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Fig. 13 in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 13 Forelimb elements of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A–D, Left humerus and interpretative drawings superimposed (A, B dorsal, C, D ventral view). E, F, Left ulna and interpretative drawing superimposed in ventral view. Abbreviations: delt, deltopectoral crest; ect, ectepicondyle; ect f, ectepicondylar foramen; ent, entepicondyle; lat, lateral process; med, medial process; ole, olecranon

Fig. 12 in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 12 Pelvic girdle and sacrum of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A–D, Pelvic girdle consisting of fused pubes, ilia and ischia (A posterior, B anterior, C right lateral, D left lateral view). Note that the hole in the left pubis does not represent the thyroid fenestra but is a break in the bone. E, F, Fragment of the postpelvic hypoischium. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; epi, epipubic process, il, ilium; is, ischium; it, ischial tubercle; lpp, lateral pubic process; pu, pubis; sr I, first sacral rib; sr II, second sacral rib; sv I, first sacral vertebral centrum; tf, thyroid fenestra

Fig. 10 in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 10 Neck vertebral column of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A, Cervical vertebrae and osteoderms in left lateral view. B, Osteoderms as they are mounted over the cervical vertebrae in posterior view. C, Cervical vertebrae and osteoderms in dorsal view. D, Cervical vertebrae and osteoderms in ventral view. Abbreviations: c, centrum; na, neural arch; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process

Fig. 11 in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 11 Tail region of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A, Preserved caudal vertebrae in left lateral view. The black arrow points at the hemal arch of the 4th preserved caudal vertebra from anterior. B, Preserved tail in ventral view. C, Preserved caudal vertebrae and anterior osteoderms of the tail club in dorsal view. D, Tail club in left lateral view. E, F, Individual osteoderms consisting of four spikes each, in anterior and posterior views. The exact position of these elements anterior to the tail club (i.e., closer to the base of the tail) is ambiguous. G, Isolated tail spike in anterior and posterior view. Abbreviations: c, centrum; ha, hemal arch; na, neural arch; os, osteoderm; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process

Fig. 9 in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 9 Shell remains of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A–C, Carapace (A angled anterodorsolateral, B, right side in dorsolateral, C, right side in lateral view). Reconstructed parts of the carapace are delimited by grey-shaded area set off by a stippled white line and marked with a white r. The anterior aspect of the carapace is marked in each view by a black arrow. D–H, Various parts of the plastron. Due to the fragmented nature of these bones, their position in the plastron is ambiguous

Fig. 8 3D in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 8 3D renderings of the endosseous labyrinths and stapedial fragment of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A, Left labyrinth in lateral view; B, In dorsal view; C, In posterior view; D, Right labyrinth in lateral view, E, In dorsal view; F, In posterior view; G, Left labyrinth in lateral view rendered transparent to show preservational position of the stapedial fragment; H, Close-up of stapedial fragment in lateral view. I, In medial view. Note that the right lateral semicircular canal is broken. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; bsr, base of stapedial rod; cod, cochlear duct; fov, fenestra ovalis; fpl, fenestra perilymphatica; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sfp, stapedial footplate

Fig. 5 3D in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 5 3D renderings of the braincase of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A, Posterodorsal view; B, Same as A, but rendered transparently with horn core vascularization models rendered opaque; C, Posterior view; D, Same as C, but rendered transparent with horn core vascularization models rendered opaque. Note that dashed lines in A are margins of a weakly defined groove we interpret as the osteological correlate for the course of the stapedial artery. Abbreviations: btb, basis tuberculi basalis; exr, exoccipital ridge; fm, foramen magnum; hc, horn core; occ, occipital condyle; otc, otic capsule; pop, paroccipital condyle; stag, stapedial artery groove; vas, vascularization; X–XI, short canal for the CN X–XI (i.e., foramen jugulare intermedius of Sterli & Joyce, 2007)

