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221 results for “Sea Urchin”
Population genomic analyses of the sea urchin Echinometra sp. EZ across an extreme environmental gradient
<p>Extreme environmental gradients represent excellent study systems to better understand the variables that mediate patterns of genomic variation between populations. They also allow for more accurate predictions of how future environmental change might affect marine species. The Persian/Arabian Gulf is extreme in both temperature and salinity, whereas the adjacent Gulf of Oman has conditions more typical of tropical oceans. The sea urchin <em>Echinometra</em> sp. <em>EZ</em> inhabits both of these seas and plays a critical role in coral reef health as a grazer and bioeroder, but, to date, there have been no population genomic studies on this or any urchin species in this unique region. <em>E.</em> sp. <em>EZ'</em>s life history traits (e.g., large population sizes, large reproductive clutches, and long life spans), in theory, should homogenize populations unless nonneutral processes are occurring. Here, we generated a draft genome and a restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data set from seven populations along an environmental gradient across the Persian/Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The estimated genome size of<em> E.</em> sp. <em>EZ</em> was 609 Mb and the heterozygosity was among the highest recorded for an echinoderm at 4.5%. We recovered 918 high-quality SNPs from 85 individuals which we then used in downstream analyses. Population structure analyses revealed a high degree of admixture between all sites, although there was population differentiation and significant pairwise <em>F</em><sub>ST</sub> values between the two seas. Preliminary results suggest migration is bidirec- tional between the seas and nine candidate loci were identified as being under putative natural selection, including one collagen gene. This study is the first to investigate the population genomics of a sea urchin from this extreme environmental gradient and is an important contribution to our understanding of the complex spatial patterns that drive genomic divergence.</p>
Data from: Geographic location and food availability offer differing levels of influence on the bacterial communities associated with larval sea urchins
Determining the factors underlying the assembly, structure, and diversity of symbiont communities remains a focal point of animal-microbiome research. Much of these efforts focus on taxonomic variation of microbiota within or between animal populations, but rarely test the proportional impacts of ecological components that may affect animal-associated microbiota. Using larvae from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, we test the hypothesis that, under natural conditions, inter-population differences in the composition of larval-associated bacterial communities are larger than intra-population variation due to a heterogeneous feeding environment. Despite significant differences in bacterial community structure within each S. droebachiensis larval population based on food availability, development, phenotype, and time, variation in OTU membership and community composition correlated more strongly with geographic location. Moreover, 20-30% of OTUs associated with larvae were specific to a single location while less than 10% were shared. Taken together, these results suggest that inter-populational variation in symbiont communities may be more pronounced than intra-populational variation, and that this difference may suggest that broad scale ecological variables (e.g., across ocean basins) may mask smaller scale ecological variables (e.g., food availability).
Data from: Bioerosion by pit-forming, temperate-reef sea urchins: history, rates and broader implications
Sea urchins are dominant members of rocky temperate reefs around the world. They often occur in cavities within the rock, and fit so tightly, it is natural to assume they sculpted these "pits." However, there are no experimental data demonstrating they bore pits. If they do, what are the rates and consequences of bioerosion to nearshore systems? We sampled purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, from sites with four rock types, three sedimentary (two sandstones and one mudstone) and one metamorphic (granite). A year-long experiment showed urchins excavated depressions on sedimentary rocks in just months. The rate of pit formation varied with rock type and ranged from <5 yr for medium-grain sandstone to >100 yr for granite. In the field, there were differences in pit size and shapes of the urchins (height:diameter ratio). The pits were shallow and urchins flatter at the granite site, and the pits were deeper and urchins taller at the sedimentary sites. Although overall pit sizes were larger on mudstone than on sandstone, urchin size accounted for this difference. A second, short-term experiment, showed the primary mechanism for bioerosion was ingestion of the substratum. This experiment eliminated potential confounding factors of the year-long experiment and yielded higher bioerosion rates. Given the high densities of urchins, large amounts of rock can be converted to sediment over short time periods. Urchins on sandstone can excavate as much as 11.4 kg m-2 yr-1. On a broader geographic scale, sediment production can exceed 100 t ha-1 yr-1, and across their range, their combined bioerosion is comparable to the sediment load of many rivers. The phase shift between urchin barrens and kelp bed habitats in the North Pacific is controlled by the trophic cascade of sea otters. By limiting urchin populations, these apex predators also may indirectly control a substantial component of coastal rates of bioerosion.
