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OPERA Land Surface Disturbance Alert from Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 product (Version 1)
The Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis ([OPERA](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera)) Land Surface Disturbance Alert from Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) product Version 1 maps vegetation disturbance alerts that are derived from data collected by Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI). A vegetation disturbance alert is detected at 30 meter (m) spatial resolution when there is an indicated decrease in vegetation cover within an HLS pixel. The Level-3 data product also provides additional information about more general disturbance trends and auxiliary generic disturbance information as determined from the variations of the reflectance through the HLS scenes. [HLS](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/product_search/?collections=HLS&status=Operational&view=list) data represent the highest temporal frequency data available at medium spatial resolution. The combined observations will provide greater sensitivity to land changes, whether of large magnitude/short duration or small magnitude/long duration.The OPERA_L3_DIST-ALERT-HLS (or DIST-ALERT) data product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each layer is distributed as a separate file. There are 19 layers contained within the DIST-ALERT product. The layers for both vegetation and generic disturbance include disturbance status, loss or anomaly, maximum loss anomaly, disturbance confidence layer, date of disturbance, count of observations with loss anomalies, days of ongoing anomalies, and day of last disturbance detection. Additional layers are vegetation cover percent, historical percent vegetation cover, and data mask. See the Product Specification Document (PSD) for a more detailed description of the individual layers provided in the DIST-ALERT product.The OPERA_L3_DIST-ALERT-HLS product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2020-2025).Known Issues* Additional usage constraints are provided under Section 5 of the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD).
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Sulphur Dioxide SO2 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 3.5km V2 (S5P_L2__SO2____HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented.Starting from July 13th in 2020, five Sentinel-5P TROPOMI level-2 products including total and tropospheric column ozone, sulfur dioxide, CLOUD, and formaldehyde have been generated in processor version 2.For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__SO2____1 data collection.For data between August 6th of 2019 and July 13th of 2020, please check S5P_L2__SO2____HiR_1 data collection.For data after July 13th of 2020, please check S5P_L2__SO2____HiR_2 data collection.The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions.The retrieval algorithm for Sentinel-5P TROPOMI SO2 from ultraviolet spectral measurements is the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method. The relevant information of absorption cross section, instrument characteristics, cloud cover, and geolocation are utilized to derive SO2 slant column density (SCD). A sensitive spectral window of 312 to 326 nm is set as the baseline for the slant column fit with another two spectral windows (325 to 335 nm, 360 to 390 nm) to account for the non-linear effects in those high column amount cases. The SCD is then corrected with the empirical offsets to the systematic biases. The air mass factor (AMF) Look-up table has been created with the LIDORT radiative transfer model. The outputs of the DOAS algorithm are SO2 vertical column density (VCD), SCD, AMF, the DOAS-type averaging kernels (AK), and error estimates.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Tropospheric Formaldehyde HCHO 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 3.5km V2 (S5P_L2__HCHO___HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented.Starting from July 13th in 2020, five Sentinel-5P TROPOMI level-2 products including total and tropospheric column ozone, sulfur dioxide, CLOUD, and formaldehyde have been generated in processor version 2.For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__HCHO___1 data collection.For data between August 6th of 2019 and July 13th of 2020, please check S5P_L2__HCHO___HiR_1 data collection.For data after July 13th of 2020, please check S5P_L2__HCHO___HiR_2 data collection.The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions.The retrieval algorithm for Sentinel-5P TROPOMI HCHO from ultraviolet spectral measurements is the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method. The relevant information of absorption cross section, instrument characteristics, cloud cover as well as aerosol index are utilized to derive HCHO slant column density (SCD). The air mass factor (AMF) Look-up table has been created with the VLIDORT 2.6 radiative transfer model at the wavelength of 340 nm, and the AMF is used to compute the total column averaging kernels (AK). The background normalization of the slant columns is essential for weak absorbent like formaldehyde to compensate for possible systematic offsets. The main outputs of the DOAS algorithm are the vertical column density (VCD), SCD, AMF, uncertainty, AK, and quality flags.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI SNPP cloud product band 7 (SWIR detector) 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 7km V1 (S5P_L2__NP_BD7_HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented.For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__NP_BD7_1 data collection.The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions.Copernicus Sentinel-5P is flying in a loose formation with U.S. