an idealized symmoriiform (mainly based on ''Cobelodus'', but with ethmoid region after Stethacanthulus and Falcatus); B, Cladodoides wildungensis. Colors correspond to features in fig. 1. Not to scale.
Fig. 1 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 1. Approximate extent of contributions made by major embryonic cartilages in the adult chondrocranium of two modern sharks. A, Squalus acanthias (based on ontogenetic data); B, Chlamydoselachus anguineus (hypothesized). Not to scale.
Fig. 4 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 4. Left lateral views of the mandibular musculature in four modern dalatiiform sharks to show variation in the origin and extent of the preorbital (suborbital) muscle. A, Etmopterus spinax; B, Centroscyllium excelsum (preorbital muscle originates above ventral keel process in A and B); C, Trigonognathus kabeyai (preorbital muscle absent); D, Squaliolus laticaudus (preorbital muscle originates on interorbital septum). After shirai (1992), Shirai and Okamura (1992). Scale bar 5 10 mm.
Fig. 3 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 3. Left lateral and sagittal views of three modern dalatiiform elasmobranch braincases. A, B, Centroscyllium excelsum; C, D, Squaliolus laticaudus; E, F, Trigonognathus kabeyai. After Shirai (1992), Shirai and Okamura (1992). Scale bars 5 10 mm.
Fig. 7 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 7. FMNH PF 13242 (''Cobelodus''). Dorsal view of contour-based surface rendering generated from CT-scan slices.
Fig. 6 in The Braincase In Paleozoic Symmoriiform And Cladoselachian Sharks
Fig. 6. FMNH PF 13242 (''Cobelodus''). Lateral view of contour-based surface rendering generated from CT-scan slices.
Data from: Rise and diversification of chondrichthyans in the Paleozoic
<p>The Paleozoic represents a key time interval in the origins and early diversification of chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes), but their diversity and macroevolution are largely obscured by heterogenous spatial and temporal sampling. The predominantly cartilaginous skeletons of chondrichthyans pose an additional limitation on their preservation potential and hence on the quality of their fossil record. Here, we use a newly compiled genus-level dataset and the application of sampling standardization methods to analyze global total-chondrichthyan diversity dynamics through time from their first appearance in the Ordovician through to the end of the Permian. Subsampled estimates of chondrichthyan genus richness were initially low in the Ordovician and Silurian but increased substantially in the early Devonian. Richness reached its maximum in the middle Carboniferous before dropping across the Carboniferous/Permian boundary and gradually decreasing throughout the Permian. Sampling is higher in both the Devonian and Carboniferous compared with the Silurian and most of the Permian stages. Shark-like scales from the Ordovician are too limited to allow for some of the subsampling techniques. Our results detect two Paleozoic radiations in chondrichthyan diversity: the first in the earliest Devonian, led by acanthodians (stem-group chondrichthyans), which then decline rapidly by the late Devonian, and the second in the earliest Carboniferous, led by holocephalans, which increase greatly in richness across the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. Dispersal of chondrichthyans, specifically holocephalans, into deeper water environments may reflect a niche expansion following the faunal displacement in the aftermath of the Hangenberg extinction event at the end of the Devonian.</p>
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