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Fig. 8 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 8. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. ZPAL Br XIV/009. Lateral view of cylindrical−shaped heterozooid cavity, basal wall collapsed (A1). Close−up showing external coating layer and internal lamellae, basal wall collapsed (A2). B. ZPAL Br XIV/011. Oblique view of the partly preserved colony showing cylindrical heterozooids, basal wall collapsed. C. ZPAL Br XIV/112; Lateral view showing autozooids and ovate−shaped heterozooids (C1), lateral views of heterozooids showing layers infilling the interior of the cavity, visible in places where the coating layer has not been preserved (C2, C3), basal walls collapsed. D. ZPAL Br XIV/071. Fragmentary preserved colony in oblique view showing heterozooid cavity with basal wall preserved. E. ZPAL Br XIV/137. Oblique view of cylindrical heterozooid with basal wall collapsed (E1), close−up showing host shell microstructure preserved on the surface of the coating layer (E2).

Fig. 7 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 7. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs of zooids coated by micro−fibrils of host shell microstructure. A. ZPAL Br XIV/008. Basal view of partly preserved autozooid, cylindrical−heterozooid and "stolons" (A1). Lateral view of proximal part of autozooid showing partly preserved main tunnel−like stolon (A2). B. ZPAL Br XIV/009. Lateral view of side wall of autozooid (B1). Partly preserved autozooid with accessory tubules and internal view showing cuticle layer preserved inside the zooid and external coated layer with imprint of host shell microstructure (B2). Obliquely internal view of autozooid (vestibular part not preserved) showing cuticle with folds of longitudinal parietal muscles preserved (B3). Internal view of autozooid showing folds of circular and longitudinal muscles (B4).

Fig. 4 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 4. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs showing phosphatized soft−tissue preserved inside autozooids. ZPAL Br XIV/009. A. Internal view (A1) showing wrinkling frontal (arrow) and lateral cystid walls, setigerous collar twisted within the vestibulum, entrance of the main stolon into the autozood is preserved below the vestibulum, secondary−order "stolons" partly preserved in both sides of the autozooid, oblique lateral view (A2) showing accessory tubules and imprints of the host shell microstructure preserved on the surface of the coating layer. B. Internal view of autozooid (B1) and close−up showing longitudinal parietal muscles and irregular shape of autozooids occurring in dense colonies (B2). C. Internal view showing setigerous collar twisted within vestibulum.

Fig. 2 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 2. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. Lateral view of a single autozooid showing external morphological features, ZPAL Br XIV/102. B. Reconstruction in transverse section. C. Reconstruction in longitudinal section.

Fig. 1 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 1. Location map of the studied section, Lower Devonian, middle Lochkovian, Chortkiv Formation in Doroshiv, Podolia Ukraine. A. Map of Ukraine showing location of the study area; rectangle indicates general locality, enlarged in B and C. B. Distribution of the Silurian and Devonian deposits in Podolia, SW Ukraine; 1, Eastern extent of the Silurian deposits; 2, Eastern extent of the Devonian deposits; 3, Eastern extent of the Old Red Sandstone−type deposits; 4, Trans European Suture Zone. C. Location of the Doroshiv outcrop in the vicinity of Dniestr valley. Modified from Małkowski et al. (2009).

Fig. 10 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 10. SEM photographs of phosphatized endolithic community of bryozoans and "fungi" (morphotype B) from the Early Devonian of Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. ZPAL Br XIV/154. A. Fragmentary preserved colony in basal view. B. Oblique view showing filaments with perpendicular branches. C. Close−up of branching filaments. D–F. Side views of bryozoan autozooid perforated by endolithic "fungal" hyphae.

Fig. 3 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 3. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. Stereo−pairs of phosphatized colonies in basal view; frontal parts of the colonies and orifices are not visible as they opened onto the surface of the host shell. A–C. Internal views of partly preserved zooids with basal walls collapsed, soft−tissue preserved inside autozooids, and orifices visible at the distal ends of autozooids. A. ZPAL Br XIV/008. B. ZPAL Br XIV/009. C. ZPAL Br XIV/015. D–F. Basal views of the colonies with zooid completely preserved. D. ZPAL Br XIV/002. E. ZPAL Br XIV/155. F. ZPAL Br XIV/157.

