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FIG. 1. — A in First report of Brachypotherium Roger, 1904 (Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) in the Middle Miocene of Greece
FIG. 1. — A, Geographic map of the area, indicating Mygdonia Basin and the fossiliferous site Chryssavgi (CHR), Macedonia, Greece; the map is taken from www.shaded-relief.com; B, geological map the Neogene-Quaternary lithostratigraphic units of the Mygdonia Basin (from Koufos et al. [1995]); C, synoptic stratigraphic coluMN of the Chryssavgi Formation (from Koufos et al. [1995]).
FIG. 2 in Alicornops (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) dans le Miocène supérieur des Collines Bugti (Balouchistan, Pakistan): implications phylogénétiques
FIG. 2. — Coupe synthétique du Néogène du Synclinal de Dera Bugti (Collines Bugti, Balouchistan, Pakistan). Le gisement de Sartaaf est indiqué par une flèche. Complété d'après Welcomme et al. (1997, 1999, 2001).
FIG. 1 in Alicornops (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) dans le Miocène supérieur des Collines Bugti (Balouchistan, Pakistan): implications phylogénétiques
FIG. 1. — Localisation du gisement de Sartaaf (Collines Bugti, Balouchistan, Pakistan).
Rediscovery of type specimens of Nesorhinus hayasakai (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) from the Pleistocene of Taiwan
<p>Historically, the excavation in the 1970s and publication in the 80s of <em>Rhinoceros sinensis hayasakai</em> (now known as <em>Nesorhinus hayasakai</em>) represents a milestone in vertebrate paleontology in Taiwan. However, the type materials (including 22 syntypes) are missing after the 1984 publication due to the lack of proper curation and management, and reflect the undervalued vertebrate paleontology in Taiwan. Here we found five original specimens out of 22 in two collections (National Taiwan University and Tainan City Zuojhen Fossil Park). The original 22 specimens were recovered from two geographical localities and geological horizons: northern (Taoyuan, Tunghsiao Formation: Early Pleistocene) and southern (Tainan, Chiting Formation: Middle Pleistocene) Taiwan. Our rediscovery of long-forgotten type materials emphasizes the importance of proper specimen curation. Similarly, by clarifying the historical issues and collecting more fossils, vertebrate paleontology from Taiwan promises to offer novel perspectives to understand the origin of modern biodiversity and large-scale extinctions along the eastern margin of Eurasia.</p>
Fossil and occurrence points of Rhinocerotidae, Elephantidae, Equus, and Camelus in China from the Pleistocene to the present
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Subspecies and Distribution. D.s.sumatrensisFischer,1814—SumatraandPeninsularMalaysia. D.s.harrissoniGroves,1965—Borneo. D. s. lasiotis Buckland, 1872 — South-east Asia (could be extinct). in Rhinocerotidae
Subspecies and Distribution. D.s.sumatrensisFischer,1814—SumatraandPeninsularMalaysia. D.s.harrissoniGroves,1965—Borneo. D. s. lasiotis Buckland, 1872 — South-east Asia (could be extinct).
Subspecies and Distribution. C.s.simumBurchell,1817—SEAngola,NENamibia,Botswana,Zimbabwe,SMozambique,Swaziland,SouthAfrica,andperhapsformerlyinextremeSWZambia. C. s. cottoni Lydekker, 1908 — historically present in S Chad, Central African Republic, S Sudan, NE DR Congo, and Uganda; last individuals occurred in DR Congo, but possibly extinct in the wild. The "Southern White Rhino," race simum, has been introduced into Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia. Especially vague range map for conservation reasons. in Rhinocerotidae
Subspecies and Distribution. C.s.simumBurchell,1817—SEAngola,NENamibia,Botswana,Zimbabwe,SMozambique,Swaziland,SouthAfrica,andperhapsformerlyinextremeSWZambia. C. s. cottoni Lydekker, 1908 — historically present in S Chad, Central African Republic, S Sudan, NE DR Congo, and Uganda; last individuals occurred in DR Congo, but possibly extinct in the wild. The "Southern White Rhino," race simum, has been introduced into Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia. Especially vague range map for conservation reasons.
Subspecies and Distribution. D.b.bicornisLinnaeus,1758—Namibia,W&SESouthAfrica. D.b.longipesZukowsky,1949—historicallyinNigeria,Cameroon,Chad,Sudan,andCentralAfricanRepublic(couldbeextinct). D. b. michaeli Zukowsky, 1965 — Kenya, Rwanda (could be extinct by now), and N Tanzania; historically also in Sudan, Ethiopia, and Uganda. D. b. minor Drummond, 1876 — C Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Botswana, and Mozambique (possibly extinct), to N and CE South Africa. Especially vague range map for conservation reasons. in Rhinocerotidae
Subspecies and Distribution. D.b.bicornisLinnaeus,1758—Namibia,W&SESouthAfrica. D.b.longipesZukowsky,1949—historicallyinNigeria,Cameroon,Chad,Sudan,andCentralAfricanRepublic(couldbeextinct). D. b. michaeli Zukowsky, 1965 — Kenya, Rwanda (could be extinct by now), and N Tanzania; historically also in Sudan, Ethiopia, and Uganda. D. b. minor Drummond, 1876 — C Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Botswana, and Mozambique (possibly extinct), to N and CE South Africa. Especially vague range map for conservation reasons.
