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231 results for “Rhinella”
Data from: Neural and sensory basis of homing behavior in the invasive cane toad, Rhinella marina
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Rhinella_major_diet_eastern_Amazon
<p>We studied the diet of <em>Rhinella major </em>from temporary lentic water bodies from an urban area in Amapá state, North Brazil. A total of 59 frogs were manually collected between January and May 2019 (rainy season) and analysed using a stomach flushing method. Of these, 42 stomachs revealed 1,236 prey items, of which 1,059 (85.7%) were ants and 177 (14.3%) were other taxa. Isoptera and Coleoptera were the most abundant non-ant taxa. We found a high diversity of ants in the diet (11 genera from five subfamilies), Myrmicinae being the most abundant and frequent ant subfamily, mostly represented by the genera <em>Pheidole </em>and <em>Solenopsis.</em></p>
Do changes in body mass alter white blood cell profiles and immune function in Australian cane toads (Rhinella marina)?
<p><span>Variation in food resources can result in dramatic fluctuations in the body condition of animals dependent on those resources. Decreases in body mass can disrupt patterns of energy allocation and impose stress, thereby altering immune function. In this study we investigated links between changes in body mass of captive cane toads (Rhinella marina), their circulating white blood cell populations, and their performance in immune assays. Captive toads that lost weight over a 3-month period had increased levels of monocytes and heterophils and reduced levels of eosinophils. Basophil and lymphocyte levels were unrelated to changes in mass. Because individuals that lost mass had higher heterophil levels but stable lymphocyte levels, the ratio of these cell types was also higher, partially consistent with a stress response. Phagocytic ability of whole blood was higher in toads that lost mass, due to increased circulating levels of phagocytic cells. Other measures of immune performance were unrelated to mass change. These results highlight the challenges faced by invasive species as they expand their range into novel environments which may impose substantial seasonal changes in food availability that were not present in the native range. Individuals facing energy restrictions may shift their immune function towards more economical and general avenues of combating pathogens. </span></p>
Fig. A1 in Self-made home: how and where does the anuran Rhinella dorbignyi build its retreat sites
Fig. A1. Linear regression plot between mean diameter of the channel's opening and channel length
Do changes in body mass alter white blood cell profiles and immune function in Australian cane toads (Rhinella marina)?
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Morphology and locomotor performance of cane toads, Rhinella marina
<p>As is common in biological invasions, the rate at which cane toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) have spread across tropical Australia has accelerated through time. Individuals at the invasion-front travel further than range-core conspecifics, and exhibit distinctive morphologies that may facilitate rapid dispersal. However, the links between these morphological changes and locomotor performance have not been clearly documented. We used raceway trials and high-speed videography to document locomotor traits (e.g. hop distances, heights, velocities, and angles of take-off and landing) of toads from range-core and invasion-front populations. Locomotor performance varied geographically, and this variation in performance was linked to morphological features that have evolved during the toads' Australian invasion. Geographic variation in morphology and locomotor ability was evident not only in wild-caught animals, but also in individuals that had been raised under standardized conditions in captivity. Our data thus support the hypothesis that the cane toad's invasion across Australia has generated rapid evolutionary shifts in dispersal-relevant performance traits, and that these differences in performance are linked to concurrent shifts in morphological traits.</p>
FIGURE 6 in A new species of the Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti 1768) species group (Anura Bufonidae) from southern Brazilian Amazonia
FIGURE 6. Dorsal (above) and ventral (below) variation in the type-series of Rhinella parecis sp. nov. Scale bar = 10mm.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of the Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti 1768) species group (Anura Bufonidae) from southern Brazilian Amazonia
FIGURE 5. Adult specimens of Rhinella parecis sp. nov. in life. A) Holotype, adult male (UFMT-A 13716); B) Adult male (UFMT-A 13698); C) Adult female (UFMT-A 18718); D) Adult male (UFMT-A 18735). Photos by D. H. Morais (A, B) and R. W. Ávila (C, D).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of the Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti 1768) species group (Anura Bufonidae) from southern Brazilian Amazonia
FIGURE 4. Holotype of Rhinella parecis sp. nov. (UFMT-A13716): Above—Dorsal and Ventral views; Below -Head in lateral view, right hand and right foot in ventral view. Scale bars = 10mm.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of the Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti 1768) species group (Anura Bufonidae) from southern Brazilian Amazonia
FIGURE 7. Distribution map of Rhinella parecis sp. nov. in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia (left) with location in South America (right). Star represents the type locality and circles represent other collecting sites.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of the Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti 1768) species group (Anura Bufonidae) from southern Brazilian Amazonia
FIGURE 3. Discriminant function analysis between morphological variables of males (A) and females (B) from species of the Rhinella margaritifera group with low cranial crests. Purple triangles—R. castaneotica, Green circles—R. magnussoni, Blue diamonds—R. proboscidea, and Red squares—Candidate species studied and described herein.
