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Fig. 4 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain

Fig. 4. Median values of energy density (ED) [(a), (b)] and the relative condition factor (Kn) [(c), (d)], by standard length, in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River, for each month sampled. Lower bars indicate the 25% percentile, upper bars indicate the 75% percentile. Different upper-case letters (ABC) indicate statistically significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis, P <0.025).

Fig. 1 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain

Fig. 1. Location of the sampling stations of Prochilodus lineatus on the Upper Paraná River floodplain, associated with the following sub-basins: Baia (5. Guaraná lagoon, 6. Gavião lagoon, 7. Fechada lagoon, 8. Pousada das Garças lagoon, 11. Baia River), Ivinhema (1. Finado Raimundo lagoon, 2. Patos lagoon, 3. Ventura lagoon, 4. Zé do Paco lagoon, 13. Ivinhema River) and Paraná (9. Garças lagoon, 10. Ressaco do Pau Veio, 12. Paraná River).

Fig. 3 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain

Fig. 3. Linear regression (a) and weight-length relationship (b) of juvenile Prochilodus lineatus in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River.

Fig. 5 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain

Fig. 5. Median values of energy density (E D) [(a), (b)] and the relative condition factor (K n) [(c), (d)], by standard length, for each sub-basin of the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River - Baia sub-basins (Bai), Ivinhema (Ivi) and Paraná (Par) - from June 2010 to March 2011. Lower bars indicate the 25% percentile, upper bars indicate the 75% percentile. Different upper-case letters (ABC) indicate statistically significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis, P <0.025).

Fig. 2 in Body condition and energy density of juvenile streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) in a Neotropical floodplain

Fig. 2. Daily mean water levels of the Upper Paraná River. Arrows indicate sampling periods. Horizontal lines show the threshold of the water level for river-bank overflow (350 cm = Paraná river, Agostinho et al., 2004b; Thomaz et al., 2004).

FIGURE 4 in Temporal genetic structure of a stock of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in the Mogi-Guaçu River ecosystem, São Paulo, Brazil

FIGURE 4 | Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) showing change in effective population size of Prochilodus lineatus in Feb_15 group from Cachoeira de Emas in the Mogi-Guaçu River based on Dloop marker. The y-axis, population size × generation time*; x-axis, time (indicated in thousands of years ago). *Generation time measured in million years. Solid lines represent median estimates, and shaded areas represent the 95% HPD limits.

FIGURE 3 in Temporal genetic structure of a stock of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in the Mogi-Guaçu River ecosystem, São Paulo, Brazil

FIGURE 3 | Median-joining network of Prochilodus lineatus, based on haplotypes of D-loop marker. Sizes of the circled are proportional to the frequencies of the haplotypes at issue. The colors indicate the groups according to the collections: red circles: Sep_03; yellow circles: Jan_05; purple circles: Aug_05; blue circles: Jan_06; pink circles: Jan_09; green circles: Sep_10; pastel pink circles: Feb_15. Hatch marks represent the number of mutations by which haplotypes differ.

FIGURE 1 in Temporal genetic structure of a stock of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in the Mogi-Guaçu River ecosystem, São Paulo, Brazil

FIGURE 1 | Map of the State of Sao Paulo showing the main components of the hydrographic system in the Southeast of Brazil. In detail square, the collection site of samples located in Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga-SP. The Mogi-Guaçu River is a component of the Upper Paraná River basin.

FIGURE 2 in Temporal genetic structure of a stock of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in the Mogi-Guaçu River ecosystem, São Paulo, Brazil

FIGURE 2 | Graph of the Bayesian analysis of population structure of microsatellites for Prochilodus lineatus. A. Delta(k) showing the highest value in a population structure of K = 3; B. The estimated mean log-likelihoods [ln(PrK)]; C. Structure bar plot. Black lines separate the different sampled populations based on temporal collection.

Fig. 6 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 6. Above: Retreat of the Pilcomayo River and dynamic creation of new flood plains due to self-blockage (silting up) of the river channel. This caused a retreat of hundreds of kilometers of the choke point in a few decades (indicated by the black arrow) and an upstream migration of the flood plains. Bullets indicate migrating Sábalo population in the Pilcomayo River (white) and Sábalo population in the La Plata basin (black). Below: Breakthrough of Pilcomayo River bank inundating new areas in the Chaco floodplain area.

Fig. 5 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 5. (a) Mean annual discharge and Sábalo catches over the years in the Pilcomayo River near Villa Montes. (b) Calculated and observed Sábalo catches based on the data presented in Fig. 4a. Correlations were obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression with backward selection (SPSS v. 15.0). The river discharge of the seven preceding years (Y1-Y7) plus the current year (Y0) were used in the analyses. The solid line is based upon the years 1980-2006. The dashed line is based upon the years 1997-2007. (c) Observed Sábalo catches plotted against the calculated Sábalo catches for the years 1980-1996 and 1997- 2006. Data of Sábalo catches and mean river discharges were obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia).

Fig. 4 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 4. (a) Mean annual discharge for the Pilcomayo River since 1960. The values were calculated for the hydrological year, which runs from October of the previous year until September of the current year. Data were obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia). (b) Mean monthly values of the Southern Oscillation Index (dots) and mean annual discharges of the Pilcomayo River (open circles), since 1976. Mean annual discharge values were calculated from data obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia). The values were calculated for the hydrological year, which runs from October of the previous year until September of the current year.

Fig. 3 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 3. Total dissolved solids concentration (TDS) in Pilcomayo River water (a) or water temperature (b) and gonadal maturation indices of Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) fish versus time (May 1998 until February 1999). The gonadal maturation indices are scaled from 1 to 6 in which 6 represents spawning.

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Fig. 2. Karyotypes treated with the C-banding technique. a in Karyotypic characterization of Prochilodus mariae, Semaprochilodus kneri and S. laticeps (Teleostei: Prochilodontidae) from Caicara del Orinoco, Venezuela

Fig. 2. Karyotypes treated with the C-banding technique. a) Prochilodus mariae - "B" indicates a supernumerary microchromosome; b) Semaprochilodus kneri; and c) Semaprochilodus laticeps.

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Fig. 1 in Karyotypic characterization of Prochilodus mariae, Semaprochilodus kneri and S. laticeps (Teleostei: Prochilodontidae) from Caicara del Orinoco, Venezuela

Fig. 1. Karyotypes of: a) Prochilodus mariae with 2n=54 chromosomes plus two supernumerary microchromosomes (B); b) Semaprochilodus kneri with 2n=54 chromosomes; and c) Semaprochilodus laticeps with 2n=54 chromosomes. In the insets, silver stained chromosomes with the nucleolus organizer regions in pair 2. Bars = 10 µm.

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Fig 1 in Toxicity of cryoprotectants on Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (curimba) embryos in an experimental incubator (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

Fig 1. Representative image of the experimental incubators.

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Fig. 2 in Effect of anesthetic, tag size, and surgeon experience on postsurgical recovering after implantation of electronic tags in a neotropical fish: Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

Fig. 2. Examples of tag expulsion (left) and antenna migration (right) of Prochilodus lineatus.

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Fig. 3 in Effect of anesthetic, tag size, and surgeon experience on postsurgical recovering after implantation of electronic tags in a neotropical fish: Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

Fig. 3. Healthy (left) and infected (right) viscera on necropsy of Prochilodus lineatus.