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FIGURE 4. Quyania europaea n in Review of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Talpidae (Soricomorpha, Mammalia) of Poland

FIGURE 4. Quyania europaea n. sp. from Rębielice Królewskie 1A (1-4, catalogue number MF/ 1013/ 1). Fragment of right mandible with m1 and alveoli of c-p4 and m2-m3, holotype, 1 - buccal, 2 - lingual, and 3 - occlusal view, 4 - the same m1 lingual view (enlarged).

FIGURE 3 in Review of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Talpidae (Soricomorpha, Mammalia) of Poland

FIGURE 3.?Neurotrichus polonicus from Rębielice Królewskie 1A (1-2, catalogue numbers MF/1015/2, 5 respectively) and from Kadzielnia 1 (3-4, catalogue number MF/1016/1). 1 - right M1, 2 - right M2 (occlusal view), fragment of right mandible with p4-m2, 3 - buccal, 4 - lingual view.

FIGURE 5. Skoczenia copernici from Zamkowa Dolna Cave A in Review of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Talpidae (Soricomorpha, Mammalia) of Poland

FIGURE 5. Skoczenia copernici from Zamkowa Dolna Cave A (1-6, catalogue numbers MN/1010/3, 10, 18, 28, and 58 respectively) and from Kadzielnia 1 (7-8, catalogue number MF/1008/17). 1 - left P4, 2 - left M1, 3 - left M2 and 4 - left M3 (occlusal view), fragment of right mandible with p4-m1 (holotype), 5 - buccal, 6 - lingual view, fragment of right mandible with p4-m2, 7 - buccal, 8 - lingual view.

FIGURE 1 in Review of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Talpidae (Soricomorpha, Mammalia) of Poland

FIGURE 1. Condylura kowalskii from Węże 1 (1, catalogue number MF/1005/3) and Rębielice Królewskie 1A (2-5, catalogue numbers MF/1006/2, 4, 8, 12, respectively). 1- right M1, 2 - left M2 (occlusal view), 3 - fragment of right mandible with p1 and p2 (lingual view), 4 - left m1, 5 - right m2 (lingual view).

FIG. 4. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 4. — A, frequency curves of the taxa found in the Mammal Ages of the Tyrrhenian side (continuous line) and of the Adriatic side (dashed line) in Central Italy; in abscissa the time in thousands years, in ordinate the number of taxa; B, frequency histograms of the quantity of herbivorous taxa (darkgrey), pachyderms (black) and carnivores (lightgrey) living in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic side of Central Italy. Abbreviations: LA, late Aurelien; MA, middle Aurelian; EA, early Aurelian; LG, late Galerian; MG, middle Galerian; EG, early Galerian; MIS 2, Marine Isotopic Stage 2.

FIG. 9. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 9. — A, comparison between the quantity of taxa (continuous line) and the turnover indices (dashed line) for the temporal intervals comprised in the Faunal Units for Italy; B, comparison between the quantity of taxa (continuous line) and the turnover indices (dashed line) for the temporal intervals comprised in the Faunal Units for Central Italy. In abscissa the values of number of taxa and turnover index. Abbreviation: MIS 2, Marine Isotope Stage 2.

FIG. 2. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 2. — A, frequency curves of the taxa found in the Mammal Ages of Central Italy (continuous line); quantity of the fossiliferous sites (dashed line); B, frequency curves of the taxa found in the Faunal Units of Central Italy (continuous line); quantity of the fossiliferous sites (dashed line). Abbreviations:MIS 2, Marine Isotopic Stage 2; LA, late Aurelian; MA, middle Aurelian;EA, early Aurelian; LG, late Galerian; MG, middle Galerian; EG, early Galerian; LV, late Villafranchian; MV, middle Villafranchian; EV, early Villafranchian. In abscissa, time in Ma; in ordinate, number of taxa.

