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1,533 results for “Rearing”
Age, sex, length (mm), weight (g), and plasma sex steroid concentrations (ng/ml) of greater amberjack Seriola dumerili reared in sea cages during the process of sex differentiation
<p>The dataset contains an excel file with the age, sex, total length (mm), wet weight (g) and plasma concentrations (ng/ml) of the following sex steroids, measured with the use of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS): adrenosterone (Ad), androstenedione (Δ4), 11-ketotestosterone (11ΚΤ), testosterone (Τ), estradiol (Ε2), progesterone (P4) and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20βP).</p>
Captive Rearing Success and Critical Thermal Maxima of Bombus griseocollis (Hymenoptera: Apidae): A Candidate for Commercialization?
<p><em>Commercialized bumble bees (Bombus) are primary pollinators of several crops within open field and</em></p> <p><em>greenhouse settings. However, B. impatiens is the only species widely available for purchase in North</em></p> <p><em>America. As an eastern species, concerns have been expressed over their transportation outside of their</em></p> <p><em>native range. Therefore, there is a need to identify regionally appropriate candidates for commercial crop</em></p> <p><em>pollination services, especially in the western U.S.A. In this study, we evaluated the commercialization</em></p> <p><em>potential of B. griseocollis, a broadly distributed species throughout the U.S.A., by assessing nest initiation</em></p> <p><em>and establishment rates of colonies produced from wild-caught gynes, creating a timeline of colony</em></p> <p><em>development, and identifying lab-reared workers’ critical thermal maxima (CT</em><em>Max</em><em>) and lethal temperature</em></p> <p><em>(ecological death). From 2019 to 2021, 70.6% of the wild-caught B. griseocollis gynes produced brood in a</em></p> <p><em>laboratory setting. Of these successfully initiated nests, 74.8% successfully established a nest (produced a</em></p> <p><em>worker), providing guidance for future rearing efforts. Additionally, lab-reared workers produced from wildcaught</em></p> <p><em>B. griseocollis gynes had an average CT</em><em>Max </em><em>of 43.5°C and an average lethal temperature of 46.4°C,</em></p> <p><em>suggesting B. griseocollis can withstand temperatures well above those commonly found in open field</em></p> <p><em>and greenhouse settings. Overall, B. griseocollis should continue to be evaluated for commercial purposes</em></p> <p><em>throughout the U.S.A.</em></p>
Further evidence from common garden rearing experiments of heritable traits separating lean and siscowet lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes
<p>Genetic evidence of selection for complex and polygenically regulated phenotypes can easily become masked by neutral population genetic structure and phenotypic plasticity. Without direct evidence of genotype-phenotype associations, it can be difficult to conclude to what degree a phenotype is heritable or a product of environment. Common garden laboratory studies control for environmental stochasticity and help to determine the mechanism that regulates traits. Here we assess lipid content, growth, weight, and length variation in full and hybrid F<sub>1</sub> crosses of deep and shallow water sympatric lake charr ecotypes reared for nine years in a common garden experiment. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and quantitative-trait-loci (QTL) genomic scans are used to identify associations between genotypes at 19,714 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) aligned to the lake charr genome and individual phenotypes to determine the role that genetic inheritance plays in ecotype phenotypic diversity. Lipid content, growth, length, and weight differed significantly among lake charr crosses throughout the experiment suggesting that pedigree plays a large role in lake charr development. Polygenic scores of 15 SNPs putatively associated with lipid content and/or condition factor indicated that ecotype distinguishing traits are polygenically regulated and additive. A QTL identified on chromosome 38 contained >200 genes, some of which were associated with lipid metabolism and growth, demonstrating the complex nature of ecotype diversity. The results of our common garden study further indicate that lake charr ecotypes observed in nature are pre-determined at birth and that ecotypes differ fundamentally in lipid metabolism and growth.</p>
Cultivation of the seaweed Ulva spp. with effluent from a shrimp biofloc rearing system: different species and stocking density
