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Fig. 10 in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 10. Shape dependency on population density in Eocyzicus argillaquus. A–D, 1.1_1 (1 inds/400 ml), 7.1_3 (6.6 inds/400 ml), 15.1_6, 15.1_7 (both 14 inds/400 ml). A and B, Shape variable PC1 in figure 9B represents the difference between elongate and more oval carapaces (= positive and negative scores along PC1, respectively). C, 14.1% of the shape variability (PC3; Fig. S1) represents the difference between an oval and a subquadratic outline (shown here). D, Aberrant growth affected one third (7/21) of the photographed clam shrimp in cups 15.1 and 15.2. A shift in growth modified carapace proportions and the dorsal margin.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 1. Map of the study area, including the study sites in the Northern Cape from the current study.

Fig. 6 in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 6. Size and shape variation in Eulimnadia texana. Pictured are the two extreme shapes that represent the most negative and most positive scores on PC1 in figure 5B. Individuals have been scaled to size (population densities of 12.8 individuals/400 ml, left, and 1 individual/400 ml, right; individuals 15.1_6 and 1.1_1).

Fig. 2 in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 2. Eulimnadia texana experiment (number of individuals = 49). Individuals were transferred into cups of various population densities three days after hydration (1, 5, 10 and 15 individuals/400 ml). A, Population survival. All individuals in cup 5.2 and in the four single-individual cups survived, while density declined fast in cups 10.2 and 15. B, Superimposed growth curves for all nine cups (compare with Fig. 3).

Fig. 9 in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 9. Population density effect on size and shape in Eocyzicus argillaquus. A, Biplot of principal component scores and variable vectors (loadings) on PC1 and PC2 of a set of log-transformed linear measurements. Outlines scaled to size. B, Population density effect on shape in Eocyzicus argillaquus based on Fourier shape analysis. Outlines represent shape only.

Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 25. Bayesian inference (BI) tree for species of Sesarmidae used in this study based on combined 16S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes. Probability values at nodes represent support values for BI and maximum likelihood (ML). Only support values higher than 50% are shown in the trees. The numbers before localities of the species refer to the corresponding GenBank/DDBJ accession numbers.

Fig. 8 in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 8. Population survival of Eocyzicus argillaquus. Five days after hydration, individuals were transferred into 400 ml cups and survival was monitored daily. Population densities remained initially stable and started to decline in cups 15.1 and 15.2 eleven days after hydration. We ended the experiment when raw densities dropped notably (29 of 84 individuals dead on 11 October 2017). Numbers in the legend represent standardized population densities 16 days after hydration.

Fig. 23. Gonopods. A–G in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 23. Gonopods. A–G, Sesarmops atrorubens (Hess, 1865), neotype male (31.9 × 32.4 mm) (ZRC 2019.1069), Fiji; H–Q, S. similis (Hess, 1865), holotype male (32.5 × 30.0 mm) (ZRC 2017.8), Samoa. A, left G1 (dorsal view); B, left G1 (dorsal view); C, left G1 (dorsomesial view); D, distal part of left G1 (dorsal view); E, distal part of left G1 (ventromesial view); F, distal part of left G1 (ventral view); G, distal part of left G1 (dorsomesial view); H, right G1 (dorsal view); H, right G1 (ventromesial view); J, right G1 (ventral view); K, L, right G1 (dorsomesial views); M, distal part of right G1 (dorsal view); N, distal part of right G1 (ventromesial view); O, distal part of right G1 (ventral view); P, Q, distal part of right G1 (dorsomesial views).

Fig. 22 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 22. Sesarmops similis (Hess, 1865), neotype male (32.5 × 30.0 mm) (ZRC 2017.8), Samoa. A, overall dorsal view; B, dorsal view of carapace; C, frontal view of cephalothorax; D, right third maxilliped; E, pleon; F, ventral view of cephalothorax; G, outer view of left chela; H, inner view of left chela.

Fig. 21 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 21. Sesarmops atrorubens (Hess, 1865), female (26.8 × 26.5 mm) (ZRC 2019.1070), Fiji. A, overall dorsal view; B, pleon; C, sternopleonal cavity and vulvae.

