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81 results for “Sentinel 2”
Sentinel 2 images before and after a forest fire for NBR calculation
<p>Dataset for remote sensing NBR calculation excercise</p> <p>Sentinel 2 images before (2018) and after (2019 and 2021) a forest fire inTaibon, Agordino area, Belluno Province, Italy. The forest fire occurred at the end of October 2018.</p> <p>Hansen Global Forest Cover map clipped to the Taibon area - see <a href="https://storage.googleapis.com/earthenginepartners-hansen/GFC-2020-v1.8/download.html">https://storage.googleapis.com/earthenginepartners-hansen/GFC-2020-v1.8/download.html</a></p> <p>Related reading:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XLIII-B3-2022/1115/2022/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2022-1115-2022.pdf">Leblon et al.2022</a></li> <li><a href="http://un-spider.org/advisory-support/recommended-practices/recommended-practice-burn-severity/in-detail/normalized-burn-ratio">UN dNBR web-page</a></li> <li><a href="http://atti.asita.it/Asita2005/Pdf/0453.pdf">Boschetti et al. 2005 </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.indexdatabase.de/db/i-single.php?id=53">Index database</a></li> </ul> <p> </p>
FIGURE 2 in Macrophthalmus (Macrophthalmus) microfylacas, a new species of sentinel crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Ocypodidae) from western Japan
FIGURE 2. Macrophthalmus microfylacas sp. nov. a, male carapace and eyes; b, female anterolateral margin; c, epistome; d, third maxilliped; e, male cheliped, upper view; f, male chela, outer view (setae of movable finger are partially removed); g, female chela, outer view. a, c–f, holotype, male, RUMFZC257, CL/CW 6.5/10.4 mm; b, g, paratype, female, RUMFZC258, CL/ CW 5.9/10.3 mm. Scales, 1 mm.
Figure 2. Chaenostoma java n in The sentinel crabs of the genus Chaenostoma (Stimpson, 1858) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Macrophthalmidae), with description of a new species and new records
Figure 2. Chaenostoma java n. sp. holotype (NHMG) (B) and female paratype (A, C–E). (A) Female right cheliped (outer face); (B) penultimate segment and telson of male abdomen; (C) female gonopore; (D) female gonopore in closer view; (E) penultimate segment and telson of female abdomen.
Sentinel 2 images before and after the VAIA storm
<p>Sentinel 2 images before and after the VAIA storm over an area between the Trentino Autonomous Province and Veneto.</p> <p> </p>
Images and 2-class labels for semantic segmentation of Sentinel-2 and Landsat RGB, NIR, and SWIR satellite images of coasts (water, other)
<p><em><strong>Images and 2-class labels for semantic segmentation of Sentinel-2 and Landsat RGB, NIR, and SWIR satellite images of coasts (water, other)</strong></em></p> <p>Images and 2-class labels for semantic segmentation of Sentinel-2 and Landsat 5-band (R+G+B+NIR+SWIR) satellite images of coasts (water, other)</p> <p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>3649 images and 3649 associated labels for semantic segmentation of Sentinel-2 and Landsat 5-band (R+G+B+NIR+SWIR) satellite images of coasts. The 2 classes are 1=water, 0=other. Imagery are a mixture of 10-m Sentinel-2 and 15-m pansharpened Landsat 7, 8, and 9 visible-band imagery of various sizes. Red, Green, Blue, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared bands only</p> <p>These images and labels could be used within numerous Machine Learning frameworks for image segmentation, but have specifically been made for use with the Doodleverse software package, Segmentation Gym**.