<p>This work evaluated the use of effluent from a marine shrimp biofloc rearing system to cultivate the green seaweed <em>Ulva</em>. First, the growth of two <em>Ulva </em>species, <em>U. ohnoi</em> and <em>U. fasciata,</em> was evaluated. Second, the best-performing species was cultivated under two different stocking densities (2 g L<sup>-1</sup> and 4 g L<sup>-1</sup>) to evaluate both growth and nutrient uptake rates, considering total ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, and orthophosphate. In both cases, environmental variables were monitored, and the cultivation medium, consisting of 25% biofloc water and 75% seawater, was exchanged weekly. <em>U. ohnoi</em> grew significantly better, considering all variables evaluated (<em>p</em><0.05). The smaller stocking density produced a higher specific growth rate (<em>p</em><0.05). Yield, however, was unaffected (<em>p</em>≥0.05). No significant differences in the nutrient uptake rates were observed (<em>p</em>≥0.05). Overall, this work highlights the importance of species selection for seaweed destined for aquaculture. Additionally, it also optimizes the cultivation of seaweeds, specifically <em>U. ohnoi</em>, using effluent from biofloc systems.</p>
Joint analysis of microsatellites and flanking sequences enlightens complex demographic history of interspecific gene flow and vicariance in rear-edge oak populations
<p><span>Inference of recent population divergence requires fast evolving markers and necessitates to differentiate shared genetic variation caused by ancestral polymorphism and gene flow. Theoretical research shows that the use of compound marker systems integrating linked polymorphisms with different mutational dynamics, such as a microsatellite and its flanking sequences, can improve estimation of population structure and inference of demographic history, especially in the case of complex population dynamics. However, empirical application in natural populations has so far been limited by lack of suitable methods for data collection. A solution comes from the development of sequence-based microsatellite genotyping which we used to study molecular variation at 36 sequenced nuclear microsatellites in seven <em>Quercus canariensis</em> and four <em>Q. faginea</em> rear-edge populations across Algeria. We aim to decipher their taxonomic relationship, past evolutionary history and recent demographic trajectory. First, we compare the estimation of population genetics parameters and simulation-based inference of demographic history from microsatellite sequence alone, flanking sequence alone or the combination of linked microsatellite and flanking sequence variation. Second, we apply random forest approximate Bayesian computation to identify which of these sequence types is most informative. Whereas analysing microsatellite variation alone indicates recent interspecific gene flow, additional information gained by integrating nucleotide variation in flanking sequences, by reducing homoplasy, suggests ancient interspecific gene flow followed by drift in isolation instead. The weight of each polymorphism in the inference also demonstrates the value of linked variations with contrasted mutation dynamic to improve estimation of both demographic and mutational parameters.</span></p>
Figure 1 in Comparative biology and growth rate of the two predatory mites, Cydnoseius negevi and Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae), reared on two pea cultivars
Figure 1. Age-specific fecundity (mx) and survivorship (lx) of Cydnoseius negevi and Neoseiulus californicus reared on two pea cultivars fed on nymphal stages of Tetranychus urticae at 27 ± 1°C.
Fig. 2. Keeping and rearing M in Captive management, reproduction, and comparative larval development of Klappenbach's Red-bellied Frog, Melanophryniscus klappenbachi Prigioni and Langone, 2000
Fig. 2. Keeping and rearing M. klappenbachi. (A) Terrarium of the adult group housing eight specimens. (B) Rearing of the tadpole test groups in a climate chamber.(C) Rearing containers for the young toadlets.
Fig. 3 in A small parasitoid of fire ants, Pseudacteon obtusitus (Diptera: Phoridae): native range ecology and laboratory rearing
Fig. 3. Frequency distribution of Solenopsis invicta head size from which Pseudacteon obtusitus emerged, sorted by gender and sample yr. Insert: frequency distribution of Pseudacteon obtusitus thoraces sorted by gender and sample yr.
Fig. 1 in A small parasitoid of fire ants, Pseudacteon obtusitus (Diptera: Phoridae): native range ecology and laboratory rearing
Fig. 1. Monthly phenology of Pseudacteon obtusitus across mo and yr at Corrientes Province, Argentina.