Fig. 20 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 20. Sesarmops atrorubens (Hess, 1865), neotype male (31.9 × 32.4 mm) (ZRC 2019.1069), Fiji. A, overall dorsal view; B, dorsal view of carapace; C, right third maxilliped; D, frontal view of cephalothorax; E, anterior thoracic sternum and pleon; F, outer view of right chela; G, inner view of right chela; H, I, dorsal views of dactylus of right chela.

Fig. 7 in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 7. Ordinary least squares regression of PC1 and PC2 scores of the Fourier shape analysis in figure 5B versus ratios u/(u+H), H/L, Ch/L. Shape change in PC1 is correlated with higher u/(u+H) ratios. The H/L ratio does not drive PC1, but it contributes to PC2.

Fig. 18 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 18. Sesarmops atrorubens (Hess, 1865). A, B, in situ, Fiji (specimens not collected). A, ovigerous female (photograph: A. Ryan via Colin McLay); B, male (photograph: Richard Ploner).

Fig. 5 in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 5. Population density effect on size and shape in Eulimnadia texana. Colours represent standardized population densities 14 days after hydration that range between 1 and 12.8 individuals/400 ml. A, Biplot of principal component scores and variable vectors (loadings) on PC1 and PC2 of a set of log-transformed linear measurements. B, Fourier shape analysis. Although the analysis is shape-only, outlines have been scaled to size for better comparison with the size plot. PC1 represents relative umbo size, while PC2 is driven by several ratios, including the H/L ratio and relative size of the dorsal margin (compare with Fig. 7).

Fig. 12 in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 12. Comparison of size and shape morphospaces. Red dots represent single-individual cups. A, Biplot on PC1 and PC2 of eight log-transformed linear variables. 95% concentration ellipses show that size analysis separates both species well: Eulimnadia texana occupies negative values on PC1, while Eocyzicus argillaquus occupies positive values on PC1. Eulimnadia texana is driven by larger Ch values (dorsal margin) and Eocyzicus argillaquus by larger Av and Arr values. B, Biplot on PC1 and PC2 of the combined Fourier datasets. Eulimnadia texana occupies negative values on PC1, while Eocyzicus argillaquus occupies positive values on PC1. The density effect is represented by PC2.

Fig. 11. A, B in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 11. A, B, Ordinary least squares regression of PC1 and PC2 scores (shape analysis) by the H/L ratio, which drives shape variable PC1.

Fig. 4. A in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 4. A, Bivariate fit of max. y (estimated from von Bertalanffy equation) by standardized population density 16 days after hydration. Natural log regression provides the best fit. B, Bivariate fit of mean length by mean number of growth bands (per cup).

Fig. 1. Linear carapace variables used for A in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 1. Linear carapace variables used for A, Eocyzicus argillaquus and B, Eulimnadia texana, following Defretin-Lefranc (1965) and Tasch (1987): A, most anterior point of the valve; B, most posterior point of the valve; C, most ventral point of the valve; D, anterior extremity of the dorsal margin; E, posterior extremity of the dorsal margin; U, midpoint of the larval valve (located on the umbo, but not necessarily the midpoint of the umbo). a, vertical distance of A to A'; b, vertical distance of B to B'; c, horizontal distance of C to A''; Arr, horizontal distance of E to B'; Av, horizontal distance of D to A'; Ch, length of the dorsal margin; Cr, horizontal distance of U' to A'; u, vertical distance of Ch to highest point of the umbo; L, valve length; H, valve height.

Fig. 3. Eulimnadia texana experiment, n in Fig. 25 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 3. Eulimnadia texana experiment, n = 282. Growth model curves follow the von Bertalanffy equation y = a(1-be-cx). The value of a represents an estimation of maximal length (max. y). Colours represent hermaphrodites (red), males (blue), and juvenile or unclear (black). Numbers in upper left corner represent initial population density and replicate.

Fig. 19 in Fig. 20. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti

Fig. 19. Colour in life. Sesarmops atrorubens (Hess, 1865), neotype male (31.9 × 32.4 mm) (ZRC 2019.1069), Fiji. A, overall dorsal view; B, ventral view of cephalothorax; C, outer view of right chela. (photographs: B. Y. Lee).