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FIGURE 20 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 20. Localities and habitats where Scleronema carijo, new species, was found (all in Santa Catarina state, Brazil): A. ribeir"o Arataca, tributary of the right bank of the rio Tijucas, under bridge of SC-108 highway, 27°22'05''S 48°53'41''W (type locality), elevation 24 m a.s.l., in S"o Jo"o Batista municipality, Tijipió district (LIRP 16930, holotype, LIRP 16931, paratypes, MHNCI 11454, paratypes), photograph taken in 29 Nov 2002; B. rio Tijucas, 27°19'23.22''S 48°53'18.00''W, elevation 25 m a.s.l., in S"o Jo"o Batista municipality (MHNCI 10220, paratype), photograph taken in 28 Nov 2002; C. ribeir"o Águas Claras, affluent of left bank of rio Tijucas, 27°22'45.56''S 48°55'34.21"W, elevation 35 m a.s.l., in Major Gercino municipality (MHNCI 10196, paratype), photograph taken in 29 Nov 2002; D. rio Capivari, affluent of the right bank of rio Tubar"o, 28°17'12.15"S 49°00'55.00"W, elevation 18 m a.s.l., in Gravatal municipality (MCP 11007, paratype), photograph taken in 26 Jan 2016.

FIGURE 10 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 10. Tridimensional model of the ventral hyoid arch of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view. Abbreviations: ac = anterior ceratohyal; br1–7 = branchiostegal rays 1 to 7; pc = posterior ceratohyal; pu = parurohyal; vh = ventral hypohyal. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 11. Branchial arches of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16931, 30.3 mm SL, paratype (c&s). Abbreviations: acb4 = accessory element of ceratobranchial 4; bb2–4 = basibranchial 2 to 4; cb1–5 = ceratobranchial 1 to 5; cbtp = ceratobranchial tooth plate; eb1–4 = epibranchial 1 to 4; hb1–4 = hypobranchial 1 to 4; pb3–4 = pharyngobranchial 3 and 4; pbtp = pharyngobranchial tooth plate. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 12. Tridimensional model of the branchial arches of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. Abbreviations: bb2–3 = basibranchial 2 and 3; cb1–5 = ceratobranchial 1 to 5; cbtp = ceratobranchial tooth plate; eb1–4 = epibranchial 1 to 4; hb1–3 = hypobranchial 1 to 3; pb3–4 = pharyngobranchial 3 and 4; pbtp = pharyngobranchial tooth plate. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 4. Tridimensional model of the skull, Weberian capsule, and right premaxilla-maxilla-autopalatine complex of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. A. dorsal view; B. left lateral view; C. ventral view. Shaded region on the left edge of the skull in dorsal view (A) represents the course of the supraorbital, otic, and postotic laterosensory canals. Abbreviations: acf = anterior cranial fontanel; ao = antorbital; ap = autopalatine; bo+ex = complex bone formed by basioccipital plus exoccipital; eb = epiphyseal bar; eo = epioccipital; fr = frontal; le = lateral ethmoid; llo = lateral line ossicle; me = mesethmoid; mx = maxilla; of = orbital foramen; os = orbitosphenoid; pa = parasphenoid; pcf = posterior cranial fontanel; pmx = premaxilla; pt = pterotic; pte-sc = posttemporo-supracleithrum; sp+po+ps = complex bone formed by sphenotic, prootic, and pterosphenoid; ss = sesamoid supraorbital (= barbular of de Pinna et al., 2020); su = supraoccipital; tff = trigeminofacial foramen; vo = vomer; wc = Weberian capsule. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 9. Tridimensional model of the left suspensorium and opercular apparatus of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. A. lateral view; B. mesial view. Abbreviations: hco = hyomandibular condyle for opercle; hfen = hyomandibular foramen for entrance of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hfex = hyomandibular foramen for exit of the hyomandibular nerve trunk; hj = hyomandibular joint for skull; hpd = hyomandibular posterodorsal process; hy = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mp = metapterygoid; odp = opercular dorsal process for insertion of dilatator operculi and levator operculi; op = opercle; pfen = preopercular foramen for entrance of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex1 = first preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pfex2 = second preopercular foramen for exit of the cutaneous nerve branch of the external mandibular branch of the facial nerve; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate; qac = quadrate articular condyle for anguloarticular. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 3. Skull, Weberian capsule, and premaxilla-maxilla-autopalatine complex of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16931, 30.3 mm SL, paratype (c&s), in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acf = anterior cranial fontanel; ao = antorbital; ap = autopalatine; cmx = coronomaxillar cartilage; eb = epiphyseal bar; eo = epioccipital; fr = frontal; io10–11 = infraorbital laterosensory pores 10 and 11; le = lateral ethmoid; ll1–2 = trunk lateral line pores 1 and 2; llo = lateral line tubular ossicle; me = mesethmoid; mx = maxilla; pcf = posterior cranial fontanel; pmx = premaxilla; po1–2 = postorbital laterosensory pores 1 and 2; pt = pterotic; pte-sc = posttemporo-supracleithrum; so4 = supraorbital laterosensory pore 4; so6 = supraorbital laterosensory pore 6 (epiphyseal); sp+po+ps = complex bone formed by sphenotic, prootic, and pterosphenoid; ss = sesamoid supraorbital (= barbular of de Pinna et al., 2020); su = supraoccipital; wc = Weberian capsule. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 6. Tridimensional model of the left premaxilla-maxilla-autopalatine complex of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype. Arrows point to autopalatine nerve foramen, incomplete in this side of the specimen (but complete on the right side, see Fig. 4). A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. frontodorsal view. Abbreviations: ao = antorbital; ap = autopalatine; mx = maxilla; pmx = premaxilla; ss = sesamoid supraorbital (= barbular of de Pinna et al., 2020). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 5. Tridimensional model of the skull and Weberian capsule of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype, in posterior view. Left Weberian capsule transversally cut in half for visualization of internal chamber. Arrow points to the posterior tip of the left tripus, inside the capsule. Abbreviations: bo+ex = complex bone formed by basioccipital plus exoccipital; eo = epioccipital; pt = pterotic; pte-sc = posttemporo-supracleithrum; su = supraoccipital; wc = Weberian capsule. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 2. Anterior body region of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype, in dorsal view. Arrow points to skin fold on the posterodorsal surface of the maxillary-barbel base. Abbreviations: io10–11 = infraorbital laterosensory pores 10 and 11; ll1–2 = trunk lateral line pores 1 and 2; po1–2 = postorbital laterosensory pores 1 and 2; so4 = supraorbital laterosensory pore 4; so6 = supraorbital laterosensory pore 6 (epiphyseal). Scale bar = 3 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 7. Tridimensional model of the left lower jaw of Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype: A. lateral view; B. mesial view; C. anterolateral view. Abbreviations: aa = anguloarticular; af = articular facet for quadrate; cp = coronoid process; d = dentary; ds = dentary symphysis; Mc = groove for Meckel's cartilage. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus