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) so that S5P is able to utilize the high spatial resolution capability of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument. S5P_L2_NP_BDx product contains VIIRS cloud information for each S5P across-track observation in a given band (i.e. band 3, band 6 and band 7). In addition to the nominal filed-of-view (FOV), the S5P_NPPC products are also generated for three scaled FOVs both in along and across-track directions to account for the presence of cloud covering a more extended area than the nominal FOV. The main output of S5P_L2_NP_BDx are the number of VIIRS pixels classified as confidently cloudy, probably cloudy, probably clear, and confidently clear; and the VIIRS sun-normalized radiance information in band M7, M9, and M11 such as mean, standard deviation, as well as number of valid radiance contributions.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Aerosol Layer Height 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 3.5km V2 (S5P_L2__AER_LH_HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented.For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__AER_LH_1 data collection.The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions.Copernicus Sentinel-5P TROPOMI aerosol layer height algorithm applies a forward model, which includes DISAMAR (Determining Instrument Specifications and Analyzing Methods for Atmospheric Retrieval, a Layer-Based Orders of Scattering algorithm) to calculate monochromatic reflectance, and also employs a neural network scheme for speedy processor performance. Data retrieval uses the Optimal Estimation Method (OEM) for spectral fitting with various aerosol layer pressures and aerosol optical thicknesses in the Oxygen-A band (758 -770nm). The aerosol baseline model assumes a single uniformly distributed aerosol layer with a fixed pressure thickness and a constant aerosol volume extinction coefficient and single scattering albedo. The aerosol parameterization is particularly suitable for elevated non-scattering aerosols such as volcanic ash, desert dust and biomass burning plume. The product main outputs include the mid-pressure and mid-altitude of aerosol layers, aerosol optical thickness at 760nm, error estimates, and other relevant diagnostics.Starting from orbit #12432 on March 7th of 2020, the S-NPP auxiliary cloud data source used in the aerosol layer height product data processing has been transitioned from the VIIRS Cloud Mask (VCM) into the Enterprise Cloud Mask (ECM).
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Carbon Monoxide CO Column 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 7km V2 (S5P_L2__CO_____HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented.For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__CO_____1 data collection.The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions.The TROPOMI Carbon Monoxide total column applies a modified SWIR CO retrieval (SICOR) algorithm based on the CO absorption band between 2305 nm and 2385 nm. The S5P SICOR algorithm accounts for cloudy and aerosol loaded atmosphere conditions and is suitable for clear sky observations over land and cloudy observations over both land and oceans.
OPERA Radiometric Terrain Corrected SAR Backscatter from Sentinel-1 validated product (Version 1)
The Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) Radiometric Terrain Corrected (RTC) SAR Backscatter from Sentinel-1 (S1) validated product consists of radar backscatter normalized with respect to the topography. The product maps signals related to the physical properties of ground scattering objects, such as surface roughness and soil moisture and/or vegetation. The OPERA RTC-S1 product is derived from Copernicus Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide (IW) Single Look Complex (SLC) data with a near global scope and temporal sampling coincident with the availability of S1 SLC data. Each OPERA RTC-S1 product corresponds to a single S1 burst projected onto a pre-defined UTM/Polar stereographic map projection system map grid with a 30-meter spacing. The Copernicus global 30 m (GLO-30) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the reference DEM used to correct for the impacts of topography and to geocode the product. The OPERA RTC-S1 product is normalized to the backscatter coefficient gamma-naught, ɣ0, obtained from the original radar brightness beta-naught, β0, through radiometric terrain correction. The RTC-S1 product is distributed as cloud optimized GeoTIFFs with one GeoTIFF file per processed polarization. The RTC-S1 product metadata is provided in the Hierarchical Data Format version 5 (HDF5) format. The OPERA RTC-S1 product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2022-2025).Due to the S1 mission’s narrow orbital tube, radar-geometry layers such as incidence angle, local incidence angle, number of looks, and RTC Area Normalization Factor (ANF) vary slightly over time for each position on the ground, and therefore are considered static. These static layers are provided separately from the OPERA RTC-S1 product, as they are produced only once or a limited number of times, to account for changes in the DEM, in the S1 orbit, or in the static-layers generation algorithm. The static layers are available in the associated OPERA Radiometric Terrain Corrected SAR Backscatter from Sentinel-1 Static Layers validated product (Version 1) dataset.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Tropospheric NO2 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 3.5km V2 (S5P_L2__NO2____HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented.For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__NO2____1 data collection.The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions.The TROPOMI retrieval of total and tropospheric NO2, is based on the DOMINO approach, a DOAS retrieval, a pre-calculated air-mass factor (AMF) look-up table, and a data assimilation/chemistry transport model for the separation of the stratospheric and tropospheric contributions to the NO2 column. It also include many retrieval developments of the European Quality Assurance for Essential Climate Variables (QA4ECV) project.