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FIGURE 2. Osedax sigridae n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 2. Osedax sigridae n. sp., previously Osedax 'green palp'. A. View of cut surface of a cow femur deployed at 1820 meters in Monterey Canyon. Uncut surface of the bone has been heavily colonized by Osedax sigridae n. sp. Note greenishyellow color of the palps. B. Osedax sigridae n. sp. specimens in A. penetrated through outer surface of the cow bone and then expanded into the area beneath. This allowed for the whole outer layer of outer bone, and the Osedax, to be peeled away. Posterior ends (ovisacs) of multiple individuals are shown here. No major root structures extend from the ovisacs. C. Paratype of Osedax sigridae n. sp. (SIO-BIC A7810) with some bone surrounding the trunk. Oviduct is visible and pinnules of all four palps are oriented dorsally. D. Dorso-lateral view of holotype of Osedax sigridae n. sp. (SIO-BIC A7809) dissected from bone. Oviduct is not visible as it lies among the palps, which have pinnules oriented dorsally. Note greenish hue of palps. Green tissue surrounding part of the ovisac.

FIGURE 11. Osedax jabba n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 11. Osedax jabba n. sp., previously Osedax 'spiral'; sp.1 SBJ-2006. A. Image of live paratype (SIO-BIC A7837) female, still in tube, collected at 2898 meters in November 2009. Much of trunk is still relatively expanded, but anterior end is contracted (arrow points to tip of trunk) and trunk has pulled back along the tube. Mass of fine roots is attached to several small pieces of bone. B. Ventral view of same specimen (SIO-BIC A7837) with sediment-covered part of the tube peeled away to show the transparent trunk (arrow points to tip of trunk). Large ganglion is visible in ventrolateral region of the trunk. C. Close up of dorsal mid-trunk of paratype (SIO-BIC A7837) female, showing oviduct filled with oocytes and an adjacent blood vessel. D. Another close-up of oviduct, more posteriorly near base of trunk, showing some dwarf males in vicinity of oviduct. Oocytes ellipsoidal, 150 µm by 120 µm. E. Living holotype (SIO-BIC A7832) collected October 2007 at 2898 meters with tube dissected open to show main trunk, which has largely 'deflated'. Oviduct can be seen running along the trunk. Tube also contains lower trunk and ovisac region. Arrow points to position of where 10 dwarf males were found in lumen of tube against body of the female. F. Close-up of large ganglion in trunk of paratype (SIO-BIC A7837) female, seen in Figure 11B.

FIGURE 8. Osedax ryderi n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 8. Osedax ryderi n. sp., previously Osedax 'nude-palp-G', 'nude palp #20'. A. Live holotype (SIO-BIC A4617) female, with dwarf male allotypes (SIO-BIC A4618) in tube (not visible) before dissection from whale bone at 2898 meters. B. Preserved holotype, with intact ovisac. Trunk is short and the palps contracted to be shorter than oviduct. C. One of two males (SIO-BIC A4618) found in tube of holotype. Male has been squeezed with sperm coming out of head region. Prototroch is visible anteriorly with orange pigmentation. Several hooks are visible in posterior segmented region. D. Posterior segmented region showing hooked chaetae in pairs on one side of segments 2 and 3. Other chaetae are not in plane of focus. E. Developing dwarf male (SIO-BIC A4618), or larval stage that has yet to become mature. No sperm or spermatids are visible in body. Prototroch is visible with prominent orange pigmentation and hooked chaetae are visible posteriorly.

FIGURE 15. Osedax lehmani n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 15. Osedax lehmani n. sp., previously Osedax 'yellow collar', 'sp. 3 SBJ-2006'. A. Transverse section (7 µm) of paratype 3 (SIO-BIC A7807), through crown showing pinnules of all palps oriented dorsally and oviduct lying between the dorsalmost pair of palps. B. Transverse section (7 µm) through trunk of paratype 3 (SIO-BIC A7807) showing extensive musculature and glands. Prominent dorsal and ventral blood vessels are also visible. C. Live males, allotypes (SIO-BIC A7805) in tube of their female (her pinnules are visible). Males show small patches of pigment anteriorly and posteriorly. D. Differential interference micrograph of a male dissected from tube of paratype 2 (SIO-BIC A7806). Prototroch is visible anteriorly. Some hooks are visible in expanded posterior region. No mature sperm is visible, though there are several bundles of spermatids.