Fig. 2 in A small parasitoid of fire ants, Pseudacteon obtusitus (Diptera: Phoridae): native range ecology and laboratory rearing
Fig. 2. Relative percent abundance of Pseudacteon obtusitus categorized by the time of d (morning until 12:00 P.M., 12:00 to 3:00 P.M., afer 3:00 P.M.) and sample mo (Apr, May, Jun, Sep, Oct, Nov, Jan).
Figure 6 in Fitness Effects of Founder Female Number of Trichogramma papilionis Reared on Ephestia kuehniella
Figure 6. Coefficient of variation in percentage parasitized Ephestia eggs for three different founder population size colonies (Treatments, 1, 2, and 10 founder females) of Trichogramma papilionis over 10 successive generations.
Figure 4 in Fitness Effects of Founder Female Number of Trichogramma papilionis Reared on Ephestia kuehniella
Figure 4. Mean estimates (± SEM) of the sex ratio of Trichogramma papilionis in two experimental lines (25°C, L1 and 22°C, L2). Treatments not connected by the same letter were significantly different.
Figure 1 in Fitness Effects of Founder Female Number of Trichogramma papilionis Reared on Ephestia kuehniella
Figure 1. Response (Mean ± SEM) in the emergence rate of three founder population sizes (1, 2, and 10 founder females) of Trichogramma papilionis over 10 serially bottlenecked generations. Treatments not connected by the same letter were significantly different (Tukey test, P <0.050).
Figure 2 in Fitness Effects of Founder Female Number of Trichogramma papilionis Reared on Ephestia kuehniella
Figure 2. Coefficient of variation in the emergence rate of Trichogramma papilionis from three founder population sizes (Treatments, 1, 2, 10 females) over ten generations.
Figure 2 in Quality control of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) againstTetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) over 30 generations of rearing on cattail pollen
Figure 2 The age-specific survivorship (lx), age-stage specific fecundity of femalesf(xj) (eggs) and age-specific fecundity (mx) of Euseius scutalis fedTetranychus turkestani before (G0) and after (G10 –G30) long-term rearing on cattail pollen.
Figure 4 in Mosquito mass rearing: who's eating the eggs?
Figure 4. Before (A) and after (B) a psocid meal. Small pieces of the egg chorion seen in the insect's abdomen. Photo by H. Yamada.
Figure 3 in Mosquito mass rearing: who's eating the eggs?
Figure 3. Treatment papers with heavy infestation (31 individual psocids and 14 intact eggs within the field of view). Photo by M. Zheng.
Figure 2. Psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, 1931 in Mosquito mass rearing: who's eating the eggs?
Figure 2. Psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, 1931 (Psocoptera, Liposcelididae) as seen on an egg paper. Photo by M. Zheng.
Fig. 1 in Long-term efficacy of two cricket and two liver diets for rearing laboratory fire ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis invicta)
Fig. 1. Results of a 1 yr diet study using sugar water and either raw beef liver, raw chicken liver, or crickets to rear colonies of the imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta. A) Mean brood production rating of test colonies with brood: 4 = excel- lent, substantially more brood than workers; 3 = good, brood about equal to workers; 2 = poor, brood substantially less than workers; 1 = bad, only a little brood visible; and 0 = no brood. Colonies were fractionally rated if they ap- peared intermediate. Early in the study, about the end of Mar, we switched from domestic crickets (black squares) to banded crickets (crossed squares) and then back to domestic crickets (black squares) for 6 ant colonies on 6 Jun and then the remaining 7 colonies on 1 Jul. Colonies were eliminated from rating means when the queen died or brood production ceased. B) Percentage of test colonies containing brood plotted against time in months for colonies receiving either beef liver (N =10), chicken liver (N = 10), or crickets (N = 13).
Fig. 1 in Biochemical analyses of Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in vitro and in vivo rearing for 10 generations
Fig. 1. Protein concentration in Trichogramma dendrolimi reared in vitro and in vivo for 10 generations. Means (± SE) were calculated from 3 replicates. Data with an asterisk differ significantly according to paired-sample t-tests at P = 0.05.
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