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Fig. 20 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 20. Strict consensus of 1400 MPTs of 4492 steps from the analysis including the Tonniornis mesetaensis and Tonniornis minimum holotype humeri as separate terminals.

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Global analysis of emperor penguin populations

<p>Like many polar animals, emperor penguin populations are challenging to monitor because of the species' life history and remoteness. Consequently, it has been difficult to establish its global status, a subject important to resolve as polar environments change. To advance our understanding of emperor penguins, we combined remote sensing, validation surveys, and using Bayesian modeling we estimated a comprehensive population trajectory over a recent 10-year period, encompassing the entirety of the species' range. Reported as indices of abundance, our study indicates with 81% probability that the global population of adult emperor penguins declined between 2009 and 2018, with a posterior median decrease of 9.6% (95% credible interval (CI) -26.4% to +9.4%). The global population trend was -1.3% per year over this period (95% CI = -3.3% to +1.0%) and declines likely occurred in four of eight fast ice regions, irrespective of habitat conditions. Thus far, explanations have yet to be identified regarding trends, especially as we observed an apparent population up-tick toward the end of time series. Our work potentially establishes a framework for monitoring other Antarctic coastal species detectable by satellite, while promoting a need for research to better understand factors driving biotic changes in the Southern Ocean ecosystem.</p>

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Figure 14 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 14.?Pseudaptenodytes minor holotype partial right humerus, NMV P26669: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.

Figure 15 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 15. Specimens referred to Pseudaptenodytes macraei: partial right carpometacarpus, NMV P27055, in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views; partial left carpometacarpus, NMV P27056, in (C) ventral and (D) dorsal views.

Figure 12. Sphenisciformes indet. partial left coracoid, NMV P24065 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 12. Sphenisciformes indet. partial left coracoid, NMV P24065: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.

Figure 13 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 13. Sphenisciformes from the Upper Miocene–Lower Pliocene Black Rock Sandstone, Victoria. A–J and M–P, specimens referred to?Pseudaptenodytes minor: partial left humerus, NMV P 26671, in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views; partial left humerus, NMV P26676, in (C) dorsal and (D) ventral views; partial right humerus, NMV P26677, in (E) dorsal and (F) ventral views; partial right humerus, NMV P26670, in (G) dorsal and (H) ventral views; partial right humerus, NMV P27057, in (I) dorsal and (J) ventral views; partial right carpometacarpus, NMV P27058, in (M) dorsal and (N) ventral views; partial right carpometacarpus, NMV P26903, in (O) dorsal and (P) ventral views. Sphenisciformes indet. partial left humerus, NMV P27059: K, dorsal view; L, ventral view.

Figure 10. Anthropodyptes gilli holotype right humerus, NMV P17167 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 10. Anthropodyptes gilli holotype right humerus, NMV P17167: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.

Figure 4. Pachydyptes simpsoni holotype, SAM P14157 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 4. Pachydyptes simpsoni holotype, SAM P14157: A, right radius in ventral view, left carpometacarpus and left phalanx II-1 in dorsal view; B, head of right humerus in dorsal view; C, left coracoid in dorsal view; D,?twelfth cervical vertebra in ventral view.

Figure 3 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 3. Fossil sphenisciform localities in Australia. 1 = Devil's Den; 2 = Portland; 3 = Spring Creek; 4 = Batesford Quarry; 5 = Beaumaris; 6 = Red Bluff; 7 = Hunter Island; 8 = Witton Bluff; 9 = Blanche Point; 10 = Mount Gambier

Figure 2 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 2. Temporally-calibrated phylogeny of Sphenisciformes modified from Ksepka and Ando (2011) and Ksepka et al. (2012), showing major trends in Sphenisciform evolution and the first occurrence of Sphenisciformes in each region with extant species. Stem sphenisciform branches are shown in black and crown clade Spheniscidae branches are shown in blue. Thick horizontal bars on branches indicate stratigraphic range maxima and minima. Abbreviations: AF, Africa; AN, Antarctica; AU, Australia; Ma, million years ago; SA, South America.

Figure 8. Sphenisciformes indet. partial right humerus, SAM P10863 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 8. Sphenisciformes indet. partial right humerus, SAM P10863: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.

