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Figure 14 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959

Figure 14. Reinterpretation of the neurocranium of Griphognathus minutidens. Anterior is to the top. A, photograph of NRM P6173, showing otic and occipital regions in ventral view; B, interpretive drawing (modified from Schultze, 1969). Shaded area in B indicates portions of the otic and occipital region underlain by the missing portions of the parasphenoid stalk and corpus, while diagonal hatching indicates damaged bone surface. The apparent foramina on the wall of the otic capsule have been interpreted as accommodating cranial nerves by Schultze (1969), but this specimen is badly crushed and uncertainties about these identifications are indicated by appending them with '?'. The unossified facet for the first epibranchial was initially mistaken as a foramen for a ventral branch of the acoustic (VIII) nerve (Schultze, 1969). Scale bar represents 10 mm.

Figure 23 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959

Figure 23. Previous hypotheses of early lungfish interrelationships. A, Campbell & Barwick (1990); B, Schultze & Marshall (1993); C, Schultze (2001); D, Ahlberg et al. (2006; strict consensus topology of the analysis of their total data set). Cladograms have been pruned to eliminate all taxa not included in this analysis in order to facilitate comparison with Figures 18–22.

Figure 8 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959

Figure 8. Soederberghia groenlandica, latex peel of negative preparation of a palate in ventral view (MGUH VP 28397; same individual as in Figs 9, 10, 12). Anterior is to the top. A, specimen photograph; B, interpretive drawing. Dark grey regions in B represent matrix, while diagonal hatching indicates damaged bone surface. Scale bar represents 20 mm.

Figure 18 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959

Figure 18. Hypothesis of early lungfish interrelationships based on maximum parsimony analysis of data derived from the neurocranial complex. Strict consensus topologies of 72 most parsimonious cladograms (tree statistics with no character ordering implemented: L = 125, CI = 0.5760, RI = 0.8094, RCI = 0.4662). A, strict consensus topology; B, strict reduced consensus topology pruning Melanognathus and 'Chirodipterus' liangchengi from all constituent cladograms; C, strict reduced consensus topology pruning Melanognathus from all constituent cladograms. Numbers below nodes in A represent Bremer decay indices and bootstrap values (where the latter are greater than or equal to 50%).

Figure 12 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959

Figure 12. Soederberghia groenlandica, latex peel of negative preparation of right entopterygoid in dorsal view (MGUH VP 28397). Anterior is to the right. A, specimen photograph; B, interpretive drawing. Dark grey shading in B represents matrix, while diagonal hatching indicates damaged bone surface. Shaded area in inset drawing indicates region preserved in A and B. Scale bar represents 20 mm.

Figure 17 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959

Figure 17. Differences in inner ear morphology between some lungfishes and other sarcopterygians. Anterior is to the left. A, Youngolepis (modified from Chang, 1982); B, 'Griphognathus' whitei (modified from Miles, 1977). Numerals in bold type correspond to characters listed in text, while those listed in parentheses indicate the character state.

Figure 1 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959

Figure 1. Soederberghia groenlandica, otoccipital region of neurocranium in right lateral view (MGUH VP 28400). A, specimen photograph; B, interpretive drawing. Light grey shading in B corresponds to areas of matrix with bone impressions, while dark grey regions represent matrix. Diagonal hatching indicates damaged bone surface. Large arrow indicates view illustrated in Figure 4. Shaded regions in inset drawing indicates regions preserved in A and B. Scale bar represents 20 mm.