FIGURE 18. Osedax bryani n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 18. Osedax bryani n. sp., previously Osedax 'MB17'. A. Micrograph of live holotype (SIO-BIC A4619), female in dorsal view, removed from its tube and showing crown, trunk and part of ovisac. Oviduct lies between dorsalmost pair of palps. Little apparent pigmentation around anterior trunk B. Ventral view of live holotype (SIO-BIC A4619) showing white pigmentation anteriorly with midventral gap. Pinnules of all palps oriented dorsally. Arrow indicates oval unpigmented patch. C. Differential interference micrograph (from a stack series) of a solitary male (or larval stage?) dissected from tube of holotype (SIO-BIC A4619). Some hooks are visible in expanded posterior region. No mature sperm is visible though there are several bundles of spermatids.

FIGURE 6. Osedax knutei n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 6. Osedax knutei n. sp., previously Osedax 'nude-palp-E'. A. Preserved female holotype (SIO-BIC A7812) with bone dissected away, but leaving body in place. Roots have ramified laterally parallel to bone surface. Trunk is short and palps, though contracted, are much longer. B. Dwarf male allotype (SIO-BIC A7813) found in tube of holotype. Prominent prototroch and sperm mass anteriorly. Posterior segmented region is slightly swollen with hooked chaetae clearly visible. C. Posterior region of allotype (SIO-BIC A7813), showing paired hooks on one side of segments 2 and 3. D. Live image of paratype (SIO- BIC A7816) partially dissected from bone. Palps are contracted, but still longer than the trunk. Ovisac is visible with root and blood vessel extending further into the bone. E. Live female Osedax knutei n. sp. in turkey bone and spawning oocytes into water. Trunk and lower palp region retracted into bone. Palps and oviduct extend out of the tube and compressed oocytes are visible in oviduct and freshly deposited in water. Specimen was destroyed for sequencing = GB MG262305.

FIGURE 14. Osedax lehmani n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 14. Osedax lehmani n. sp., previously Osedax 'yellow collar'. A. Several adult females on rib bone of a gray whale calf (Eschrichtius robustus) that was deployed at 385 meters in Monterey Canyon. Rib was recovered to study the Osedax in an aquarium setting. Note distinctive yellow ring around most of the anterior end of trunk. The massive circulatory system in trunk and palps is evident from red color of worms. B. Micrograph of live paratype 4 (SIO-BIC A7808), a female, in dorsal view dissected from gray whale deployed at 385 meters. The 'root' mass is a single lobe extending away to the right of ovisac. Palps are retracted and partly curled, with pinnules all oriented dorsally. Note mid-dorsal gap in yellow pigment ring, through which oviduct runs and extends into crown. Note demarcation of the lower and upper trunk (arrow). Oviduct emerges onto surface of dorsal trunk at this point. Oviduct is full of oocytes and highly contracted nature of the trunk is evident in zigzag shape of the oviduct on trunk. C. Live holotype (SIO-BIC A7804), a female, in ventral view. Holotype is partially dissected from the gray whale deployed at 385 meters. Root mass (also containing ovarian tissue) has been dissected out of bone on right side and more extends into the bone, away from ovisac. Palps are retracted and curled. Note midventral gap in yellow pigment ring. D. Live adult female in lateral view on same rib bone as in A. There is a gap in yellow pigment ring where oviduct traverses the trunk to become part of the crown. E. Scanning electron micrograph of a female dissected from whale bone deployed at 385 meters. Pinnules of all palps are oriented dorsally.

FIGURE 11 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 11. Interference contrast micrographs of plaques from Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. holotype (SIO-BIC A8382). A–B vestimental plaques, indicated by arrows. C Trunk plaques, indicated by arrows. D 10µm transverse section through epidermis showing trunk plaques, indicated by arrows. Scale bars 35µm.

FIGURE 10 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 10. Micrographs of Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. male and female paratypes (SIO-BIC A1341). A Female dorsal anterior and vestimentum. B Male dorsal anterior and vestimentum. C Female vestimental grooves. D Male vestimental grooves. OB, obturaculum; SL, sheath lamellae; VF, vestimental fold; VG, vestimental groove. Scale bars, A–B=5mm; C– D=0.5mm.

