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Fig. 18 in Stenocephus janseni sp. nov., a new species of stem-sawfly from Germany (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

Fig. 18. Maximum likelihood tree of Cephidae based only on mitochondrial COI gene. Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Support values for weakly supported branches (<90) are not shown. Letters "f" and "m" stand for "female" and "male" if known. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to the length of the sequence. The tree was rooted according to the results of Mൺඅආ & Nඒආൺඇ (2015) and Aඒൽൾආං*© & Kඈ*©κආൺඓ (2020). The scale bar shows the number of estimated substitutions per nucleotide position.

Figs 13–17 in Stenocephus janseni sp. nov., a new species of stem-sawfly from Germany (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

Figs 13–17. Stenocephus janseni sp. nov., holotype, female. 13 – valvula 3 and cerci, lateral; 14 – maxillary palp; 15 – left mandible [broken tip of external tooth outlined]; 16 – antenna; 17 – lancet.

Figs 7–12 in Stenocephus janseni sp. nov., a new species of stem-sawfly from Germany (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

Figs 7–12. Stenocephus janseni sp. nov., holotype, female. 7 – anterior thorax, lateral; 8 – mesoscutellum, dorsal; 9 – metatibial claw; 10 – metatibial spurs; 11 – abdomen base, lateral; 12 – abdomen apex, dorsal.

Figs 1–6 in Stenocephus janseni sp. nov., a new species of stem-sawfly from Germany (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

Figs 1–6. Stenocephus janseni sp. nov., holotype, female. 1 – lateral, scale bar 5 mm; 2 – head, dorsal; 3 – head, frontal; 4 – head, lateral; 5 – thorax, dorsal; 6 – pronotum, dorsal.

Fig. 19 in Stenocephus janseni sp. nov., a new species of stem-sawfly from Germany (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

Fig. 19. Maximum likelihood tree of Cephidae based on combined COI and nuclear (POL2 + NaK) genes. Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Support values for weakly supported branches (<90) are not shown. Letters "f" and "m" stand for "female" and "male" if known. Numbers at the end of the tip labels refer to the length of the sequence. The tree was rooted according to the results of Mൺඅආ & Nඒආൺඇ (2015) and Aඒൽൾආං*© & Kඈ*©κආൺඓ (2020). The scale bar showsthe number of estimated substitutions per nucleotide position.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2012View details →

Figs. 3–4. Female and male genitalia. 3 in Pristiphora bohemica sp. nov., a new sawfly species from the Czech Republic (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Tenthredinidae)

Figs. 3–4. Female and male genitalia. 3 – Pristiphora bohemica sp. nov.; 4 – P. angulata Lindqvist, 1974. a, b – ovipositor sheath in dorsal view (on white and black background, respectively); c – ovipositor sheath (lateral view), d – extracted ovipositor (lateral view); e – penis valva. Scale: 1 mm.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data from: Whole genomes reveal evolutionary relationships and mechanisms underlying gene-tree discordance in Neodiprion sawflies

Rapidly evolving taxa are excellent models for understanding the mechanisms that give rise to biodiversity. However, developing an accurate historical framework for comparative analysis of such lineages remains a challenge due to ubiquitous incomplete lineage sorting and introgression. Here, we use a whole-genome alignment, multiple locus-sampling strategies, and locus-based and SNP-based species-tree methods to infer a species tree for eastern North American Neodiprion species, a clade of pine-feeding sawflies (Order: Hymenopteran; Family: Diprionidae). We recovered a well-supported species tree that—except for three uncertain relationships—is robust to different strategies for analyzing whole-genome data. Despite this consistency, underlying gene-tree discordance is high. To understand this discordance, we use multiple regression to model topological discordance as a function of several genomic features. We find that gene-tree discordance tends to be higher in regions of the genome that may be more prone to gene-tree estimation error, as indicated by a lower density of parsimony-informative sites, a higher density of genes, a higher average pairwise genetic distance, and gene trees with lower average bootstrap support. Also, contrary to the expectation that discordance via incomplete lineage sorting is reduced in low-recombination regions of the genome, we find a negative correlation between recombination rate and topological discordance. We offer potential explanations for this pattern and hypothesize that it may be unique to lineages that have diverged with gene flow. Our analysis also reveals an unexpected discordance hotspot on Chromosome 1, which contains several genes potentially involved in mitochondrial-nuclear interactions and produces a gene-tree that resembles a highly discordant mitochondrial tree. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that our genome-wide scan for topological discordance has identified a nuclear locus involved in a mito-nuclear incompatibility. Together, these results demonstrate how phylogenomic analysis coupled with high-quality, annotated genomes can generate novel hypotheses about the mechanisms that drive divergence and produce variable genealogical histories across genomes.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Multiple mechanisms contribute to isolation-by-environment in the redheaded pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei

Isolation by environment (IBE) is a population genomic pattern that arises when ecological barriers reduce gene flow between populations. Although current evidence suggests IBE is common in nature, few studies have evaluated the underlying mechanisms that generate IBE patterns. In this study, we evaluate five proposed mechanisms of IBE (natural selection against immigrants, sexual selection against immigrants, selection against hybrids, biased dispersal, environment-based phenological differences) that may give rise to host-associated differentiation within a sympatric population of the redheaded pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, a species for which IBE has previously been detected. We first characterize the three pine species used by N. lecontei at the site, finding morphological and chemical differences among the hosts that could generate divergent selection on sawfly host-use traits. Next, using morphometrics and ddRAD sequencing, we detect modest phenotypic and genetic differentiation among sawflies originating from different pines that is consistent with recent, in situ divergence. Finally, via a series of laboratory assays – including assessments of larval performance on different hosts, adult mate and host preferences, hybrid fitness, and adult eclosion timing – we find evidence that multiple mechanisms contribute to IBE in N. lecontei. Overall, our results suggest IBE can emerge quickly, possibly due to multiple mechanisms acting in concert to reduce migration between different environments.