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI SNPP cloud product band 7 (SWIR detector) 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 7km V2 (S5P_L2__NP_BD7_HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented.For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__NP_BD7_1 data collection.The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions.Copernicus Sentinel-5P is flying in a loose formation with U.S. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) so that S5P is able to utilize the high spatial resolution capability of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument. S5P_L2_NP_BDx product contains VIIRS cloud information for each S5P across-track observation in a given band (i.e. band 3, band 6 and band 7). In addition to the nominal filed-of-view (FOV), the S5P_NPPC products are also generated for three scaled FOVs both in along and across-track directions to account for the presence of cloud covering a more extended area than the nominal FOV. The main output of S5P_L2_NP_BDx are the number of VIIRS pixels classified as confidently cloudy, probably cloudy, probably clear, and confidently clear; and the VIIRS sun-normalized radiance information in band M7, M9, and M11 such as mean, standard deviation, as well as number of valid radiance contributions.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Radiance product band 1 (UV detector) L1B 5.5km x 21km V2 (S5P_L1B_RA_BD1_HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented.For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L1B_RA_BD1_1 data collection.The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm).TROPOMI Level-1B (L1B) product is generated by the Koninklijk Nederlands Meteoroligisch Instituut (KNMI) TROPOMI L01B processor from Level-0 input data and auxiliary data products with the netCDF-4 enhanced model. It provides users with radiance, irradiance, calibration and engineering products.
OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent from Sentinel-1 (Version 1)
This dataset contains Level-3 Dynamic OPERA Surface Water Extent from Sentinel-1 (DSWx-S1) product version 1. DSWx-S1 provides near-global geographical mapping of surface water extent over land at a spatial resolution of 30 meters over the Military Grid reference System (MGRS) grid system, with a temporal revisit frequency between 6-12 days. Using Sentinel-1 radar observations, DSWx-S1 maps open inland water bodies greater than 3 hectares and 200 meters in width, irrespective of cloud conditions and daylight illumination that often pose challenges to optical sensors. Forward production of the DSWx-S1 data record began in Sept 2024. Each product is distributed as a set of 3 GeoTIFF (Geographic Tagged Image File Format) files including water classification and associated confidence layers.<br><br>The OPERA DSWx-S1 product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2024-2025).<br><br>To access the calibration/validation database for OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent Products, please contact podaac@podaac.jpl.nasa.gov
OPERA Land Surface Disturbance Annual from Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 product (Version 1)
The Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis ([OPERA](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera)) Land Surface Disturbance Annual from Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) product Version 1 summarizes the [DIST-ALERT](https://doi.org/10.5067/SNWG/OPERA_L3_DIST-ALERT-HLS_V1.001) data product into an annual vegetation disturbance data product. Vegetation disturbance is mapped when there is an indicated decrease in vegetation cover within an HLS Version 2 pixel. The product also provides auxiliary generic disturbance information as determined from the variations of the reflectance through the DIST-ALERT scenes to provide information about more general disturbance trends. The DIST-ANN product tracks changes at the annual scale, aggregating changes identified in the DIST-ALERT product. Only confirmed disturbances from the associated year are reported together with the date of initial disturbance. As confirmed disturbances are determined using subsequent cloud-free observations to determine if the loss detections persist, the required number of HLS scenes depends on visibility of the target. Due to this dependency, summarizing the DIST-ALERT in the DIST-ANN product will have some latency contingent on the algorithmic calibration and is detailed in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD).The OPERA_L3_DIST-ANN-HLS (or DIST-ANN) data product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each layer is distributed as a separate COG. There are 21 layers contained within the DIST-ANN product: vegetation disturbance status, historical vegetation cover indicator, maximum vegetation cover indicator, maximum vegetation anomaly value, vegetation disturbance confidence layer, date of initial vegetation disturbance, number of detected vegetation loss anomalies, vegetation disturbance duration, date of last observation assessed for vegetation disturbance, and several generic disturbance layers. Each product layer is gridded to the same resolution and tiling system as HLS V2: 30 meter (m) and Military Grid Reference System (MGRS). See the Product Specification Document (PSD) for a more detailed description of the individual layers provided in the DIST-ANN product. The OPERA_L3_DIST-ANN-HLS product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2020-2025).Known Issues* Additional usage constraints are provided under Section 5 of the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD).