Fig. 7 3D in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 7 3D renderings of the braincase endocast, cranial nerve endocasts, and endosseous labyrinth model of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A, Left lateral view; B, Dorsal view; C, Right lateral view; D, Ventral view. Abbreviations: end, cranial endocast; f, foramen jugulare; fov, fenestra ovalis; fpl, fenestra perilymphatica (interface between endosseous labyrinth and canal for the CN X–XI); gg, geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve (CN VII); lab, endosseous labyrinth; pit, endocast of the pituitary fossa; V, trigeminal nerve (CN V); VI, abducens nerve (CN VI); VII, facial nerve (CN VII); VIII, acoustic nerve (CN VIII); X–XI, vagus nerve (CN X) and accessory nerve (CN XI); XII, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Fig. 6 3D in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 6 3D renderings of the sagittally and axially sectioned braincase of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A, Dorsomedial view onto left side of sectioned braincase, exposing the medial surface of the braincase. Note that nerve endocasts and the endosseous labyrinth is also rendered. B, Same image as A, but with interpretative line drawings. Note that the arrow in B indicates the course of the CN X–XI from the foramen jugulare anterius through a short canal. Abbreviations: btb, basis tuberculi basalis; clp, clinoid process; ds, dorsum sellae; exr, exoccipital ridge; fav, foramen aquaducti vestibuli; foramen jugulare anterius (i.e., internal braincase opening for CN X–XI; fpl, fenestra perilymphatica; occ, occipital condyle; pao, pila antotica; pop, paroccipital process; stag, stapedial artery groove; V, prootic foramen for the trigeminal (CN V) nerve; VI, (internal) abducens nerve (CN VI) foramen; VII, (internal) facial nerve (CN VI) foramen; VIII, (internal) acoustic nerve foramina; X–XI, course of vagus (CN X) and accessory (CN XI) nerves; XII, hypoglossal nerve foramina

Fig. 4 3D in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 4 3D renderings of the braincase of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A, Anterior view; B, Same as A, but with soft tissue endocasts and interpretative line drawings included; C, Left lateral view; D, Same as C, but with soft tissue endocasts and interpretative line drawings included; E, Anteroventral view; F, Same as E, but with soft tissue endocasts and interpretative line drawings included. Abbreviations: anfov, antrum to fenestra ovalis; end, cranial endocast; faccb, foramen anterius canals caroticus basiphenoidalis; fos, fossa; fov, fenestra ovalis; fpccb, foramen posterius canalis caroticus basisphenoidalis; hc, horn core; occ, occipital condyle; orsc, orbitosphenoidal crest; pit, endocast of pituitary fossa; prof, prootic fossa; sqf, squamosum fossa; st, sella turcica; V, prootic foramen for the trigeminal (CN V) nerve; VI, abducens nerve (CN VI) foramen; VII, facial nerve (CN VII) foramen; vasf, vascular foramen

Fig. 2 in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 2 Braincase of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A, Braincase during preparation in anterior view. Note that at this stage the prootic foramen for the trigeminal nerve was complete and the shaft of the stapes was still articulated with the braincase close to the fenestra ovalis (the small fragment indicated by the white stippled line and arrow as well as the shaft of the stapes are kept separately with the braincase). B, Braincase after preparation in anterior view. C, In posterior view. D, In left lateral view. Abbreviations: fm, foramen magnum; fov, fenestra ovalis; st, stapes; V, prootic foramen for the trigeminal (CN V) nerve

Fig. 1 in First evidence of PRoganoCHelYS QUenStedtii (Testudinata) from the PlateoSaURUS bonebeds (Norian, Late Triassic) of Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland

Fig. 1 Geographical and geological overview of the find of Proganochelys quenstedtii (SMF 09-F2). A, Schematic overview map of Switzerland with the town of Frick in Canton Aargau (in grey) highlighted [redrawn from 3D map viewer at https://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/]. B, Photograph of the construction site where the sediments of the Gruhalde Member are exposed at Frickberg (Image courtesy: Grabungsteam Frick, used with permission). C, Excavation of SMF 09-F2 by one of us (BP; Image courtesy: Grabungsteam Frick, used with permission). D, Schematic map of the excavation site using a 50 × 50 cm grid (indicated by the small + signs). The bones belonging to SMF 09-F2 are highlighted in dark grey. E, Simplified sedimentological column based on the exposed profile (based on Jordan et al., 2016 in Tschopp et al., 2020) in the clay pit Gruhalde and the finding layer of SMF 09-F2 at Frickberg indicated