Data from: Ocean acidification impacts spine integrity but not regenerative capacity of spines and tube feet in adult sea urchins
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has resulted in a change in seawater chemistry and lowering of pH, referred to as ocean acidification. Understanding how different organisms and processes respond to ocean acidification is vital to predict how marine ecosystems will be altered under future scenarios of continued environmental change. Regenerative processes involving biomineralization in marine calcifiers such as sea urchins are predicted to be especially vulnerable. In this study, the effect of ocean acidification on regeneration of external appendages (spines and tube feet) was investigated in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus exposed to ambient (546 µatm), intermediate (1027 µatm) and high (1841 µatm) partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) for eight weeks. The rate of regeneration was maintained in spines and tube feet throughout two periods of amputation and regrowth under conditions of elevated pCO2. Increased expression of several biomineralization-related genes indicated molecular compensatory mechanisms; however, the structural integrity of both regenerating and homeostatic spines was compromised in high pCO2 conditions. Indicators of physiological fitness (righting response, growth rate, coelomocyte concentration and composition) were not affected by increasing pCO2, but compromised spine integrity is likely to have negative consequences for defence capabilities and therefore survival of these ecologically and economically important organisms.
Data from: Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype
Transgenerational plasticity occurs when the conditions experienced by the parental generation influences the phenotype of their progeny. This may in turn affect progeny performance and physiological tolerance, providing a means by which organisms cope with rapid environmental change. We conditioned adult purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, to combined pCO2 and temperature conditions reflective of in situ conditions of their natural habitat, the benthos in kelp forests of nearshore California, and then assessed the performance of their progeny raised under different pCO2 levels. Adults were conditioned during gametogenesis to treatments that reflected static non-upwelling (~650 μatm pCO2, ~17°C) and upwelling (~1300 μatm pCO2, ~13°C) conditions. Following approximately 4 months of conditioning, the adults were spawned and embryos were raised under low pCO2 (~450 μatm pCO2) or high pCO2 (~1050 μatm pCO2) treatments to determine if differential maternal conditioning impacted the progeny response to a single abiotic stressor: pCO2. We examined the size, protein content, and lipid content of eggs from both sets of conditioned female urchins. Offspring were sampled at four stages of early development: hatched blastula, gastrula, prism, and echinopluteus. This resulted in four sets of offspring: (1) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO2, (2) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO2, (3) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO2, and (4) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO2. We then assessed the effects of maternal conditioning along with the effects of developmental pCO2 levels on body size of the progeny. Our results showed that differential maternal conditioning had no impact on average egg size, although non-upwelling females produced eggs that were more variable in size. Maternal conditioning did not affect protein content but did have a modest impact on egg lipid content. Developing embryos whose mothers were conditioned to simulated upwelling conditions (~1300 μatm pCO2, ~13°C) were greater in body size, although this effect was no longer evident at the echinopluteus larval stage. Although maternal conditioning affected offspring body size, the pCO2 levels under which the embryos were raised did not. Overall, this laboratory study provides insight into how transgenerational effects may function in nature. The impacts of parental environmental history on progeny phenotype during early development have important implications regarding recruitment success and population-level effects.
Data from: Genomic characterization of the evolutionary potential of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis facing ocean acidification
Ocean acidification (OA) is increasing due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions and poses a threat to marine species and communities worldwide. To better project the effects of acidification on organisms' health and persistence, an understanding is needed of the 1) mechanisms underlying developmental and physiological tolerance and 2) potential populations have for rapid evolutionary adaptation. This is especially challenging in nonmodel species where targeted assays of metabolism and stress physiology may not be available or economical for large-scale assessments of genetic constraints. We used mRNA sequencing and a quantitative genetics breeding design to study mechanisms underlying genetic variability and tolerance to decreased seawater pH (-0.4 pH units) in larvae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. We used a gene ontology-based approach to integrate expression profiles into indirect measures of cellular and biochemical traits underlying variation in larval performance (i.e., growth rates). Molecular responses to OA were complex, involving changes to several functions such as growth rates, cell division, metabolism, and immune activities. Surprisingly, the magnitude of pH effects on molecular traits tended to be small relative to variation attributable to segregating functional genetic variation in this species. We discuss how the application of transcriptomics and quantitative genetics approaches across diverse species can enrich our understanding of the biological impacts of climate change.
