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FIGURE 9 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 9. Holotype male Monographis phuquocensis sp. n., A. Head capsule showing 8 ommatidium on each side, 2 groups of the posterior vertex trichomes (pv) and 3 trichobothria: trichobothrium a, b and c; B. Collum (Co); C. tergite 2 (T2) and D. the last tergite – tergite 10 (T10). E. Right gnathochilarium showing the lateral palp with 11 conical sensilla and the medial palp with 22 conical sensilla (LP: lateral palp, Mp: medial palp). F. Structure of the trichobothria: Trichobothrium a (posterior position), trichobothrium b (lateral position) and trichobothrium c (anterior position). G. Clypeo-labrum showing 10 setae (only 4 setae present and 6 seta sockets) on the posterior margin; a row of 10 slender setae were present on each side of the anterior margin of lamellae.

FIGURE 6. A in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 6. A. Unixenus intragramineus sp. n., scanning electron microscope image of the antennal articles VI, VII and VIII with 4 sensory cones (sc); B. Arrangement of sensilla on the antennal article VII from the holotype; C. Sensilla on the antennal article VI. (c: conical sensillum, T: thick bacilliform sensillum, s: setiform sensillum)

FIGURE 8. A in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 8. A living specimen of Monographis phuquocensis sp. n. from Da Ban stream, Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam.

FIGURE 5 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 5. Scanning Electron Microscope images of Unixenus intragramineus sp. n.: A. Head, the posterior vertex trichomes group (pv), collum (Co) and tergite 2 (T2); B. Trichobothria a, b and c; C. Labrum showed 4 + 4 lamellae (l); D. Labrum with the pointed spherical papillae (Psp) on its surface; E. The male caudal bundle structure showing the dorsal ornamental trichome sockets (ots), barbate trichome sockets (bts), trichome socket free tissue (tsft) and caudal trichome sockets (cts) with some caudal trichomes (ct) attached. F. The caudal bundle structure of females showing a difference in the arrangement with caudal trichome sockets (cts) located dorsally, barbate trichome sockets (bts) with the largest size in the centre, trichome socket free tissue (tsft) and nest trichome sockets (nts) that were smaller located centro-ventrally.

FIGURE 11 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 11. Scanning Electron Microscope images of antennal articles and the labrum of Monographis phuquocensis sp. n.. A. The antennal articles VI, VII and VIII. B. Sensilla arrangement on the antennal article VI showing the anterior group of 7 bacilliform sensilla which includes 4 thin bacilliform sensilla (tbs) and 3 thicker ones (Tbs a, Tbs i, Tbs p, tbs m and tbs s: refer to Figure 10). C. The arrangement of sensilla on the antennal article VI showing 2 small thin short sensilla (tbs s) and the posterior group of 8 thick short conical sensilla (Tsc). D. Clypeo-labrum: lateral lamella (Ll) and lamella (l), posterior row of setae (s) and the anterior row of slender setae (sa).

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 1. Phu Quoc Island with the inserted map of Vietnam indicating the location of Phu Quoc Island. Locations of Da Ban stream (·), Tranh stream (.) and Tranh river beach (▲) on Phu Quoc Island (Not to scale).

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 4. Holotype Unixenus intragramineus sp. n., A. Head capsule with 8 ommatidia on each side, the posterior vertex trichome groups (pv) and 3 sockets of trichobothria (trichobothria a, b and c). B. Collum (Co) and lateral protuberances (Lp) showing the arrangement of trichome sockets; C. Tergite 2 (T2); D. Tergite 10 – the last tergite; E. trichobothria a, b and c (right hand side) (trichobothrium a, posterior position, trichobothrium b, lateral position and trichobothrium c, anterior position); F. Gnathochilarium: the lateral palp (LP) with 13 sensilla and medial palp (MP) with 22 sensilla; G. Labrum showing the pointed spherical papillae on its surface and the structures 4 + 4 lamellae.

FIGURE 7. A in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 7. A. Holotype Unixenus intragramineus sp. n., the 2nd leg showing seven leg articles (Co: coxa, pre.fe: prefemur, fe: femur, post.fe: post-femur, tib: tibia, T1: tarsus 1, T2: tarsus 2, C: claw) and sex organ – penis (P); (B) A biarticulated seta with a ridged funicle present on the coxa, prefemur, the distal edge of femur and the posterior edge of last sternite; a similar smaller version of a biarticulated seta with a ridged funicle is present in the middle of the femur (C); seta on tibia (D); the setiform seta on tarsus 2 (E). F. Telotarsus–Claw showing all processes: the anterior lateral process (lp), the posterior process (p), the claw (c), the setiform process (s) and the lamella process (l), SEM image of the telotarsus (right hand side). G. The dorsal ornamental trichome sockets of trichomes a (a), trichome b (b), trichomes c (c) and the circular indentation d.