Figure 51. Character states for characters 31 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 51. Character states for characters 31 (contact between pterygoid tooth plates) and 33 (number of ridges on tooth plate). Pterygoid tooth plates in ventral view of: A, Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438-001; B, †Arganodus atlantis, KU 60708; and C, Protopterus aethiopicus, UF 137272. Anterior is to the top. †Dagger symbol represents extinct taxa. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 50. Character states for character 28 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 50. Character states for character 28 (dorsal process of angular). Left angular in lateral view of: A, †Arganodus atlantis, KU 60710; B, Protopterus annectens, TMM M 1129; C, Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327. Anterior is to the left. †Dagger symbol represents extinct taxa. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 44 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 44. Lateral view of the computed tomography reconstructions of the left clavicles of extant lungfishes, anterior to the left: A, Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327; B, Protopterus annectens, TMM M 1129; C, Protopterus dolloi, AMNH 246385; D, Protopterus aethiopicus, UF 137272; E, Protopterus amphibius, CAS 47408; F, Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438- 001. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 45. Character states for characters 6 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 45. Character states for characters 6 (number of bones in mediolateral series), 12 (lateral parietals), 13 (lateral process of the supraorbital), and 14 (supraorbital articulation). Dorsal view of the skull, mandible, and pectoral girdle of: A, Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438-001; B, Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327; and C, Protopterus amphibius, UF 137272. Anterior is to the left. Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figure 41 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 41. Left cleithrum and clavicle of Protopterus annectens, TMM M 2494: A, anterolateral view, anterior to the left; B, posteromedial view, anterior to the right. Scale bar: 5 mm. CL, cleithrum; CLA, clavicle.

Figure 40 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 40. Anterior view of the computed tomography reconstructions of the vomerine teeth of extant lungfishes: A, Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327; B, Protopterus annectens, TMM M 1129; C, Protopterus dolloi, AMNH 246385; D, Protopterus aethiopicus, UF 137272; E, Protopterus amphibius, CAS 47408; F, Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438-001. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 37 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 37. Occlusal view of the computed tomography reconstructions of the left and right prearticulars of extant lungfishes, anterior to the top: A, Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327; B, Protopterus annectens, TMM M 1129; C, Protopterus dolloi, AMNH 246385; D, Protopterus aethiopicus, UF 137272; E, Protopterus amphibius, CAS 47408; F, Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438-001. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 36 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 36. Articulated left and right mandibles of Protopterus annectens, TMM M 2494: A, anterior view; B, lateral view. Anterior to the left. Scale bar: 5 mm. A, angular; PR, prearticular; PRa, anterior process of the prearticular; PRan, angular process of the prearticular; PRANfen, fenestera between prearticular and angular; PRb, middle process of the prearticular; PRc, posterior process of the prearticular; PRcor, coronoid process of the prearticular; PRsym, prearticular symphysis; PRTa, anterior ridge of the prearticular tooth plate; PRTb, middle ridge of the prearticular tooth plate; PRTc, posterior ridge of the prearticular tooth plate.

Figure 33 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 33. Left cranial rib of Protopterus annectens, TMM M 2494: A, anterior view; B, posterior view; C, dorsal view. Anterior is to the left. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 48. Character states for characters 20 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 48. Character states for characters 20 (posterior end of the parasphenoid), 21 (ridges on the parasphenoid), and 22 (anterior end of the parasphenoid). The parasphenoid in dorsal view of: A, †Arganodus atlantis, KU 60711; B, Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438-001; C, Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327; and D, Protopterus amphibius, CAS 47408. Anterior is to the left. †Dagger symbol represents extinct taxa. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 43 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 43. Anterodorsal view of the computed tomography reconstructions of the left cleithra of extant lungfishes: A, Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327; B, Protopterus annectens, TMM M 1129; C, Protopterus dolloi, AMNH 246385; D, Protopterus aethiopicus, UF 137272; E, Protopterus amphibius, CAS 47408; F, Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438-001. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 31 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 31. Left exoccipital of Protopterus annectens, TMM M 2494: A, lateral view, anterior to the left; B, medial view, anterior to the right; C, dorsal view, anterior to the left. Scale bar: 5 mm. EOap, anterior process of the exoccipital; EOfos, anterior fossa of the exoccipital; EOhyp, hypoglossal foramina of the exoccipital.

Figure 32 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 32. Lateral view of the computed tomography reconstructions of the left exoccipitals of extant lungfishes, anterior to the left: A, Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327; B, Protopterus annectens, TMM M 1129; C, Protopterus dolloi, AMNH 246385; D, Protopterus aethiopicus, UF 137272; E, Protopterus amphibius, CAS 47408; F, Neoceratodus forsteri, AMS I-40438-001. Scale bar: 1 mm.