OPERA Coregistered Single-Look Complex from Sentinel-1 Static Layers validated product (Version 1)
The Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) Coregistered Single-Look Complex (CSLC) from Sentinel-1 (S1) Static Layers (CSLC-S1-STATIC) validated product contains static radar geometry layers associated with the OPERA Coregistered Single-Look Complex (CSLC) from Sentinel-1 (S1) validated product. Due to the S1 mission’s narrow orbital tube, radar-geometry layers vary slightly over time for each position on the ground, and therefore are considered static. These static layers are provided separately from the OPERA CSLC-S1 product, as they are produced only once or a limited number of times, to account for changes in the DEM, in the S1 orbit, or in the static layers generation algorithm. Each OPERA CSLC-S1-STATIC product is distributed as a Hierarchical Data Format version 5 (HDF5) file following the CF-1.8 convention containing both data raster layers and product metadata and corresponds to matching CSLC-S1 products with the same burst ID. OPERA CSLC-S1 products are available over North America which includes the USA and U.S. Territories, Canada within 200 km of the U.S. border, and all mainland countries from the southern U.S. border down to and including Panama. The CSLC-S1 products are available in the associated OPERA Coregistered Single-Look Complex from Sentinel-1 validated product (Version 1) dataset.
Lymphedema Evaluation After Adjuvant Hypofractionated Radiotherapy for 1-2 Macrometastatic Sentinel Lymph Nodes
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06321653. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Carbon Monoxide CO Column 1-Orbit L2 7km x 7km V1 (S5P_L2__CO____) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented. For data after August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__CO____ data collection. The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. The TROPOMI Carbon Monoxide total column applies a modified SWIR CO retrieval (SICOR) algorithm based on the CO absorption band between 2305 nm and 2385 nm. The S5P SICOR algorithm accounts for cloudy and aerosol loaded atmosphere conditions and is suitable for clear sky observations over land and cloudy observations over both land and oceans.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Near-Real-Time (NRT) Sulphur Dioxide SO2 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 3.5km V2 (S5P_L2__SO2____HiR_NRT) at GES DISC
The Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Near Real Time (NRT) Sulphur Dioxide SO2 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 3.5km V2 (S5P_L2__SO2____HiR_NRT) at GES DISC is the near real time version of the offline S5P_L2__SO2____HiR data product. These data are typically available within three hours of measurement as required by the Land Atmosphere NRT Capability Earth Observing System (LANCE). These data are intended for a rapid turnaround assessment and are only archived for up to ten days. Users who require a longer data record, or wish to conduct rigorous analysis should use the offline version of this product S5P_L2__SO2____HiR. The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. The retrieval algorithm for Sentinel-5P TROPOMI SO2 from ultraviolet spectral measurements is the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method. The relevant information of absorption cross section, instrument characteristics, cloud cover, and geolocation are utilized to derive SO2 slant column density (SCD). A sensitive spectral window of 312 to 326 nm is set as the baseline for the slant column fit with another two spectral windows (325 to 335 nm, 360 to 390 nm) to account for the non-linear effects in those high column amount cases. The SCD is then corrected with the empirical offsets to the systematic biases. The air mass factor (AMF) Look-up table has been created with the LIDORT radiative transfer model. The outputs of the DOAS algorithm are SO2 vertical column density (VCD), SCD, AMF, the DOAS-type averaging kernels (AK), and error estimates. Data are stored in individual files, or granules, that contain one orbit of information. The data are stored in netCDF4 data format and files and complete files are ~100 MB.