</p> <p>Two data sources have been combined</p> <p><strong>Dataset 1</strong></p> <p>* 579 image-label pairs from the following data release**** https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7344571<br> * Labels have been reclassified from 4 classes to 2 classes.<br> * Some (422) of these images and labels were originally included in the Coast Train*** data release, and have been modified from their original by reclassifying from the original classes to the present 2 classes.<br> * These images and labels have been made using the Doodleverse software package, Doodler*.</p> <p><strong>Dataset 2</strong></p> <ul> <li>3070 image-label pairs from the Sentinel-2 Water Edges Dataset (SWED)***** dataset, https://openmldata.ukho.gov.uk/, described by Seale et al. (2022)******</li> <li>A subset of the original SWED imagery (256 x 256 x 12) and labels (256 x 256 x 1) have been chosen, based on the criteria of more than 2.5% of the pixels represent water</li> </ul> <p><strong>File descriptions</strong></p> <ul> <li> classes.txt, a file containing the class names</li> <li> images.zip, a zipped folder containing the 3-band RGB images of varying sizes and extents</li> <li> labels.zip, a zipped folder containing the 1-band label images</li> <li> nir.zip, a zipped folder containing the 1-band near-infrared (NIR) images</li> <li> swir.zip, a zipped folder containing the 1-band shorttwave infrared (SWIR) images</li> <li> overlays.zip, a zipped folder containing a semi-transparent overlay of the color-coded label on the image (red=1=water, blue=0=other)</li> <li> resized_images.zip, RGB images resized to 512x512x3 pixels</li> <li> resized_labels.zip, label images resized to 512x512x1 pixels</li> <li> resized_nir.zip, NIR images resized to 512x512x1 pixels</li> <li> resized_swir.zip, SWIR images resized to 512x512x1 pixels</li> </ul> <p>References</p> <p>*Doodler: Buscombe, D., Goldstein, E.B., Sherwood, C.R., Bodine, C., Brown, J.A., Favela, J., Fitzpatrick, S., Kranenburg, C.J., Over, J.R., Ritchie, A.C. and Warrick, J.A., 2021. Human‐in‐the‐Loop Segmentation of Earth Surface Imagery. Earth and Space Science, p.e2021EA002085https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA002085. See https://github.com/Doodleverse/dash_doodler.</p> <p>**Segmentation Gym: Buscombe, D., & Goldstein, E. B. (2022). A reproducible and reusable pipeline for segmentation of geoscientific imagery. Earth and Space Science, 9, e2022EA002332. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002332 See: https://github.com/Doodleverse/segmentation_gym</p> <p>***Coast Train data release: Wernette, P.A., Buscombe, D.D., Favela, J., Fitzpatrick, S., and Goldstein E., 2022, Coast Train--Labeled imagery for training and evaluation of data-driven models for image segmentation: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P91NP87I. See https://coasttrain.github.io/CoastTrain/ for more information</p> <p>****Buscombe, Daniel. (2022). Images and 4-class labels for semantic segmentation of Sentinel-2 and Landsat RGB, NIR, and SWIR satellite images of coasts (water, whitewater, sediment, other) (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7344571</p> <p>*****Seale, C., Redfern, T., Chatfield, P. 2022. Sentinel-2 Water Edges Dataset (SWED) https://openmldata.ukho.gov.uk/</p> <p>******Seale, C., Redfern, T., Chatfield, P., Luo, C. and Dempsey, K., 2022. Coastline detection in satellite imagery: A deep learning approach on new benchmark data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 278, p.113044.</p>
Doodleverse/Segmentation Zoo Res-UNet models for 2-class (water, other) segmentation of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8 5-band (RGB+NIR+SWIR) images of coasts.