Data from: Transcriptomics reveal transgenerational effects in purple sea urchin embryos: adult acclimation to upwelling conditions alters the response of their progeny to differential pCO2 levels
Understanding the mechanisms with which organisms can respond to a rapidly changing ocean is an important research priority in marine sciences, especially in light of recent predictions regarding the pace of ocean change in the coming decades. Transgenerational effects, in which the experience of the parental generation can shape the phenotype of their offspring, may serve as such a mechanism. In this study, adult purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, were conditioned to regionally and ecologically relevant pCO2 levels and temperatures representative of upwelling (low temperature, high pCO2) and non-upwelling (average temperature, low pCO2) conditions typical of coastal upwelling regions in the California Current System. Following 4.5 months of conditioning, adults were spawned and offspring were raised under either high or low pCO2 levels, to examine the role of maternal effects. Using RNA-seq and comparative transcriptomics, our results indicate that differential conditioning of the adults had an effect on the gene expression patterns of the progeny during the gastrula stage of early development. For example, maternal conditioning under upwelling conditions intensified the transcriptomic response of the progeny when they were raised under high versus low pCO2 conditions. Additionally, mothers that experienced upwelling conditions produced larger progeny. The overall findings of this study are complex, but do suggest that transgenerational plasticity in situ could act as an important mechanism by which populations might keep pace with rapid environmental change.
Data from: Sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers
Detritus can fundamentally shape and sustain food webs, and shredders can facilitate its availability. Most of the biomass of the highly productive giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, becomes detritus that is exported or falls to the seafloor as litter. We hypothesized that sea urchins process kelp litter through shredding, sloppy feeding, and egestion, making kelp litter more available to benthic consumers. To test this we conducted a mesocosm experiment in which an array of kelp forest benthic consumers were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labeled Macrocystis with or without sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, present. Our results showed that several detritivore species consumed significant amounts of kelp, but only when urchins were present. Although they are typically portrayed as antagonistic grazers in kelp forests, sea urchins can have a positive trophic role, capturing kelp litter before it is exported and making it available to a suite of benthic detritivores.
Puzzle 4D Sea urchin (Clypeaster sp.)
**Ejemplar:** *Clypeaster* sp. **Edad:** 11´6-7´2 tortoniense (Mioceno Superior) **Localidad:** Murcia (España) **Descripción:** ejemplar impreso en filamento termoplástico PLA a partir de un ejemplar original **Sigla museo, colección y entidad:** MGUV 11368 , colección fósiles 3D Museo de la Universidad de Valencia de Historia Natural **Técnica digitalización / modelo:** escáner 3D de luz estructurada EinscanPro, modo fijo y calidad media **puzzle 4D:** Luban3D, PLA filament **Autor digitalización y procesado:** Jose A. Villena **Cita ejemplar:** equinodermo 3D MUVHN-Fecyt **Archivos STL: ** puzzle 4D de 8 piezas **Proyecto:** "Una ventana digital a la Historia Natural" subvención para el Fomento de la Cultura Científica, Tecnológica y de la Innovación Fecyt (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación). **Descarga archivos puzzle STL: ** https://nasmuseo.uv.es/owncloud/index.php/s/vGPM1jGN9dTnFdA Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Sea urchin transport data
<p>Excel sheets of data from transport trials</p>
Recent reconfiguration of an ancient developmental gene regulatory network in Heliocidaris Sea Urchins
<p>Changes in developmental gene regulatory networks (dGRNs) underlie much of the diversity of life, but the evolutionary mechanisms that operate on interactions with these networks remain poorly understood. Closely related species with extreme phenotypic divergence provide a valuable window into the genetic and molecular basis for changes in dGRNs and their relationship to adaptive changes in organismal traits. Here we analyze genomes, epigenomes, and transcriptomes during early development in two sea urchin species in the genus <em>Heliocidaris </em>that exhibit highly divergent life histories and in an outgroup species. Signatures of positive selection and changes in chromatin status within putative gene regulatory elements are both enriched on the branch leading to the derived life history, and particularly so near core dGRN genes; in contrast, positive selection within protein-coding regions have at most a modest enrichment in branch and function. Single-cell transcriptomes reveal a dramatic delay in cell fate specification in the derived state, which also has far fewer open chromatin regions, especially near dGRN genes with conserved roles in cell fate specification. Experimentally perturbing the function of three key transcription factors reveals profound evolutionary changes in the earliest events that pattern the embryo, disrupting regulatory interactions previously conserved for ~225 million years. Together, these results demonstrate that natural selection can rapidly reshape developmental gene expression on a broad scale when selective regimes abruptly change and that even highly conserved dGRNs and patterning mechanisms in the early embryo remain evolvable under appropriate ecological circumstances.</p>