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 3. The typical beach habitat of Unixenus intragramineus sp. n. lacking leaf litter. This species was found living within the stem of a creeping grass (Poaceae) growing on an unstable, sandy substrate within the intertidal zone of Tranh River beach, where it is subject to intermittent tidal inundation and is often covered by sand particles. A. The foreshore where U. intragramineus sp. n. was found, the white arrow indicates the grass habitat; B. The grass species showing an aggregation of its runners forming a small clump; C. The grass stems were buried in sand in a beach habitat where no leaf litter was present.

FIGURE 10 in Two new species of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam

FIGURE 10. Holotype Monographis phuquocensis sp. n., A. The antennal articles V, VI, VII and VIII. B. Arrangement of sensilla on the antennal article VII: A conical sensillum (c) located posteriorly, 2 thick bacilliform sensilla (Tbs) and a setiform sensillum (s). C. Sensilla arrangement on the antennal article VI with 4 groups of sensilla of various lengths: Group 1: 7 bacilliform sensilla, which consists of 3 thick bacilliform sensilla distributed between 1 or 2 thin bacilliform sensilla (Tbs a: Thick bacilliform sensilla located in the anterior position, Tbs i: the thick bacilliform sensilla located in an intermedium position, Tbs p: the thick bacilliform sensilla located in the posterior position); followed by a conical sensillum (c); Group 2: 3 medium length thin bacilliform sensilla (tbs m); Group 3: 2 small thin short bacilliform sensilla (tbs s); Group 4: 8 short thick conical sensilla (Tsc) located posteriorly.

FIGURE 15 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 15. SEM images of Unixenus thailandicus sp. nov. A. Body structures. B. The clypeo-labrum. C. Telotarsus (lateral view), and the setiform process that is longer than the claw. D. Telotarsus (ventral view), and the setiform that appears to be cut off.

FIGURE 3 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 3. Monographis panhai sp. nov., holotype. A. The head capsule: eyes, trichobothria, and the vertex. B. Posterior vertex. C. Trichobothria. D. Right gnathochilarium. E. Clypeo-labrum. (Explanation of figure labels in the text).

FIGURE 14 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 14. SEM images of Unixenus thailandicus sp. nov. A & B. Antennomeres IV–VIII, and the sensilla. C. Sensilla on antennomere VII. D. Sensilla on antennomere VI.

FIGURE 6 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 6. Monographis panhai sp. nov., holotype. A. Second leg with the chaetotaxy. B. Biarticulated setae with ridged funicles. C. A similar but smaller seta is on the intermedio-lateral position of the femur; D. Setiform setae are on the posterior postfemur and tibia. E. A spine on tarsus 2. G. Telotarsus and its structures; a setiform showing shorter than half the length of the claw (dot line indicated). F. Last sternite. H. Ornamental trichome sockets.

FIGURE 1 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 1. Collecting locations of Monographis panhai sp. nov. (white circles) and Unixenus thailandicus sp. nov. (white triangle) in Thailand. A: Pha Mon Cave, Pangmapa District, Mae Hong Son Province. B: Thap Lan NP., Wang Nam Khiao District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. C: Near Khao Phueng Cave, East Krabi. D: Khao Cha-ang On, Bo Thong District, Chonburi Province.

FIGURE 12 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 12. Patterns of trichome sockets of Unixenus thailandicus sp. nov. A. The collum, and lateral protuberances. B. Tergites 2 with pleural projections. C. Tergite 10.

FIGURE 16 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 16. The molecular phylogenetic tree analysis by maximum likelihood method based on A. 18S and B. CO1 genes of Monographis panhai sp. nov. with other penicillate millipedes from the GenBank. The numbers above the branches represent bootstrap values (>50). (Sensillum arrangement in triangular shape and in crescent shape)

FIGURE 11 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 11. Unixenus thailandica sp. nov., holotype. A. Antennomeres VI–VIII (left antenna). B. Sensilla on antennomere VII. C. Sensilla on antennomere VI. D. Antennomere VI (right antenna): four bacilliform sensilla with an extra Ti*.

FIGURE 13 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 13. Unixenus thailandicus sp. nov., holotype. A. Second leg with the chaetotaxy. B. Biarticulated setae with spinous projections. C & D. The setiform setae. E. A seta on tarsus 2. F. Telotarsus and its processes; a setiform is longer than the claw (dot line indicated). G. The last sternite. H. Ornamental trichome sockets.

FIGURE 7 in First records of penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 7. SEM images of Monographis panhai sp. nov. A. An image shows a head, antenna, and the body structures. B. A close-up image of the eye, trichobothria. C. The gnathochilarium. D. The clypeo-labrum. E. Telotarsus; a setiform showing shorter than half the length of the claw.