Fig. 14 in Postcranial osteology of the first early-stage juvenile skeleton of Plateosaurus trossingensis from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland

Fig. 14. Skeletal reconstruction of MSF 15.8B., preserved elements highlighted in white, grey elements restored following adult Plateosaurus skeletons SMNS 13200 (von Huene 1926) and GPIT 1 (Mallison 2010a, b).

Fig. 11 in Postcranial osteology of the first early-stage juvenile skeleton of Plateosaurus trossingensis from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland

Fig. 11. Femur, tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsus of juvenile Plateosaurus cf. trossingensis Fraas, 1913 skeleton MSF 15.8B. from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland. A. Left femur, MSF 15.8.565, in medial (A1), anterior (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), proximal (A5), and distal (A6) views. B. Right femur, MSF 15.8.380, in lateral (B1), anterior (B2), and proximal (B3) views (note different effects of compaction). C. Left tibia, MSF 15.8.381, in anterior (C1), lateral (C2), medial (C3), proximal (C4), and distal (C5) views. D. Left fibula, MSF 15.8.518, in lateral (D1) and medial (D2) views. E. Right calcaneum, MSF 15.8.469, in proximal view. F. Right astragalus, MSF 15.8.585, in proximal (F1) and anterior (F2) views. G. Left astragalus, MSF 15.8.420, in proximal (G1) and anterior (G2) views.

Fig. 10 in Postcranial osteology of the first early-stage juvenile skeleton of Plateosaurus trossingensis from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland

Fig. 10. Pelvic girdle of juvenile Plateosaurus cf. trossingensis Fraas, 1913 skeleton MSF 15.8B. from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland. A. Left ilium, MSF 15.8.717, in lateral (A1) and medial (A2) views. B. Right ilium, MSF 15.8.486, in lateral (B1) and medial (B2) views (note differences due to effects of compaction). C. Right pubis, MSF 15.8.383, in lateral (C1) and anterior (C2) views. D. Articulated ischia, MSF 15.8.421, in posterior (D1) and right lateral (D2) views.

Fig. 9 in Postcranial osteology of the first early-stage juvenile skeleton of Plateosaurus trossingensis from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland

Fig. 9. Manus of juvenile Plateosaurus cf. trossingensis Fraas, 1913 skeleton MSF 15.8B. from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland. A. Left mc I (MSF 15.8.2032). B. Left mc II (MSF 15.8.480). C. Left mc IIII (MSF 15.8.668). D. Left mc IV (MSF 15.8.2033). E. Left mc V (MSF 15.8.597). In palmar (medial) (A1–E1) and dorsal (lateral) (A2–E2) views. F. Left p V-1 (MSF 15.8.671). G. Left p IV-1 (MSF 15.8.2014) and p IV-2 (MSF 15.8.2015). H. Left p III-1 (MSF 15.8.1077). I. Left p III-2 (MSF 15.8.677). J. Left p III-3 (MSF 15.8.481). In dorsal (lateral) view (F–J). K. Left u III (MSF 15.8.2018), in dorsal (lateral) (K1) and anterior (preaxial) (K2) views. L. Left p II-1 (MSF 15.8.489). M. Left p II-2 (MSF 15.8.477) in dorsal (lateral) view (L, M). N. Left u II (MSF 15.8.2017), in dorsal (lateral) (N1) and anterior (preaxial) (N2) views. O. Left p I-1 (MSF 15.8.467), in dorsal (lateral) view. P. Left u I (MSF 15.8.2016), in dorsal (lateral) (P1) and anterior (preaxial) (P2) views. Q. Right distal carpal I (MSF 15.8.2013). R. Right distal carpal II (MSF 15.8.406). In proximal view (Q, R).