Figure 1 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 1. Chronostratigraphy and correlation of Australian fossil penguin-bearing units, compared with the fossil record of Sphenisciformes on other continents. Note that the vertical ranges of stratigraphic units represent estimates of geologic age maxima and minima for penguin-bearing horizons, not necessarily discrete time-spans of deposition. Geologic timescale is after Gradstein et al. (2004) with updates from Walker and Geissman (2009). See Table 1 for references to ages of Australian units. Ages of African units: Hendey (1981); Roberts et al. (2011); Ksepka and Thomas (2012). Ages of Antarctic units: Dingle and Lavelle (2000); Jadwiszczak (2006); Marenssi et al. (2012). Ages of New Zealand units: White and Waterhouse (1993); Cooper (2004); Slack et al. (2006); Ksepka et al. (2012). Ages of South American units: Devries (1998); Scasso et al. (2001); Celma and Cantalamessa (2007); Achurra et al. (2009); Malumián and Náñez (2011); Uhen et al. (2011).

Figure 5. Pachydyptes simpsoni paratype, SAM P14158 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 5. Pachydyptes simpsoni paratype, SAM P14158: proximal end of right radius in (A) ventral view and (C) dorsal view; partial right humerus in (B) ventral and (D) dorsal views.

Fig. 3 in Epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of Babesia sp. in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia

Fig. 3. Agarose gel electrophoresis of amplification products obtained through nested PCR tests targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia (primers Bab5.1/BabB followed by RLBF/RLBR) or the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of Haemoproteus/Plasmodium (primers HaemNFI/HaemNR3 followed by HaemF/HaemR2). The following samples are represented: (a) captive-born little penguin chick, negative blood smear; (b) adult wild little penguin, negative blood smear; (c) Babesia-infected adult wild little penguin, as confirmed through blood smear; (d) Haemoproteus-infected adult tropical screech owl, as confirmed through blood smear; (e) Plasmodium-inoculated chicken, raised in arthropod-free environment; (f) blood parasite-free chicken, raised in arthropodfree environment.

Fig. 1 in Epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of Babesia sp. in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of sampling locations, southeast Australia. Site details are given in Table 1. The geographic distribution of little penguins (black area) is shown in the top right map (adapted from Marchant and Higgins, 1990).

Fig. 4 in Epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of Babesia sp. in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia

Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the 18S rRNA gene of the studied Babesia lineages. Lineages identified in this study are emphasized in red, and other avianinfecting lineages are emphasized in blue. For each lineage, the following information is provided: morphospecies (Genbank ascension number) host species. For avianinfecting lineages, the geographic location is also provided. Branch lengths are drawn proportionally to evolutionary distance (scale bar is shown). For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.

Fig. 2 in Epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of Babesia sp. in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia

Fig. 2. Babesia sp. in the blood smear of a little penguin. Individual details: TAS- 124, male, adult, moulting, sampled at "Darlington Foreshore" (Maria Island, Tasmania) in 21/02/2013, Genbank ascension number KP144323, Giemsa stain.

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Fig. 7 in Heterophyid trematodes (Digenea) from penguins: A new species of Ascocotyle Looss, 1899, first description of metacercaria of Ascocotyle (A.) patagoniensis Hernández-Orts, Montero, Crespo, García, Raga and Aznar, 2012, and first molecular data

Fig. 7. Bayesian inference (BI) phylogram based on the partial (D1–D3 domains) sequences of 28S rDNA for the Opisthorchioidea. Posterior probability values are given above the branches. Support values with <0.95 posterior probability are omitted. The branch length scale-bar indicates the expected number of substitutions per site. The newly-generated sequences are highlighted in bold. Species of Ascocotyle are indicated in blue and the respective clade is demarcated with yellow rectangular. Doted rectangular outline the members of the family Heterophyidae. Outgroup taxa are represented in grey colour. The respective definitive hosts are symbol indicated on the tree. Abbreviations: Ad, Adult; MTC, metacercaria. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 5 in Heterophyid trematodes (Digenea) from penguins: A new species of Ascocotyle Looss, 1899, first description of metacercaria of Ascocotyle (A.) patagoniensis Hernández-Orts, Montero, Crespo, García, Raga and Aznar, 2012, and first molecular data

Fig. 5. Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) patagoniensis Hernández-Orts, Montero, Crespo, García, Raga and Aznar, 2012'. Adults from the intestine of Spheniscus magellanicus (A and B) and metacercariae from the heart of Odontesthes argentinensis, Patagonia, Argentina. (C–E). (A) Total, ventral view, voucher (MLP-He 7503). (B) Anterior end with circumoral spines, voucher (IPCAS D-786). (C) Total, ventral view. (D) Middle part of body with ventrogenital complex, ventral view. (E) Anterior end with circumoral spines.