<p><em><strong>Doodleverse/Segmentation Zoo Res-UNet models for 2-class (water, other) segmentation of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8 5-band (RGB+NIR+SWIR) images of coasts.</strong></em></p> <p>These Residual-UNet model data are based on RGB+NIR+SWIR (red, green, blue, near infrared and shortwave infrared) images of coasts and associated labels.</p> <p>Models have been created using Segmentation Gym* using the following dataset**: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7384263">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7384263</a></p> <p>Classes: {0=other, 1=water}</p> <p><strong>File descriptions</strong></p> <p>For each model, there are 5 files with the same root name:</p> <p>1. <strong>'.json' </strong>config file: this is the file that was used by Segmentation Gym* to create the weights file. It contains instructions for how to make the model and the data it used, as well as instructions for how to use the model for prediction. It is a handy wee thing and mastering it means mastering the entire Doodleverse.</p> <p>2.<strong> '.h5'</strong> weights file: this is the file that was created by the Segmentation Gym* function `train_model.py`. It contains the trained model's parameter weights. It can called by the Segmentation Gym* function `seg_images_in_folder.py`. Models may be ensembled.</p> <p>3.<strong> '_modelcard.json'</strong> model card file: this is a json file containing fields that collectively describe the model origins, training choices, and dataset that the model is based upon. There is some redundancy between this file and the `config` file (described above) that contains the instructions for the model training and implementation. The model card file is not used by the program but is important metadata so it is important to keep with the other files that collectively make the model and is such is considered part of the model</p> <p>4. <strong> '_model_history.npz'</strong> model training history file: this numpy archive file contains numpy arrays describing the training and validation losses and metrics. It is created by the Segmentation Gym function `train_model.py`</p> <p>5. <strong> '.png'</strong> model training loss and mean IoU plot: this png file contains plots of training and validation losses and mean IoU scores during model training. A subset of data inside the .npz file. It is created by the Segmentation Gym function `train_model.py`</p> <p>Additionally, BEST_MODEL.txt contains the name of the model with the best validation loss and mean IoU</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>*Segmentation Gym: Buscombe, D., & Goldstein, E. B. (2022). A reproducible and reusable pipeline for segmentation of geoscientific imagery. Earth and Space Science, 9, e2022EA002332. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002332">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002332</a> See: <a href="https://github.com/Doodleverse/segmentation_gym">https://github.com/Doodleverse/segmentation_gym</a></p> <p>** Buscombe, Daniel. (2022). Images and 2-class labels for semantic segmentation of Sentinel-2 and Landsat RGB, NIR, and SWIR satellite images of coasts (water, other) (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7384263">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7384263</a></p>
FIG. 2 in Invasive Species as Sentinels: Measuring Health Outcomes in Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) during Removal
FIG. 2. Cranial kidney melanomacrophage centers (MMC) in Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Cranial kidney tissues were sampled from Silver Carp in the La Grange and Starved Rock reaches of the Illinois River, Illinois, USA, between June–October 2018, and stained with hematoxylin þ eosin for software-assisted calculation of total area of MMCs on individual sections. (A) 2.5X Nanozoomer; (B) 40X Nanozoomer; (C) 100X oil objective, brightfield microscope.
Unlabeled Sentinel 2 time series dataset (training, T30TXT): Self-supervised Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning of Satellite Image Time Series
<p> <strong> T30TXT unlabeled S2 dataset </strong></p> <p>This is a part of the unlabeled Sentinel 2 (S2) L2A dataset composed of patch time series acquired over France used to pretrain U-BARN. For further details, see section IV.A of the pre-print article "Self-Supervised Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning Of Satellite Image Time Series" available <a href="https://hal.science/hal-04084839">here</a>. Each patch is constituted of the 10 bands [B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8,B8A,B11,B12] and the three masks ['CLM_R1', 'EDG_R1', 'SAT_R1']. The global dataset is composed of two disjoint datasets: training (9 tiles) and validation dataset (4 tiles).</p> <p>In this repo,<strong> only data from the S2 tile T30TXT</strong> are available. To download the full pretraining dataset, see : <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7891924">10.5281/zenodo.7891924</a></p> <table> <caption><strong>Global unlabeled dataset description</strong></caption> <tbody> <tr> <td>Dataset name</td> <td>S2 tiles</td> <td>ROI size</td> <td>Temporal extent</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Train</td> <td> <p>T30TXT,T30TYQ,T30TYS,T30UVU,</p> <p>T31TDJ,T31TDL,T31TFN,T31TGJ,T31UEP</p> </td> <td>1024*1024</td> <td>2018-2020</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Val</td> <td>T30TYR,T30UWU,T31TEK,T31UER</td> <td>256*256</td> <td>2016-2019</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p>