Fig. 7 in Postcranial osteology of the first early-stage juvenile skeleton of Plateosaurus trossingensis from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland

Fig. 7. Pectoral girdle of juvenile Plateosaurus cf. trossingensis Fraas, 1913 skeleton MSF 15.8B. from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland. A. Left scapula, MSF 15.8.55. B. Right scapula, MSF 15.8.870. C. Left coracoid, MSF 15.8.552. D. Right coracoid, MSF 15.8.1035. All in lateral (external) views.

Fig. 4 in Postcranial osteology of the first early-stage juvenile skeleton of Plateosaurus trossingensis from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland

Fig. 4. Middle and posterior dorsal vertebrae of juvenile Plateosaurus cf. trossingensis Fraas, 1913 skeleton MSF 15.8B. from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland. A. Dorsal vertebra 6, MSF 15.8.654 (neural arch) and MSF 15.8.906 (centrum), in left lateral (A1), dorsal (A2), ventral (A3), anterior (A4), and posterior (A5) views. B. Dorsal vertebra 7, MSF 15.8.1076 (neural arch) and MSF 15.8.437 (centrum), in left lateral (B1), dorsal (B2), ventral (B3), anterior (B4), and posterior (B5) views. C. Dorsal vertebra 8, MSF 15.8.885, in left lateral (C1), dorsal (C2), ventral (C3), anterior (C4), and posterior (C5) views. D. Dorsal vertebrae 9 or 10, MSF 15.8.728 (neural arch) and MSF 15.8.679 (centrum), in left lateral (D1), dorsal (D2), ventral (D3), anterior (D4), and posterior (D5) views. E. Dorsal vertebra 12, MSF 15.8.468 (neural arch) and MSF 15.8.2007 (centrum), in left lateral (E1), dorsal (E2), ventral (E3), anterior (E4), and posterior (E5) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in Postcranial osteology of the first early-stage juvenile skeleton of Plateosaurus trossingensis from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland

Fig. 8. Humerus and antebrachium of juvenile Plateosaurus cf. trossingensis Fraas, 1913 skeleton MSF 15.8B. from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland. A. Right humerus, MSF 15.8.825, in lateral (A1), anterior (A2), medial (A3), and posterior (A4) views. B. Left humerus, MSF 15.8.520, in lateral (B1) and anterior (B2) views (note effects of compaction). C. Left radius, MSF 15.8.526 and ulna, MSF 15.8.525, in lateral view (C1) and left ulna, in anterior view with radius not shown (C2). D. Right radius, MSF 15.8.680, in lateral view.

Fig. 3 in Postcranial osteology of the first early-stage juvenile skeleton of Plateosaurus trossingensis from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland

Fig. 3. Anterior dorsal vertebrae of juvenile Plateosaurus cf. trossingensis Fraas, 1913 skeleton MSF 15.8B. from the Norian of Frick, Switzerland. A. Centrum of?dorsal vertebra 1, MSF 15.8.2003, in left lateral view. B. Dorsal vertebra 2, MSF 15.8.908 (neural arch) and MSF 15.8.978 (centrum), in left lateral (B1), dorsal (B2), ventral (B3), anterior (B4), and posterior (B5) views. C. Dorsal vertebra 3, MSF 15.8.2004 (neural arch) and MSF 15.8.2005 (centrum), in left lateral (C1), dorsal (C2), ventral (C3), anterior (C4), and posterior (C5) views. D. Dorsal vertebra 4, MSF 15.8.477, in left lateral (D1), dorsal (D2), ventral (D3), anterior (D4), and posterior (D5) views. E. Dorsal vertebra 5, MSF 15.8.2006, in left lateral (E1), dorsal (E2), ventral (E3), anterior (E4), and posterior (E5) views. Centra are only depicted in lateral view. Scale bars 10 mm.