Fig. 6 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 6. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs showing imprints of the molluscan host shell microstructures preserved on the surface of the coating layer (internal mould of the interstitial space). A. Basal part of the autozooid specimen, ZPAL Br XIV/155. B. Oblique lateral view showing the coating layer with host shell microstructure preserved; the external surface of cuticle is visible only in places where the coating layer have been damaged; arrow shows poorly visible micro−pore on the surface of cuticle, ZPAL Br XIV/002. H

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Fig. 4 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 4. Pedicle of the Early Ordovician and Recent linguloid brachiopods. A. The most complete specimen of Leontiella sp. from the lower Ordovician Fenxiang Formation of Hubei Province, China (PKUM02−0614a); general view showing partially preserved shell (in upper right of the photograph) and pyritized vermiform pedicle (A1) and more detailed view (A2). B. External morphology of the pedicle of extant Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801, locality unknown (ZPAL Bp 70/6) (compare with A2). C, D. Two enlargements of pedicle from Fenxiang Formation, Hubei Province, China; PKUM02−0614b (C) and PKUM02−0615 (D). Note the surface fine transverse annuli and wider transverse wrinkles, as well as short longitudinal ridges well preserved in D. A slight damage in the upper part of D (arrowed) shows some thickness of the preserved pedicle. E. Fragment of pedicle with well preserved external morphology from Fenxiang Formation, Hubei Province, China (PKUM02−0616); a damage shows three−dimensional aspect of the preserved pedicle.

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Fig. 1 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic location of the Ordovician linguloid fauna. A. Geological sketch map of Yichang area, Hubei Province, China, showing locality of the Tianjialing section. B. Position of the bed from which the present material was collected (arrow head) in the Fenxiang Formation rock column at the Tianjialing section (after Baliński et al. 2012, modified).

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Fig. 3 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 3. Linguloid Leontiella sp. from the Early Ordovician Fenxiang Formation of Hubei Province, China. A. Incomplete ventral interior showing pseudointerarea and pedicle groove (ZPAL Bp 70/1). B. Incomplete dorsal internal mould showing median ridge (ZPAL Bp 70/2). C. Fragment of ventral valve showing left pseudointerarea and partly preserved pedicle groove (ZPAL Bp 70/3). D. External surface ornament (ZPAL Bp 70/4). C, D, SEM micrographs.

Fig. 5 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 5. Lateral attachment structures on Kachpurites cheremkhensis Mitta, Michailova, and Sumin 1999 shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Yaroslavl region, Cheremukha locality. A. MSU 113/3, whole shell with a scar at the middle section of the body chamber and a lateral sinus, which is located ventro-laterally not far from the aperture. B. MSU 113/10, shell with the apertural part of the body chamber not preserved, the scars are slightly asymmetric. C. MSU 113/36, fragment of the body chamber of ribbed macroconch, with scars on both sides of the shell. The scar demonstrate ventro-lateral projection on its front part. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1–C1) and explanatory drawings (A2–C2).

Fig. 4 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 4. Lateral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A, B), and Mnevniki locality (C, D). A. MSU 113/30, shell with scars, showing several growth lines on the anterior part of the scar. The body chamber is fully preserved. Scars have a thin black anterior border (A1). B. MSU 113/21, posterior part of the body chamber with a bright scar. There are two growth lines on the anterior part of the scar. C. MSU 113/46, fragment of the body chamber with preserved outer shell layers; in lateral (C1, C2) and ventral (C3, C4) views. D. MSU 113/9, fragment of the body chamber with well-preserved scars on both sides of the shell; in ventral (D1, D2) and lateral (D3–D6) views. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1, B1, C1, C3, D1, D3, D5) and explanatory drawings (A2, B2, C2, C4, D2, D4, D6).

Fig. 1 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 1. Maps of Central Russia (A) and Moscow area (B) with indicated localities (asterisks): 1, Eganovo (55°32'08.28"N; 38°03'10.47"E); 2, Mnevniki (55°46'4.12"N; 37°28'4.67"E); 3, Kuntsevo (55°44'40.83"N; 37°26'16.23"E); 4, Cheremukha (Mikhalevo-Ivanovskoe) (57°57'25.68"N; 38°43'7.36"E).