On following pages 3 Greater One-horned Rhmoceros (Rhinoceros unıcomıs) 4 Javan Rhrnooeros (Flhmoceros sondarcusl 5 Sumatran Rhmoceros IDıceromınus sumatrenslsl in Rhinocerotidae
On following pages 3 Greater One-horned Rhmoceros (Rhinoceros unıcomıs) 4 Javan Rhrnooeros (Flhmoceros sondarcusl 5 Sumatran Rhmoceros IDıceromınus sumatrenslsl
Figure 10 in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 10. Mesaceratherium welcommi sp. nov. from the Early Miocene of the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan: Hind limb remains. A, left astragalus (MHNT Pak 1135), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; B, same, distal view; C, right astragalus (MHNT Pak 1136), posterior view. Kumbi 4a; D, right astragalus (MHNT Pak 1144), medial view. Kumbi 4a; E, left calcaneus (MHNT Pak 1147), lateral view. Kumbi 4a; F, right calcaneus (MHNT Pak 1149), proximal view. Kumbi 4a; G, right navicular (MHNT Pak 1153), proximal view. Kumbi 4a; H, same, distal view; I, right cuboid (MHNT Pak 1990), lateral view. Dera Bugti 4; J, same, distal view; K, left entocuneiform (MHNT Pak 1095), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; L, left MtII, proximal end (MHNT Pak 1164), dorsal view. Kumbi 4a; M, left fragmentary MtIII (MHNT Pak 2126), anterior view. Kumbi 5; N, left MtIV, distal end (MHNT Pak 1190), anterior view. Kumbi 4a. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 4 in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 4. Pleuroceros blanfordi (Lydekker, 1884) from the Early Miocene of the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan: cranial material and upper teeth. A, right fragmentary maxilla with P3 (MHNT Pak 46), lateral view. B, same, occlusal view; C, occipital crest (MHNT Pak 46A), dorsal view; D, left zygomatic arch and squamosal (MHNT Pak 46G), lateral view; E, right M1 (MHNT Pak 46D), occlusal view. The specimens illustrated in A–E belong to a single skull, from Kumbi 4a. F, left P2–M1 series (MHNT Pak 1031), occlusal view. Kumbi 4a; G, left P2 (MHNT Pak 751), occlusal view. Kumbi 4b; H, right P3 (MHNT Pak 1024), occlusal view. Kumbi 4a; I, right P4 (MHNT Pak 1046), occlusal view. Kumbi 4a; J, same, lingual view; K, left M1–M2 series (MHNT Pak 1022), occlusal view. Kumbi 4c; L, left M2 (MHNT Pak w/n), occlusal view; M, right M3 (MHNT Pak 918), occlusal view. Kumbi 4b. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Figure 9 in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 9. Mesaceratherium welcommi sp. nov. from the Early Miocene of the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan: Fore limb remains. A, left radius, distal end (MHNT Pak 1092), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; B, same, distal view; C, left ulna, distal end (MHNT Pak 1184), distal view. Kumbi 4a; D, right scaphoid (MHNT Pak 1099), posteroproximal view. Kumbi 4a; E, right scaphoid (MHNT Pak 1868), posterolateral view. Gandô 4; F, left semilunate (MHNT Pak 1100), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; G, left pisiform (MHNT Pak 1107), medial view. Kumbi 4a; H, left magnum without posterior tuberosity (MHNT Pak 1109), medial view. Kumbi 4a; I, left unciform without posterior tuberosity (MHNT Pak 1709), anterior view. Kumbi 4f; J, right unciform (MHNT Pak 1111), dorsal view. Kumbi 4a; K, left McII, proximal end (MHNT Pak 1552), anterior view. Dera Bugti 6 sup; L, left McV, proximal end (MHNT Pak 1480), anterior view. Dera Bugti 6. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 13 in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 13. Strict consensus tree of two most parsimonious trees (1237 steps; consistency index = 0.27; retention index = 0.42) obtained using Hennig86 1.5 (Farris, 1988) and PAUP 4.0 v.10 (Swofford, 1998), based on 282 morphological characters, and performed on 28 rhinocerotid, rhinocerotoid, and tapirid taxa, with Tapirus terrestris, Hyrachyus eximius, Trigonias osborni, and Ronzotherium filholi as outgroups. Suprageneric group names are based on current phylogenetic relationships. Taxa of interest are in bold.
Figure 3. Dental terminology used for rhinocerotids. A, left P2 in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 3. Dental terminology used for rhinocerotids. A, left P2 (hypothetical); B, left P3 or P4 (hypothetical); C, left upper molar (hypothetical); D, left lower molar (hypothetical); E, left d2. Modified from Antoine (2002, fig. 72).