Unlabeled Sentinel 2 time series dataset (training, T30TYS): Self-Supervised Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning of Satellite Image Time Series
<p>This is a part of the unlabeled Sentinel 2 (S2) L2A dataset composed of patch time series acquired over France used to pretrain U-BARN. For further details, see section IV.A of the pre-print article "Self-Supervised Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning Of Satellite Image Time Series" available <a href="https://hal.science/hal-04084839">here</a>. Each patch is constituted of the 10 bands [B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8,B8A,B11,B12] and the three masks ['CLM_R1', 'EDG_R1', 'SAT_R1']. The global dataset is composed of two disjoint datasets: training (9 tiles) and validation dataset (4 tiles).</p> <p>In this repo,<strong> only data from the S2 tile T30TYS</strong> are available. To download the full pretraining dataset, see: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7891924">10.5281/zenodo.7891924</a></p> <table> <caption><strong>Global unlabeled dataset description</strong></caption> <tbody> <tr> <td>Dataset name</td> <td>S2 tiles</td> <td>ROI size</td> <td>Temporal extent</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Train</td> <td> <p>T30TXT,T30TYQ,T30TYS,T30UVU,</p> <p>T31TDJ,T31TDL,T31TFN,T31TGJ,T31UEP</p> </td> <td>1024*1024</td> <td>2018-2020</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Val</td> <td>T30TYR,T30UWU,T31TEK,T31UER</td> <td>256*256</td> <td>2016-2019</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
DSD Models at Zambia Sentinel Sites (SENTINEL 2)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05902572. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Axillary Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in Breast Cancers > 2 cm
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00636467. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 18.
Fig. 2 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 2. Monthly distribution of Genidens genidens males and females in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from January 2014 to January 2015. The values at the top indicate the number of individuals caught each month. (*) Signifi- cant difference (p <0.05).
Supplementary material 2 from: Migliorini D, Auger-Rozenberg M-A, Battisti A, Brockerhoff E, Brockerhoff E, Eschen R, Fan J-t, Jactel H, Orazio C, Paap T, Prospero S, Ren L, Kenis M, Roques A, Santini A (2023) Towards a global sentinel plants research strategy to prevent new introductions of non-native pests and pathogens in forests. The experience of HOMED. Research Ideas and Outcomes 9: e96744. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.9.e96744
File 2
OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent from Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 product (Version 1)
This dataset contains Level-3 Dynamic OPERA surface water extent product version 1. The data are validated surface water extent observations beginning April 2023. Known issues and caveats on usage are described under Documentation. The input dataset for generating each product is the Harmonized Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/B/C (HLS) product version 2.0. HLS products provide surface reflectance (SR) data from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) aboard the Landsat 8 satellite and the MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) aboard the Sentinel-2A/B/C satellite. The surface water extent products are distributed over projected map coordinates using the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection. Each UTM tile covers an area of 109.8 km × 109.8 km. This area is divided into 3,660 rows and 3,660 columns at 30-m pixel spacing. Each product is distributed as a set of 10 GeoTIFF (Geographic Tagged Image File Format) files including water classification, associated confidence, land cover classification, terrain shadow layer, cloud/cloud-shadow classification, Digital elevation model (DEM), and Diagnostic layer.<br><br>The digital elevation model (DEM) provided as a layer of the DSWx-HLS product (band 10) was generated using the Copernicus DEM 30-m and Copernicus DEM 90-m models provided by the European Space Agency. The Copernicus DEM 30-m and Copernicus DEM 90-m were produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved. The organizations in charge of the OPERA project, the Copernicus programme, and Airbus Defence and Space GmbH by law or by delegation do not assume any legal responsibility or liability, whether express or implied, arising from the use of this DEM.<br><br>The OPERA DSWx-HLS product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2023-2025).<br><br>To access the calibration/validation database for OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent Products, please contact podaac@podaac.jpl.nasa.gov