FIG. 3. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 3. — A, frequency histograms of the quantity of herbivorous taxa (darkgrey), pachyderms (black) and carnivores (lightgrey) living in the Mammal Ages of Central Italy; B, medium and large-sized herbivores and carnivores ratio (on logarithmic scale) for Central Italy. Abbreviations: LA, late Aurelien; MA, middle Aurelian; EA, early Aurelian; LG, late Galerian; MG, middle Galerian; EG, early Galerian; LV, late Villafranchian; MV, middle Villafranchian; EV, early Villafranchian; MIS 2, Marine Isotopic Stage 2.

FIG. 8 in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 8. — Hypsodonts and mesodonts ratio in the Faunal Units showing the tendency line (dashed line). In ordinate the values of the ratio between hypsodont and mesodont taxa. Abbreviation: MIS 2, Marine Isotope Stage 2.

FIG. 7. — A in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy

FIG. 7. — A, frequency histogram of the quantity of herbivorous brachydonts, mesodonts and hypsodonts for the Mammal Ages of Central Italy; B, frequency histogram of the quantity of herbivorous brachydonts, mesodonts and hypsodonts for each Faunal Unit of Central Italy. Abbreviations: MIS 2, Marine Isotope Stage 2; LA, late Aurelian; MA, middle Aurelian; EA, early Aurelian; LG, late Galerian; MG, middle Galerian; EG, early Galerian; LV, late Villafranchian; MV, middle Villafranchian; EV, early Villafranchian. In ordinate the number of taxa.

FIG. 6 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 6. — Compositions of snake faunas in several early Biharian sites in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg (DA) from the oldest locality (DA 2A) towards the youngest one (DA 4B). Coluber viridiflavus (+ cf., aff.): C. viridiflavus + C. cf. viridiflavus + C. aff. viridiflavus; Elaphe longissima (+ aff.): E. longissima + E. aff. longissima; Natrix natrix (+ aff.): N. natrix + N. aff. natrix. Data according to Ivanov (1997a).

FIG. 3 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 3. — Pliocene and Pleistocene record of extinct amphibian and reptile species within the area of Central Europe. Grey strips represent two periods of extinction of Central European herpetofauna during the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. Abbreviations: KG, Kozi Grzbiet; RK, Rebielice Królewskie 1A; cf., aff., uncertain determinations.

FIG. 7 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 7. — Percentages of "Mediterranean", "boreal", and all other amphibian and reptile taxa of early Pleistocene localities in Austria, Czechia, and Poland. The given numbers represent the total percentage representation of reported osteological material of squamate reptiles within the whole herpetological assemblage in each locality. *0% = value below 0.5%. Data according to Mais & Rabeder (1984), Rauscher (1992), and Ivanov (1996, 1997a, c).

FIG. 5 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 5. — Result of cluster analysis which is based on the comparison of percentage representation of number of "Mediterranean" (+ C. viridiflavus and T. marmoratus), "boreal", and all other amphibian and reptile taxa in Central Europe. Several Pliocene localities are considered: Austria (DA 20, DA 21), Slovakia (Ivanovce), Poland (Weze 1, Weze 2, RK 1A, RK 2), and Germany (Gundersheim, Kaltensundheim). Data according to Hodrová (1981, 1984), Młynarski & Szyndlar (1989), Rauscher (1992), Ivanov (1997a), Sanchíz (1998), and G. BÖhme (2002).