FIGURE 9 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 9. Illustration of Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. (female), paratype (SIO-BIC A1341). A Ventral. B Dorsal. Scale bar represents ~5mm.

FIGURE 7 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 7. Micrographs of vestimental and trunk regions of Lamellibrachia donwalshi holotype (SIO-BIC A8382), male paratype (SIO-BIC A1341), and putative female paratype (SIO-BIC A1341). A 10 µm transverse section through anteriormiddle part of vestimentum, male paratype. B 10µm transverse section through anterior-middle part of vestimentum, female paratype. C 10µm transverse section through trunk, male paratype. D Light micrograph of additional spermatozeugmata dissected from male paratype. E Close-up of spermatozeugmata in 10µm transverse section through trunk, male paratype. F 10µm transverse section through crown, male paratype. VG, vestimental groove; DV, dorsal blood vessel; VV, ventral blood vessel; VN, ventral nerve cord (Worsaae et al. 2016); G, gland; SZ, spermatozeugmata; OB, obturaculum; OV, obturacular blood vessel; OC, coelom of obturacular blood vessel; BL, branchial lamellae; SL, sheath lamellae. Scale bars, A–C=1mm; D=100µm; E–F=1mm.

FIGURE 8 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 8. Illustration of Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. (male), holotype (SIO-BIC A8382). A Ventral. B Dorsal. Scale bar represents ~10mm.

FIGURE 6 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 6. In situ photograph and micrographs of live Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. A In situ photo of Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. holotype (SIO-BIC A8382) taken from the HOV Alvin, indicated by arrow. B Tubes (incomplete) of Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. paratypes (SIO-BIC A1341). C Holotype, ventro-lateral to dorsal, live. D Holotype, ventrolateral, live. E Holotype, left side, live. F Holotype, right side, post-preservation. G Holotype, dorsal, post-preservation. G Holotype, dorsal, post-preservation. Scale bars, B=5cm; C–F=10mm; G=1mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 5. Haplotype networks from COI data for Lamellibrachia barhami sampled from Costa Rica margin to Vancouver: A Color-coded according to sampling locality. B Color-coded according to depth of sampling.

FIGURE 2 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 2. Lamellibrachia distribution in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Costa Rica margin. Lamellibrachia barhami (grey circle), Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. (white star), Lamellibrachia luymesi (black star) Lamellibrachia sp. 1/cf. luymesi (white circle), Lamellibrachia sp. 2 (grey square). Detailed map of sampling at Costa Rica margin within white border: Jaco Scar (J), Quepos Seep (Q), Parrita Scar (P), Mounds 11/12 (M).

FIGURE 3 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood trees of the combined analysis from two mitochondrial genes (16S, COI) aligned with MAFFT and then concatenated, with three different rooting options: A Escarpia sp., B Ridgeia piscesae, C Riftia pachyptila. Bootstrap support percentages from Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony analyses (separated by slashes) are followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities. Support values of 95%/0.95 or greater for all analyses are indicated by stars. Nodes with support values less than 50%/0.5 or not recovered in one of the analyses are indicated by a hyphen.

FIGURE 1 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Lamellibrachia. Lamellibrachia anaximandri (white square), Lamellibrachia barhami (grey circle), Lamellibrachia columna (white hexagon), Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. (white star), Lamellibrachia juni (white triangle), Lamellibrachia luymesi (black star), Lamellibrachia sagami (grey triangle), Lamellibrachia satsuma (white circle), Lamellibrachia victori (grey diamond), unresolved Lamellibrachia species (black circles): L. sp. 1/cf. luymesi, L. sp. 2, L. sp. L4, L. sp. L5, L. sp. L6.

FIGURE 4 in A new Lamellibrachia species and confirmed range extension for Lamellibrachia barhami (Siboglinidae, Annelida) from Costa Rica methane seeps

FIGURE 4. Haplotype networks from COI data of Lamellibrachia sp. 2 (grey), Lamellibrachia anaximandri (white), and Lamellibrachia donwalshi sp. nov. (black).