HLS Sentinel-2 Multi-spectral Instrument Surface Reflectance Daily Global 30m v1.5
The HLSS30 V1.5 data product was decommissioned on January 4, 2022. Users are encouraged to use the improved [HLSS30 V2](https://doi.org/10.5067/HLS/HLSS30.002) data product.The Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) project provides consistent surface reflectance data from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) aboard the joint NASA/USGS Landsat 8 satellite and the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) aboard the European Union’s Copernicus Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B satellites. The combined measurement enables global observations of the land every 2-3 days at 30 meter (m) spatial resolution. The HLS project uses a set of algorithms to obtain seamless products from OLI and MSI that include atmospheric correction, cloud and cloud-shadow masking, spatial co-registration and common gridding, illumination and view angle normalization, and spectral bandpass adjustment. The HLSS30 product provides 30 m Nadir Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) and is derived from Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B MSI data products. The HLSS30 and [HLSL30](https://doi.org/10.5067/HLS/HLSL30.015) products are gridded to the same resolution and Military Grid Reference System ([MGRS](https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/products-description/tiling-system/)) tiling system and thus are “stackable” for time series analysis.The HLSS30 product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each band is distributed as a separate COG. There are 13 bands included in the HLSS30 product along with four angle bands and a quality assessment (QA) band. For a more detailed description of the individual bands provided in the HLSS30 product, please see the User Guide.Provisional HLS V1.5 data have not been validated for their science quality and should not be used in science research or applications.Known Issues* Interruptions in data service occurred during a restaging of backlogged data between June 1 and June 15, 2021 for both HLSS30 and HLSL30 version 1.5 data products. During this time period increased errors in the processing workflow resulted in a significant number of data ingestion failures and thus, significant gaps in data availability. Given the pending release of the version 2.0, science quality HLS products, these missing data will not be filled for version 1.5. Users of the provisional version 1.5 products should be aware of the significant data gap in this two week window. The version 2.0 products will incorporate these data back into the archive. If you have any feedback or questions on the data please contact [Customer Services](https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/centers/lp-daac/contact) or join our HLS conversion on the [Earthdata Forum](https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=618&hilit=hls&sid=95750d868b6448e0f4360a1473def234).
OPERA Land Surface Disturbance Alert from Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 product (Version 1)
The Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis ([OPERA](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera)) Land Surface Disturbance Alert from Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) product Version 1 maps vegetation disturbance alerts that are derived from data collected by Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI). A vegetation disturbance alert is detected at 30 meter (m) spatial resolution when there is an indicated decrease in vegetation cover within an HLS pixel. The Level-3 data product also provides additional information about more general disturbance trends and auxiliary generic disturbance information as determined from the variations of the reflectance through the HLS scenes. [HLS](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/product_search/?collections=HLS&status=Operational&view=list) data represent the highest temporal frequency data available at medium spatial resolution. The combined observations will provide greater sensitivity to land changes, whether of large magnitude/short duration or small magnitude/long duration.The OPERA_L3_DIST-ALERT-HLS (or DIST-ALERT) data product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each layer is distributed as a separate file. There are 19 layers contained within the DIST-ALERT product. The layers for both vegetation and generic disturbance include disturbance status, loss or anomaly, maximum loss anomaly, disturbance confidence layer, date of disturbance, count of observations with loss anomalies, days of ongoing anomalies, and day of last disturbance detection. Additional layers are vegetation cover percent, historical percent vegetation cover, and data mask. See the Product Specification Document (PSD) for a more detailed description of the individual layers provided in the DIST-ALERT product.The OPERA_L3_DIST-ALERT-HLS product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2020-2025).Known Issues* Additional usage constraints are provided under Section 5 of the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD).