Fig. 2 in New Early Jurassic sawflies from Luxembourg: the oldest record of Tenthredinoidea (Hymenoptera: "Symphyta")

Fig. 2. Interpretation of "Symphyta" family incertae sedis, MNHN−LP−R. 11199, hind wing. A. General habitus; scale bar 2 mm. B. Apex of Sc; scale bar 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in New Early Jurassic sawflies from Luxembourg: the oldest record of Tenthredinoidea (Hymenoptera: "Symphyta")

Fig. 4. Composite reconstruction of Pseudoxyelocerus bascharagensis gen. et sp. nov., holotype MNHN−LP−R. 11198; scale bar 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in New Early Jurassic sawflies from Luxembourg: the oldest record of Tenthredinoidea (Hymenoptera: "Symphyta")

Fig. 1. Photograph of "Symphyta" family incertae sedis, MNHN−LP−R. 11199. A. General habitus; scale bar 1 mm. B. Apex of Sc; scale bar 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in New Early Jurassic sawflies from Luxembourg: the oldest record of Tenthredinoidea (Hymenoptera: "Symphyta")

Fig. 3. Photograph of Pseudoxyelocerus bascharagensis gen. et sp. nov., holotype MNHN−LP−R. 11198. A. Part. B. Counterpart. Scale bars 1 mm.

publicJul 2024View details →

Data from: Whole genomes reveal evolutionary relationships and mechanisms underlying gene-tree discordance in Neodiprion sawflies

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publicJul 2023View details →

Multiple mechanisms contribute to isolation-by-environment in the redheaded pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei

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dryad36/100

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from invasive pine sawfly Diprion similis

Biological introductions are unintended "natural experiments" that provide unique insights into evolutionary processes. Invasive phytophagous insects are of particular interest to evolutionary biologists studying adaptation, as introductions often require rapid adaptation to novel host plants. However, adaptive potential of invasive populations may be limited by reduced genetic diversity—a problem known as the "genetic paradox of invasions". One potential solution to this paradox is if there are multiple invasive waves that bolster genetic variation in invasive populations. Evaluating this hypothesis requires characterizing genetic variation and population structure in the invaded range. To this end, we assemble a reference genome and describe patterns of genetic variation in the introduced white pine sawfly, Diprion similis. This species was introduced to North America in 1914, where it has rapidly colonized the thin-needled eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), making it an ideal invasion system for studying adaptation to novel environments. To evaluate evidence of multiple introductions, we generated whole-genome resequencing data for 64 D. similis females sampled across the North American range. Both model-based and model-free clustering analyses supported a single population for North American D. similis. Within this population, we found evidence of isolation-by-distance and a pattern of declining heterozygosity with distance from the hypothesized introduction site. Together, these results support a single-introduction event. We consider implications of these findings for the genetic paradox of invasion and discuss priorities for future research in D. similis, a promising model system for invasion biology.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Figure 4 in The first record of the genus Plega Navás, 1928 (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae: Symphrasinae) as a parasitoid of the sawfly genus Monoctenus Dahlbom, 1835 (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Diprionidae)

Figure 4. Habitus of adults of Plega spinosa Ardila-Camacho et al., 2019 and primary larva of Plega sp: (A) habitus of adult male, lateral. (B) habitus of adult female, lateral. (C) habitus of primary larva of Plega sp., dorsal.

Figure 1 in The first record of the genus Plega Navás, 1928 (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae: Symphrasinae) as a parasitoid of the sawfly genus Monoctenus Dahlbom, 1835 (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Diprionidae)

Figure 1. Distribution map of the species studied: Plega spinosa = yellow stars (records from Ardila-Camacho et al., (2019)); Monoctenus cuauhtemoci = red circle (Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc, Guerrero).

Figure 3 in The first record of the genus Plega Navás, 1928 (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae: Symphrasinae) as a parasitoid of the sawfly genus Monoctenus Dahlbom, 1835 (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Diprionidae)

Figure 3. Larvae of Monoctenus cuauhtemoci De Lira, 2021 in the field (Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc, Guerrero): (A) larva feeding on leaves of Junniperus flaccida. (B) migration of the mature sawfly larvae on the trunk of Juniperus flaccida to pupate in the surrounding ground.

Figure 2 in The first record of the genus Plega Navás, 1928 (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae: Symphrasinae) as a parasitoid of the sawfly genus Monoctenus Dahlbom, 1835 (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Diprionidae)

Figure 2. Habitus of adults and larvae of Monoctenus cuauhtemoci De Lira reared from pupae collected in Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc (Guerrero): (A) habitus of adult female, dorsal. (B) habitus of adult female, lateral. (C) adult female, head frontal. (D) habitus of mature larva, lateral. (E) head and thorax of mature larva, lateral.