FIG. 1 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 1. — Important herpetological localities from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe. Pliocene. Hungary: 1, Osztramos 1C (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 14); 2, Csarnóta 2 (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 15). Slovakia: 3, Ivanovce (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 15); 4, Hajnácka (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16); 5, Vceláre 6/1 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 17). Austria: 6, 7, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 20 and 21 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16). Poland: 8, 9, Weze 1 (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 15) and Weze 2 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16); 10, 11, Rebielice Królewskie 1A and 2 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16); 12, Kadzielnia (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 17 to early Pleistocene, early Biharian). Germany: 13, Kaltensundheim (?early Pliocene,?Ruscinian MN 15?); 14, Willershausen (Pliocene, Ruscinian-Villanyian MN 14-MN 16); 15, Gundersheim (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16). Pleistocene. Slovakia: 16, Vceláre 6/2-9 (early Pleistocene, early Biharian). Austria: 17-20, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 2A, 2C1, 2C1Z, and 4B (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 21, St. Margarethen (middle Pleistocene, Holsteinian complex, Toringian). Czechia: 22, Malá Dohoda-Quarry (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 23, MladecCaves-excavation II (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 24, Mladec 2 (middle Pleistocene, Holsteinian complex, Toringian); 25, Stránská skála Hill (middle Pleistocene, Cromerian complex, late Biharian); 26, "Za Hájovnou" Cave (middle Pleistocene,?Holsteinian. complex). Poland: 27, Kamyk (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 28, Kielniki 3A (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 29, Jaskinia Zabia (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 30, 31, Zalesiaki 1A and Zalesiaki 1B (middle Pleistocene, late Biharian); 32, Kozi Grzbiet (middle Pleistocene, late Biharian). Germany: 33, Untermassfeld (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 34, Voigtstedt (middle Pleistocene, Cromerian complex, late Biharian); 35, Kalbsrieth (early or middle Pleistocene,?older than Voigtstedt); 36, BreitenberghÖhle bei GÖssweinstein (middle Pleistocene, Holsteinian complex, Toringian). Data concerning stratigraphy are from Hodrová (1981, 1985), Mais & Rabeder (1984), Horácek & Ložek (1988), Nadachowski et al. (1989), Młynarski & Szyndlar (1989), Musil (1995), Ivanov (1996, 1997a, 2005, 2006), Sanchíz (1998), and G. BÖhme (2000).

FIG. 4 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 4. — Comparision of number of "Mediterranean" and "boreal" amphibian and reptile taxa in several early (MN 15) and late (MN 16) Pliocene localities in Austria (DA 20 and DA 21), Slovakia (Ivanovce), and Poland (Weze 1, Weze 2, RK 1A, and RK 2). Data are from Hodrová (1981, 1984), Młynarski & Szyndlar (1989), Szyndlar (1991a, b), Rauscher (1992), and Ivanov (1997a). MN 15/MN 16 transition at 3.2 Ma according to Agustí et al. (2001).

FIG. 9 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 9. — Percentages of thermophilous (black coloured symbols) and "boreal" (unfilled symbols) amphibian and reptile species in each layer of the Mladec2 site. Natrix tessellata (+ cf.): N. tessellata + N. cf. tessellata; Elaphe longissima (+ cf.): E. longissima + E. cf. longissima. Explanations: top/bottom, sample from the top/bottom of the talus cone; ± 2 (or ± 4), sample from the layer 2 (or 4) and its surroundings. Modified from Ivanov (2006).

FIG. 8. — A in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 8. — A, palaeomagnetism and Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy (OIS) for the last 1.4 Ma and related stratigraphical position of several investigated palaeoherpetological sites: Mladec2, Stránská skála Hill, and Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 2A, 2C1, and 4B; B, stratigraphical position of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg sites. Mais & Rabeder (1984) established a separate Biozone between Microtus nutiensis Biozone and Microtus pitymyoides Biozone. A, modified from the "Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years" (Gibbard et al. 2005); B, modified from Mais & Rabeder (1977, 1984), and Rabeder (1981).

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Figure 28 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 28. Fore and hind limb proportions in Megantereon cultridens SE311 and extant large felids, along with 95% confidence limits. A, scapula length to forelimb length; B, radius length to humerus length; C, ulna length to humerus length; D, metacarpal III length to humerus length; E, tibia length to femur length; F, metatarsal III length to femur length. Forelimb length was computed as the length of humerus + radius + metacarpal III. Specimen numbers are: Panthera leo (N = 16), Panthera onca (N = 8), Panthera pardus (N = 16), Panthera tigris (N = 19), Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5) and Puma concolor (N = 6).