Fig. 11 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 11. Apertural parts of the anterior lateral sinuses of Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (B) and Mnevniki locality (A, C–F). A. MSU 113/24, lateral sinus line in the apertural part of the body chamber. B. MSU 113/7 see also Fig. 6B), apertural part of the body chamber with lateral sinuses. C. MSU 113/12 (see also Fig. 10B), lateral sinuses in the apertural part of the body chamber. D. MSU 113/23, apertural part of the body chamber with lateral sinuses. E. MSU 113/27, apertural part of the body chamber with a very bright lateral sinus. F. MSU 113/6 (see also Fig. 10C), apertural part of the body chamber. Apertural edge is not preserved. Photographs (A 1 –F 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2 –F 2).

Fig. 8 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 8. Abnormal lateral attachment scars and lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Mnevniki locality. A. MSU 113/26, fragment of the body chamber with scars visible on both sides of the shell, normal shape scar A3, A4), anomalous scar-merged with anterior lateral sinuses (A1, A2). B. MSU 113/25, fragment of the body chamber with anomalous scars merged with lateral sinuses on both sides of the shell. C. MSU 113/2, body chamber with abnormal scars merged with lateral sinuses. The apertural part is not preserved. D. MSU 113/16, posterior part of body chamber. Visible two growth stages of scars: a later-formed with a sharp-edged border and an earlier-formed rounded inside the first one. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1, A3, B1, B3, C1, D1) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, B2, B4, C2, D2).

Fig. 7 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 7. Lateral attachment scars on Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) shells from Late Volgian (Craspedites subditus Zone), Yaroslavl region, Cheremukha locality (A, B), and Moscow region, Kuntsevo locality (C, D). A. MSU 113/45, shell with a fully preserved body chamber and clearly visible scars on both sides; in lateral (A1, A2) and ventral (A3, A4) views. Scars are wider than in the other specimens of the same genus, their shape is similar to the shape of scars on Kachpurites cheremkhensis shells. The aperture is partially preserved. B. MSU 113/44, scar on the shell. C. MSU 113/22, a part of the body chamber with a light-colored scar. D. MSU 113/13, fragment of the phragmocone with a light-colored trace of a scar. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1, A3, B1, C1, D1) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, B2, C2, D2).

Fig. 6 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 6. Lateral attachment scars and lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Mnevniki locality (A), and Eganovo locality (B). A. MSU 113/1, fully preserved body chamber. Bright scars and lateral sinuses on both sides of the shell. Posterior parts of the scars visible near the last septum. B. MSU 113/7, complete body chamber with scars and lateral sinuses. It is clearly visible that lateral sinuses are located at a distance from the aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1, B 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2, B 2).

Fig. 3 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 3. Lateral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A, B) and Kachpurites subfulgens (Nikitin, 1881) (C) and shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone). A. MSU 113/5, Eganovo locality, Moscow region, shell with scars on both sides, specimen in lateral view. The shell is preserved without a phragmocone and an aperture. B. MSU 113/14, Mnevniki locality, Moscow, body chamber in lateral (B 1, B2) and ventral (B 3, B4) views. C. MSU 113/4, Kuntsevo locality, Moscow, shell with a fully preserved body chamber and an aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1, A 3, B1, B3, C 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2, A 4, B2, B4, C 2).

Fig. 14 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 14. Reconstruction of two Late Volgian ammonites from Craspeditidae family, Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A), Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (B). Ten arms are shown because Nautilus and representatives of Coleoidea exhibit five arm pairs in embryos, it can be a base number of arms in Cephalopoda (Kröger et al. 2011). Two long tentacles are very speculative. However, such tentacles for external-shelled cephalopods could be very useful for catching pray which is at a distance; since rapid jumping forward could be difficult for these mollusks. The large hyponome was shown because of the presence of a funnel-locking apparatus and hyponomic retractors, and also due to the shape of aperture edges with lateral apertural sinuses and the presence of a large round opening between lappets in some ammonites (Westermann 1990: fig. 2). The eyes were drawn similar to coleoid eyes because Ammonoidea and Coleoidea were sister taxons (Jacobs and Landman 1993). The dark transverse bands on the shells correspond to the most common ammonites' color pattern (Keupp 2000). The presence of such a color pattern in the Craspeditidae family is confirmed by findings of shells with transverse dark bands (AAM unpublished material). This picture, drawn by Andrey Atuchin, was based on the sketch of the author of this article.