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FIGURE 18. A in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 18. A. "Rhizophysa eysenhardtii (?)" from Fewkes (1883) figs 1–2. B. 1–3 Pterophysa grandis Fewkes, 1886; 6 Rhizophysa uvaria Fewkes, 1886. From Fewkes (1886), Plate X.

FIGURE 17. A in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 17. A. Rhizophysa filiformis from Fewkes (1879) Plate 2. B. Rhizophysa gracilis Fewkes (1882), Plate 6 (partim).

FIGURE 24. Epibulia ritteriana. A in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 24. Epibulia ritteriana. A. Reproduced from Haeckel (1888) Plate XXII (partim). B. Adapted from Alvariño (1972, fig. 1). Scale bar 5 mm.

FIGURE 16. Bathyphysa abyssorum Studer, 1878b. A in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 16. Bathyphysa abyssorum Studer, 1878b. A. Part of siphosomal stem, with "attached" appendages; B. Two gastrozooids; C. Bract-like structure; D. & E. Reconstructions of whole specimen; D. according to Studer (1878); E. as suggested by present author. From Studer (1978)b, Pl. III, figs. 27 (A), 38–39 (B), 25 (C), 28 (D).

FIGURE 14. A. Rhizophysa eysenhardtii Gegenbaur, 1859 in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 14. A. Rhizophysa eysenhardtii Gegenbaur, 1859. From Gegenbaur (1859) Plate XXXII (Legend) or actual Plate XXXI, figs. 46-49. B. "Rhizophysa filiformis?", From Huxley (1859) Plate VIII. (For details see original) (Figs. 13, whole specimen; 14, detail of pneumatophore; and 17, part of tentacle with two tentilla). C. Terminal branch of gonodendron of Physalia physalis. From Huxley (1859) Plate X, Fig. 13.

FIGURE 12. A. Rhizophysa filiformis and B in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 12. A. Rhizophysa filiformis and B. Angela cytherea (right) from Lesson (1843, Plate 9, figs. 1 & 3). C. Rhizophysa filiformis. Figs. 5-11 from Gegenbaur (1853) Pl. XVIII. (See original text for details.)

FIGURE 33. Bathyphysa. japonica Kawamura, 1943 in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 33. Bathyphysa. japonica Kawamura, 1943. (Figs 8-9.) G1: gastrozooid; G2: Pneumatosiphon; Pn – pneumatophore. The arrows indicate the supposed branching of the stem. Adapted from Kawamura (1954), Pl. VII, figs 8 & 9.

FIGURE 10. 1 in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 10. 1. Physalia australis, Less. (Ph. megalista, Péron & Les.); 2. Physalia antarctica Less. (Ph. elongata, Lamk.); 3. Physalia tuberculosa, Lamk.; 4. Physalia azoricum, Less. Reproduced from Lesson (1826), Zoophytes Plate 5.

FIGURE 15. A–C in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 15. A–C. Rhizophysa (Bathyphysa) conifera Studer, 1878b. A. Two "whole" specimens; B. Gastrozooid (ibid., fig. 4); C. Transverse sections of a young gastrozooid – a. toward distal end; b. in middle; c. toward proximal end. From Studer (1878) Plate I, figs. 1–2 (A.), 4 (B.); and Plate II, figs. 16 (C. a), 17 (C. b) and 18 (C. c). D. Rhizophysa inermis Studer, 1878b, Plate 1, figs, 3, 8–10. Fig. 3. Whole animal; Fig. 8. Nematocyst, a: in its capsule; b: discharged; Fig. 9. Gonophore; Fig. 10. Gonophore tentacle.

FIGURE 5. A. Physalia Megalista from Plate XXIX, fig. 1 in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 5. A. Physalia Megalista from Plate XXIX, fig. 1 of Lesueur & Petit (1807); B. The Portuguese Man of War, from Plate XCIII of Forbes (1813); C. Physalia pelagica, from Plate XXXV, fig. 2 of Eysenhardt (1821); D. Physalia producta, from Plate I, fig. 1 of Olfers (1822).

FIGURE 6. Rhizophysa chamissonis Eysenhardt, 1821 in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 6. Rhizophysa chamissonis Eysenhardt, 1821. Reproduced from Eysenhardt (1821), Plate XXXV, with added annotations to B. a."den dichten Theil der Krugel" = pericystic cavity of pneumatophore; b. "den mit Luft gefüllten Raum" = pneumatosaccus of pneumatophore; c. "die Oeffnung" = the anterior opening of the pneumatophore; d. "den dunklen Saum derselben" = the pigmented sphincter around the anterior pore; e. "die Arme oder Fänger" = young gastrozooids; f. "die röthlichen flockingen Fäden" = tentacles; g. "die Stelle, wo die Fänger sich vereinigen und der Kugel adhäriren" = the base of the pneumatophore where the budding zone for the siphosome lies.

FIGURE 4 in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 4. Lower (left) and upper (right) views of Physalis pelasgica. From Bosc (1802, Plate 16, figs. 1 and 2).

FIGURE 3. A in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 3. A. La Martinière (1787) Plate II, figs. 13 &1;; B. Physsophora filiformis from Forsskål (1776) Plate XXXIII, figure F; C. Rizophysa planestoma from Lesueur & Petit (1807) Plate XXIX, figure 3.

FIGURE 2. A in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 2. A. Urtica marina soluta, purpurea, oblonga, cirrhis, longissmis. From Sloane (1725, Plate III, Fig. 5); B. Holothuria Physalis from Hjortberg (1769, Plate VII (partim)); C. Holothuria Physalis Osbeck (1771, Plate 12); D. Medusa Caravella Müller (1776, Plate X, fig. 1).

FIGURE 1. A in A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)

FIGURE 1. A. Physalia physalis Linnaeus (1758). © Casey Dunn. Insert: A single tripartite "cormidial" group. (Adapted from Totton (1960) text-fig. 16C). B. Generalised rhizophysid, adapted from Kawamura (1910, Plate 14, fig. 1). a. ampulla; ap. apical pore; bl. blastocrene; cr. crest; gn. gonodendron; gz. gastrozooid; hv. hypocystic villi; p. pore; pn. pneumatophore; pns. pneumatosaccus; rg. region of growth; t. tentacle.

FIGURE 52 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 52. Depth distributions of Erenna species in Monterey Bay (left) and the Gulf of California (right).

FIGURE 51 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 51. Comparison of the tentilla of Erenna species. Scale bars: 1 mm for E. laciniata, E. cornuta & E. sirena sp. nov.; 5 mm for E. richardi & E. insidiator sp. nov.

FIGURE 48 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 48. In situ photograph of specimen of Erenna sirena sp. nov. from Tiburon Dive 981 showing the large clusters of male gonophores, some of which were being released. MBARI.

FIGURE 49 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 49. Close up of siphosomal region from same specimen as shown in Figure 48, showing the clusters of male gonophores and of tentilla, with red "lures". MBARI.

FIGURE 47 in A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species

FIGURE 47. Erenna sirena sp. nov. A. Palpons; B. In vivo picture of female gonophore from Tiburon Dive 678 specimen; C. Young male gonophores from Tiburon Dive 1040 specimen. Scale bars A. & B. 5 mm; C. 1 mm.