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Tropospheric Formaldehyde HCHO 1-Orbit L2 7km x 3.5km V1 (S5P_L2__HCHO__) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented. Starting from July 13th in 2020, five Sentinel-5P TROPOMI level-2 products including total and tropospheric column ozone, sulfur dioxide, CLOUD, and formaldehyde have been generated in processor version 2. For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__HCHO___1 data collection. For data between August 6th of 2019 and July 13th of 2020, please check S5P_L2__HCHO___HiR_1 data collection. For data after July 13th of 2020, please check S5P_L2__HCHO___HiR_2 data collection. The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. The retrieval algorithm for Sentinel-5P TROPOMI HCHO from ultraviolet spectral measurements is the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method. The relevant information of absorption cross section, instrument characteristics, cloud cover as well as aerosol index are utilized to derive HCHO slant column density (SCD). The air mass factor (AMF) Look-up table has been created with the VLIDORT 2.6 radiative transfer model at the wavelength of 340 nm, and the AMF is used to compute the total column averaging kernels (AK). The background normalization of the slant columns is essential for weak absorbent like formaldehyde to compensate for possible systematic offsets. The main outputs of the DOAS algorithm are the vertical column density (VCD), SCD, AMF, uncertainty, AK, and quality flags.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Aerosol Layer Height 1-Orbit L2 7km x 3.5km V1 (S5P_L2__AER_LH) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented. For data after August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__AER_LH data collection. The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. Copernicus Sentinel-5P TROPOMI aerosol layer height algorithm applies a forward model, which includes DISAMAR (Determining Instrument Specifications and Analyzing Methods for Atmospheric Retrieval, a Layer-Based Orders of Scattering algorithm) to calculate monochromatic reflectance, and also employs a neural network scheme for speedy processor performance. Data retrieval uses the Optimal Estimation Method (OEM) for spectral fitting with various aerosol layer pressures and aerosol optical thicknesses in the Oxygen-A band (758 -770nm). The aerosol baseline model assumes a single uniformly distributed aerosol layer with a fixed pressure thickness and a constant aerosol volume extinction coefficient and single scattering albedo. The aerosol parameterization is particularly suitable for elevated non-scattering aerosols such as volcanic ash, desert dust and biomass burning plume. The product main outputs include the mid-pressure and mid-altitude of aerosol layers, aerosol optical thickness at 760nm, error estimates, and other relevant diagnostics.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI SNPP VIIRS cloud product band 3 (UVIS detector) 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 3.5km V1 (S5P_L2__NP_BD3_HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented. For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__NP_BD3_1 data collection. The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. Copernicus Sentinel-5P is flying in a loose formation with U.S. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) so that S5P is able to utilize the high spatial resolution capability of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument. S5P_L2_NP_BDx product contains VIIRS cloud information for each S5P across-track observation in a given band (i.e. band 3, band 6 and band 7). In addition to the nominal filed-of-view (FOV), the S5P_NPPC products are also generated for three scaled FOVs both in along and across-track directions to account for the presence of cloud covering a more extended area than the nominal FOV. The main output of S5P_L2_NP_BDx are the number of VIIRS pixels classified as confidently cloudy, probably cloudy, probably clear, and confidently clear; and the VIIRS sun-normalized radiance information in band M7, M9, and M11 such as mean, standard deviation, as well as number of valid radiance contributions.
Sentinel-5P TROPOMI SNPP VIIRS cloud product band 6 (NIR detector) 1-Orbit L2 5.5km x 3.5km V1 (S5P_L2__NP_BD6_HiR) at GES DISC
Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented. For data before August 6th of 2019, please check S5P_L2__NP_BD6_1 data collection. The Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. Copernicus Sentinel-5P is flying in a loose formation with U.S. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) so that S5P is able to utilize the high spatial resolution capability of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument. S5P_L2_NP_BDx product contains VIIRS cloud information for each S5P across-track observation in a given band (i.e. band 3, band 6 and band 7). In addition to the nominal filed-of-view (FOV), the S5P_NPPC products are also generated for three scaled FOVs both in along and across-track directions to account for the presence of cloud covering a more extended area than the nominal FOV. The main output of S5P_L2_NP_BDx are the number of VIIRS pixels classified as confidently cloudy, probably cloudy, probably clear, and confidently clear; and the VIIRS sun-normalized radiance information in band M7, M9, and M11 such as mean, standard deviation, as well as number of valid radiance contributions.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.