FIGURE 1. Scleronema carijo, new species, LIRP 16930, 37.2 mm SL, holotype, in left lateral (above) and dorsal view. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 26 in Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands

FIGURE 26 | Scleronema teiniagua, holotype (ZVC-P 14522; 45.2 mm SL) Uruguay, Artigas, arroyo Tres Cruzes, río Cuareím basin, lower río Uruguay.

FIGURE 21 in Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands

FIGURE 21 | Scleronema operculatum (UFRGS 18086; 40.0 mm SL), Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Rosário do Sul, sanga Santo Antônio, tributary to rio Ibicuí da Armada, lower rio Uruguay.

FIGURE 20 in Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands

FIGURE 20 | Scleronema minutum, paratype of Pygidium angustirostris (MNRJ 3605; 32.4 mm SL), Uruguay, Paysandú, cañada de las Piedras Blancas, tributary to río Queguay, lower rio Uruguay.

FIGURE 10 in Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands

FIGURE 10 | Dorsal view of the head of A. Scleronema macanuda, new species, paratype (UFRGS 21635; 75.6 mm SL) and B. S. operculatum (UFRGS 19646; 56.1 mm SL) showing the pores of the laterosensory system.

FIGURE 4 in Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands

FIGURE 4 | Geographical distribution of the genus Scleronema. Circles and squares indicate species of the S. minutum group and S. operculatum group, respectively. Some symbols represent more than one collection locality. AR = Argentina; BR = Brazil; PY = Paraguay; UY = Uruguay.

FIGURE 12 in Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands

FIGURE 12 | Scleronema mate, new species, holotype (MCP 54183; 49.3 mm SL), Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Venâncio Aires, arroio Grande, tributary of arroio Castelhano, rio Taquari basin, laguna dos Patos system.

FIGURE 24 in Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands

FIGURE 24 | Scleronema operculatum, holotype (FMNH 58080; 65.9 mm SL), Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Cacequi, rio Cacequi, tributary to rio Santa Maria, rio Ibicuí basin, lower rio Uruguay. Photograph taken by Sandra Raredon.

FIGURE 2 in Systematic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Scleronema (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of six new species from Pampa grasslands

FIGURE 2 | Ventral view of the autopalatine (au) and vomer (vo) of Scleronema operculatum (UFRGS 19654) showing the articulation ventrally located between these two bones (black arrow). Scale bar = 1 mm.