Data from: The advertisement call of the toad Rhinella humboldti (Bufonidae)
Despite important advances in understanding phylogenetic relationships among anurans (Frost et al. 2006; Pyron & Wiens, 2011), many uncertainties persist regarding phylogenetic affinities and taxonomic limits. The male advertisement call offers numerous opportunities to find diagnostic characters and is therefore useful for anuran species delimitation (Gerhardt & Huber, 2002; Grant et al. 2006). Thirteen species are recognized within the Rhinella granulosa group (Narvaes & Rodrigues, 2009; Sanabria et al. 2010) although it is possible that R. dorbignyi and R. fernandezae being conspecifics (Guerra et al. 2011, page 36). The advertisement call has been described for nine species of the granulosa group: Rhinella granulosa, R. bergi, R. major, R. azarai, R. fernandezae, R. dorbignyi, R. merianae, R. centralis and R. pygmaea (Köhler et al. 1997; Guerra et al. 2011; São-Pedro et al. 2011; Ribeiro de Carvalho et al. 2013). Some information regarding call features are available for R. humboldti from populations of Guyana (Lescure & Marty, 2000); however, there are no associated data of male body size, sample size, and call traits such as pulse number per notes, note duration, etc. Here we provide a formal description of the advertisement call of R. humboldti using call recordings obtained in a population in Colombia, South America.
Data from: Behavioural tactics used by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) to exploit apiaries in Australia
Behavioural flexibility plays a key role in facilitating the ability of invasive species to exploit anthropogenically-created resources. In Australia, invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) often gather around commercial beehives (apiaries), whereas native frogs do not. To document how toads use this resource, we spool-tracked cane toads in areas containing beehives and in adjacent natural habitat without beehives, conducted standardized observations of toad feeding behaviour, and ran prey-manipulation trials to compare the responses of cane toads versus native frogs to honeybees as potential prey. Toads feeding around beehives travelled shorter distances per night, and hence used different microhabitats, than did toads from nearby control sites without beehives. The toads consumed live bees from the hive entrance (rather than dead bees from the ground), often climbing on top of one another to gain access to the hive entrance. Prey manipulation trials confirm that bee movement is the critical stimulus that elicits the toads' feeding response; and in standardized trials, native frogs consumed bees less frequently than did toads. In summary, cane toads flexibly modify their movements, foraging behaviour and dietary composition to exploit the nutritional opportunities created by commercial beehives, whereas native anurans do not.
FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of Rhinella proboscidea (Anura: Bufonidae) with notes on adult reproductive behavior
FIGURE 1. Rhinella proboscidea tadpole at stage 37 (Gosner, 1960), (A) Lateral view, (B) Dorsal view (scale = 5 mm), (C) Oral disc (scale = 1 mm).
FIGURE 1 in Description of two new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the lowlands of the Guiana shield
FIGURE 1: Map of sampled areas adapted from Fouquet et al. (2007) and additional unpublished data. Black circles: Rhinella margaritifera (clade A), white star: R. margaritifera (clade B), white circles: R. martyi (clade C), white triangles: R. lescurei (clade D), white squares: Rhinella sp. (clade E).
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 5. Rhinella magnussoni tadpole in stage 36 (Gosner, 1960): (a) dorsal, (b) lateral and (c) ventral views of lot INPA-H 19552; (d-e) oral disc in stages 36 and 31, respectively. Arrow: spiracular opening.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 6. Reproductive sites of Rhinella magnussoni; note that there are tadpoles in different stages in both sites (a, b) and have different color in each site. Some tadpoles are eating eggs in the nest shown in part a.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rhinella magnussoni (i and j) and four paratypes (a and b INPA-H 19536; c and d INPA-H 19541; e and f INPA-H 19538; g and h INPA-H 19542) showing variation of in ventral and dorsal surfaces.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 2. Ventral views of right hand (a) and left foot (b) of the female INPA-H 19525; left hand (c) and left foot (d) of the holotype INPA-H 19543 of Rhinella magnussoni.
FIGURE 5 A–F in Description of two new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the lowlands of the Guiana shield
FIGURE 5 A–F: Holotype of R. lescurei (MNHN 2006.2608): a. dorsal view, b. profile of head, c. ventral view of left foot, d. ventral view of left hand; e: Rhinella sp. E (198bm), male, in dorsal view, f. living specimen, a male calling while perched on a vine. Arrows indicate one of the main character to differenciate the two species.
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