Sentinel-6A Level 2 GNSS Radio Occultation Near-Real-Time V1 (S6A_RO_2__NRT_NC__) at GES DISC
This dataset provides the L2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio-Occultation (RO) Near-Real-Time (NRT) retrieval generated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from Sentinel-6A Michael Freilich. The main retrieval variables in this dataset are refractivity, temperature, and humidity. Each granule is for one RO and represented by the nominal geodetic reference location for the occultation, where the latitude and longitude are associated with the moment when the line-of-sight connecting the receiver and transmitter satellites just touches the reference ellipsoid. Sentinel 6 is a collaborative mission between NASA's JPL and European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), with participation from European Space Agency (ESA), the USA's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) of France. These organizations will deliver an operational mission as part of a two-satellite European Copernicus/Sentinel program. The Sentinel-6A Michael Freilich Jason-CS (Sentinel-6A) was launched in November 21, 2020. One objective of Sentinel 6 is to collect high-resolution vertical profiles of temperature and humidity, using GNSS RO sounding technique, to assess temperature and humidity changes in the troposphere and stratosphere and to support numerical weather prediction.
Sentinel-6 NASA/JPL GNSS-RO Non-Time-Critical Level 2 V1 (S6A_RO_2__NTC_NC__) at GES DISC
This dataset provides the L2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio-Occultation (RO) Non-Time-Critical (NTC) retrieval generated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from Sentinel-6A Michael Freilich. The main retrieval variables in this dataset are refractivity, temperature, and humidity. Each granule is for one RO and represented by the nominal geodetic reference location for the occultation, where the latitude and longitude are associated with the moment when the line-of-sight connecting the receiver and transmitter satellites just touches the reference ellipsoid. Sentinel 6 is a collaborative mission between NASA's JPL and European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), with participation from European Space Agency (ESA), the USA's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) of France. These organizations will deliver an operational mission as part of a two-satellite European Copernicus/Sentinel program. The Sentinel-6A Michael Freilich Jason-CS (Sentinel-6A) was launched in November 21, 2020. One objective of Sentinel 6 is to collect high-resolution vertical profiles of temperature and humidity, using GNSS RO sounding technique, to assess temperature and humidity changes in the troposphere and stratosphere and to support numerical weather prediction.
HLS Sentinel-2 Multi-spectral Instrument Vegetation Indices Daily Global 30 m V2.0
The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) project provides consistent data products from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) aboard the joint NASA/USGS Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellites and the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) aboard Europe’s Copernicus Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C satellites. The combined measurement enables global observations of the land every 2–3 days at 30 meter (m) spatial resolution. The HLSS30 Vegetation Indices (HLSS30_VI) product is derived from Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C MSI data products. Vegetation indices combine specific bands of satellite data to quantify various aspects of vegetation. Analysis of vegetation indices allows for tracking changes in vegetation over time, identifying areas of stress or deforestation, and assessing crop health. Vegetation indices provide a reliable and efficient means of understanding the complex dynamics of vegetation health. The HLSS30_VI and HLSL30_VI products are gridded to the same resolution and Military Grid Reference System ([MGRS](https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/products-description/tiling-system/)) tiling system and thus are “stackable” for time series analysis.The HLSS30_VI product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each band is distributed as a separate file. Nine indicators of vegetation health are included in the HLSS30_VI product: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), Normalized Burn Ratio 2 (NBR2), and Triangular Vegetation Index (TVI). See the User Guide for a more detailed description of the individual vegetation health variables provided in the HLSS30_VI product.