A chromosome-level genome assembly of the highly heterozygous sea urchin Echinometra sp. EZ reveals adaptation in the regulatory regions of stress response genes
<p><em>Echinometra</em> is the most widespread genus of sea urchin and has been the focus of a wide range of studies in ecology, speciation, and reproduction. However, available genetic data for this genus are generally limited to a few select loci. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly based on 10x Genomics, PacBio, and Hi-C sequencing for <em>Echinometra</em> sp. EZ from the Persian/Arabian Gulf. The genome is assembled into 210 scaffolds totaling 817.8 Mb with an N50 of 39.5 Mb. From this assembly we determined that the <em>E</em>. sp. EZ genome consists of 2n = 42 chromosomes. BUSCO analysis showed that 95.3% of BUSCO genes were complete. ab initio and transcript-informed gene modeling and annotation identified 29,<span>405</span> genes, including a conserved Hox cluster. <em>E.</em> sp. EZ can be found in high-temperature and high-salinity environments, and we therefore compared gene families and transcription factors associated with environmental stress response ("defensome") with other echinoid species with similar high-quality genomic resources. While the number of defensome genes was broadly similar for all species, we identified strong signatures of positive selection in non-coding elements near genes involved in environmental response pathways as well as losses of transcriptions factors important for environmental response. These data provide key insights into the biology of <em>E</em>. sp. EZ as well as the diversification of <em>Echinometra</em> more widely and will serve as a useful tool for the community to explore questions in this taxonomic group and beyond.</p>
CS6 - Sea urchin enhancement Norway - profitability model
<p>The dataset contains estimation on all costs’ parameters relevant to produce enhanced sea urchins in Norway. Sales price was estimated and calculations on profitability for three production scales and two different market situations are presented.</p>
Figure 1 in Tuleariocaris neglecta Chace, 1969 (Crustacea: Caridea: Palaemonidae) associated with the sea urchin Astropyga magnifica Clark, 1934 (Echinoidea: Diadematidae) in the Alcatraz Archipelago, southeastern Brazil
Figure 1. (A-C) Tuleariocaris neglecta Chace, 1969. (A) female, pcl 27 mm (MZUSP 41663). Trindade Island, associated with the sea urchin Diadema ascensionis Mortensen, 1909. Photograph by André Pol. B, C Female, pcl 25 mm (MZUSP 42515). Alcatraz Archipelago, off São Paulo, associated with Astropyga magnifica Clark, 1934. (B, C) Anterior part of body,lateral and dorsal views, respectively. Setae and dorso-rostral teeth omitted. Dorsal left side not represented in (C). Scales:B, C, 1 mm.
Fossil Sea urchin (Scutella faujasi)
**Ejemplar:** *Scutella faujasi* **Edad:** 27´8-15´97 Chatiense-Burdigaliense (Oligoceno Superior-Mioceno Inferior) **Localidad:** Doue la Fontaine (France) **Descripción:** equínido irregular de talla media y caparazón semicircular y aplanado en matriz calcárea. ambulacros cortos de forma petaloide. boca preservada en cara inferior y posición central y ano en posición marginal. **Dimensión ejemplar:** 8 x 7´7 x 1´5 cm **Sigla museo, colección y entidad:** La Salle , colección Paleontológica del Museo de La Salle de Paterna (Valencia, España). Ejemplar **Técnica digitalización / modelo:** escáner 3D Einscan pro **Software empleado:** einscan series 3.1 calidad media con plataforma giratoria automática **Archivo 3D: ** Ply 154 Mb , textura JPG 1 Mb **Autor digitalización:** Jose A. Villena **Cita ejemplar:** modelo 3D colección paleontológica del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Salle (Paterna) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data for Sea urchin mass mortalities 40 years apart further threaten Caribbean coral reefs
<p>In 1983-1984, a mass mortality caused a Caribbean-wide, >95% population reduction of the echinoid grazer, Diadema antillarum. This led to blooms of algae contributing to the devastation of scleractinian coral populations. Since then, D. antillarum exhibited only limited and patchy population recovery in shallow water, and in 2022 was struck by a second mass mortality reported over many regions in the Caribbean. Half a century of time-series analyses of populations of this sea urchin from St. John, US Virgin Islands, reveal that the 2022 event has reduced population densities by 98.00% compared to 2021, and by 99.96% compared to 1983. In 2021, coral cover throughout the Caribbean was approaching the lowest values recorded in modern times. However, prior to 2022, locations with small aggregations of D. antillarum produced grazing halos in which weedy corals were able to successfully recruit and become the dominant coral taxa. The 2022 mortality has eliminated these halos on St. John and perhaps many other regions, thereby increasing the risk that these reefs will further transition into coral-free communities.</p>
Thermal plasticity of the sea urchin Salmacis sphaeroides
<p>Data of metabolic rates of sea urchin acclimated to two different temperatures.</p>
Data from: Genomic characterization of the evolutionary potential of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis facing ocean acidification
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Data from: Sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers
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Data from: Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype
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