Figure 1. A in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 1. A, Index map of south-western Pakistan, showing the location of the main areas discussed in the text; B, enlargement of the Zinda Pir Dome area; C, enlargement of the Bugti area, with detailed location of mentioned localities.
Figure 12 in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 12. Morphological comparison amongst left astragali of four coeval fossil rhinocerotids (Early Miocene) referred to the genera Pleuroceros Roger, 1898 and Mesaceratherium Heissig, 1969, in lateral view. A, Pleuroceros blanfordi (Lydekker, 1884), Zinda Pir Dome, Pakistan; B, Pleuroceros pleuroceros (Duvernoy, 1853), Aquitaine Basin, France (reversed). 1. medial lip smaller than the lateral one; 2. lateral height much exceeding medial height; 3. robust, broad, and low bone; 4. deep trochlear notch; 5. broad and oblique fibula-facet; 6.high collum tali (with respect to total height); 7. medial tubercle low, salient, and laterally displaced.; C, Mesaceratherium welcommi sp. nov., Bugti Hills, Pakistan; D, Mesaceratherium paulhiacense (Richard, 1937), Aquitaine Basin, France. 1. medial lip nearly equals the lateral one in size; 2. lateral height nearly equals medial height; 3. slender, narrow, and elevated bone; 4. narrow trochlear notch; 5. narrower and less oblique fibula-facet; 6.high collum tali (but lower with respect to total height); 7. medial tubercle high, smooth, and not-laterally displaced. (B) and (D) modified after de Bonis (1973). Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 6 in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 6. Pleuroceros blanfordi (Lydekker, 1884) from the Early Miocene of the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan: Forelimb remains. A, right radius, proximal end (MHNT Pak 1089), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; B, right radius, distal end (MHNT Pak 1090), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; C, right scaphoid (MHNT Pak 785), anteromedial view. Kumbi 4b; D, right scaphoid (MHNT Pak 1098), posterolateral view. Kumbi 4a; E, right semilunate (MHNT Pak 1101), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; F, same, lateral view; G, right trapezoid (MHNT Pak 787), dorsal view. Kumbi 4b; H, left magnum (MHNT Pak 1110), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; I, same, lateral view; J, right unciform (MHNT Pak 1114), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; K, left unciform (MHNT Pak 1112), dorsal view. Kumbi 4a; L, left McII (MHNT Pak 1733), anterior view. Kumbi 4f; M, same, lateral view; N, left McIII (MHNT Pak 1121), anterior view. Kumbi 4a; O, same, lateral view; P, same, dorsal view; Q, right McIII, distal end (MHNT Pak 1193), anterior view. Kumbi 4a. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Figure 11 in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 11. Morphological comparison amongst right scaphoids of four coeval fossil rhinocerotids (Early Miocene) referred to the genera Pleuroceros Roger, 1898 and Mesaceratherium Heissig, 1969, in lateral view. A, Pleuroceros blanfordi (Lydekker, 1884), Zinda Pir Dome, Pakistan; B, Pleuroceros pleuroceros (Duvernoy, 1853), Aquitaine Basin, France. 1. posterior height nearly equals anterior height; 2. robust and low bone; 3. shallow radial notch; 4. mediodistal tuberosity (thick in P. blanfordi but absent in P. pleuroceros); 5. small trapezium-facet; 6. flat magnum-facet; 7. prominent postero-proximal semilunate-facet; 8. no edge between anterodistal semilunate- and magnum-facets; C, Mesaceratherium welcommi sp. nov., Zinda Pir Dome, Pakistan; D, Mesaceratherium paulhiacense (Richard, 1937), Aquitaine Basin, France. 1. posterior height much exceeding anterior height; 2. slender and elevate bone; 3. deep radial notch; 4. small mediodistal tuberosity; 5. large trapezium-facet; 6. concave magnum-facet; 7. no posteroproximal semilunate-facet (smooth pad); 8. sharp edge between anterodistal semilunate- and magnum-facets. (B) and (D) modified after de Bonis (1973). Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 5 in A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key
Figure 5. Pleuroceros blanfordi (Lydekker, 1884) from the Early Miocene of the Bugti Hills, Balochistan and of the Zinda Pir dome, Sind, Pakistan: mandibular material and lower teeth. A, mandibular symphysis with left and right p2 and alveoli of i2 (MHNT Pak 1038), lateral view; B, same, occlusal view. C, same, anterior view; D, right p4–m3 series from the same mandible, occlusal view. Kumbi 4a; E, right juvenile mandible with d2–d4 (MHNT Pak 784), lateral view. Kumbi 4b; F, same, occlusal view; G, right p2 (PMNH Z2070), lateral view. Z135 locus, Zinda Pir; H, same, occlusal view. Scale bars = 2 cm.
Distribution. Nepal and India. in Rhinocerotidae
Distribution. Nepal and India.
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