HLS Sentinel-2 Multi-spectral Instrument Surface Reflectance Daily Global 30m v2.0
The Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) project provides consistent surface reflectance data from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) aboard the joint NASA/USGS Landsat 8 satellite and the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) aboard Europe’s Copernicus Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C satellites. The combined measurement enables global observations of the land every 2–3 days at 30-meter (m) spatial resolution. The HLS project uses a set of algorithms to obtain seamless products from OLI and MSI that include atmospheric correction, cloud and cloud-shadow masking, spatial co-registration and common gridding, illumination and view angle normalization, and spectral bandpass adjustment. The HLSS30 product provides 30-m Nadir Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) and is derived from Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C MSI data products. The HLSS30 and [HLSL30](https://doi.org/10.5067/HLS/HLSL30.002) products are gridded to the same resolution and Military Grid Reference System ([MGRS](https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/products-description/tiling-system/)) tiling system and thus are “stackable” for time series analysis.The HLSS30 product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each band is distributed as a separate COG. There are 13 bands included in the HLSS30 product along with four angle bands and a quality assessment (QA) band. See the User Guide for a more detailed description of the individual bands provided in the HLSS30 product.Known Issues* Unrealistically high aerosol and low surface reflectance over bright areas: The atmospheric correction over bright targets occasionally retrieves unrealistically high aerosol and thus makes the surface reflectance too low. High aerosol retrievals, both false high aerosol and realistically high aerosol, are masked when quality bits 6 and 7 are both set to 1 (see Table 9 in the [User Guide](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/1698/HLS_User_Guide_V2.pdf)); the corresponding spectral data should be discarded from analysis.* Issues over high latitudes: For scenes greater than or equal to 80 degrees north, multiple overpasses can be gridded into a single MGRS tile resulting in an L30 granule with data sensed at two different times. In this same area, it is also possible that Landsat overpasses that should be gridded into a single MGRS tile are actually written as separate data files. Finally, for scenes with a latitude greater than or equal to 65 degrees north, ascending Landsat scenes may have a slightly higher error in the BRDF correction because the algorithm is calibrated using descending scenes.* Fmask omission errors: There are known issues regarding the Fmask band of this data product that impacts HLSL30 data prior to April of 2022. The HLS Fmask data band may have omission errors in water detection for cases where water detection using spectral data alone is difficult, and omission and commission errors in cloud shadow detection for areas with great topographic relief. This issue does not impact other bands in the dataset.* Inconsistent snow surface reflectance between Landsat and Sentinel-2: The HLS snow surface reflectance can be highly inconsistent between Landsat and Sentinel-2. When assessed on same-day acquisitions from Landsat and Sentinel-2, Landsat reflectance is generally higher than Sentinel-2 reflectance in the visible bands.* Unrealistically high snow surface reflectance in the visible bands: By design, the Land Surface Reflectance Code (LaSRC) atmospheric correction does not attempt aerosol retrieval over snow; instead, a default aerosol optical thickness (AOT) is used to drive the snow surface reflectance. If the snow detection fails, the full LaSRC is used in both AOT retrieval and surface reflectance derivation over snow, which produces surface reflectance values as high as 1.6 in the visible bands. This is a common problem for spring images at high latitudes.* Unrealistically low surface reflectance surrounding snow/ice: Related to the above, the AOT retrieval over snow/ice is generally too high. When this artificially high AOT is used to derive the surface reflectance of the neighboring non-snow pixels, very low surface reflectance will result. These pixels will appear very dark in the visible bands. If the surface reflectance value of a pixel is below -0.2, a NO_DATA value of -9999 is used. In Figure 1, the pixels in front of the glaciers have surface reflectance values that are too low. * Unrealistically low reflectance surrounding clouds: Like for snow, the HLS atmospheric correction does not attempt aerosol retrieval over clouds and a default AOT is used instead. But if the cloud detection fails, an artificially high AOT will be retrieved over clouds. If the high AOT is used to derive the surface reflectance of the neighboring cloud-free pixels, very low surface reflectance values will result. If the surface reflectance value of a pixel is below -0.2, a NO_DATA value of -9999 is used.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.